交变磁场对激光熔覆铁基复合涂层宏观形貌的影响及其微观组织演变

通过特殊设计的电路及作用线圈制作了交变磁场发生装置,并用其研究了不同磁场强度对激光熔覆铁基涂层宏观形貌和显微组织的影响。基于电磁学及金属凝固原理,揭示了激光熔覆涂层的固化过程和磁场诱发熔覆涂层柱状树枝晶向等轴晶转变的主要机制。实验结果表明:在交变磁场作用下,熔池金属液表面产生的趋肤效应和交变电磁力使凝固后熔覆层的表面形态呈波浪式,熔高和横截面积均随磁场电流的增加而减小,但熔宽变化不大。熔池内部产生的电磁力驱动熔体流动使树枝晶熔蚀和机械折断,游离的破碎枝晶成为新的形核核心,增加了形核率,从而促使熔覆层顶部组织由树枝晶向等轴晶转变。随着磁场电流的增加,等轴晶区扩大,但涂层底部的组织变化不明显。     

改进元胞自动机法数值模拟高温合金凝固过程枝晶生长行为

提出了一种改进元胞自动机方法,该法充分考虑了溶质场和热扩散对枝晶生长的作用,并基于溶质场方程的27点离散格式,对多元高温合金凝固时的枝晶生长行为进行了数值模拟和试验对比,研究了枝晶生长形貌演变和单晶叶片铸件杂晶形成规律。结果表明:增大过冷度能促进枝晶快速生长,但由于溶质富集,单晶粒枝晶尖端生长速率随时间延长而逐渐减小;当冷却速率较低时,铸件等截面区域偏离热流取向的枝晶会淘汰与热流取向相同的枝晶;在定向凝固枝晶生长中,等温线内凹温度场中的变截面区域易形成杂晶;上述模拟计算结果和试验结果及相关文献的研究结果一致,该改进元胞自动机方法具有一定的有效性和实用性。     

Lattice Boltzmann方法在枝晶生长模拟中的应用

将模拟流场和浓度场的Lattice Boltzmann方法(LBM)和一个模拟枝晶生长的改进cellular automaton(MCA)模型相耦合,模拟了合金凝固过程中单枝晶在纯扩散和存在对流两种条件下的生长行为.结果表明:在纯扩散条件下,枝晶呈现对称生长形貌;但存在对流时,枝晶的生长在上游方向得到促进,而在下游方向受到抑制,形成了非对称的枝晶生长形貌.模拟的纯扩散和对流枝晶形貌与前期的MCA-传输模型的模拟结果吻合较好.     

电解质浓度对电沉积中枝晶分形生长的影响

将分形几何与电化学原理相结合,以Microsoft Visual C++6.0为平台,编程模拟了电解质浓度对点电极电沉积和喷射电沉积中枝晶分形生长的影响。采用圆形电解池点电极电沉积的方法,制备了不同浓度下的金属镍枝晶;以平行板金属镍为阳极,石墨板为阴极,用自行设计的试验设备研究了不同浓度时金属镍枝晶二维电沉积生长的行为特性,并分别与模拟结果进行比较。结果表明,电解质浓度变化对电沉积的影响与采用模型模拟所得的结果具有相似性,模拟的结果对电沉积枝晶的试验研究具有很好的指导意义,气泡对沉积产物的形貌影响显著。     

Zr对Zn-Al合金阻尼性能影响的研究

研究了微量Zr对Zn-Al合金阻尼性能的影响，用电阻炉石墨坩埚熔炼了Zn-Al合金和Zn-Al-Zr合金，对合金的显微组织进行了金相观察，用X射线衍射法进行了相结构分析，测量了铸态和淬火态在不同温度及频率的内耗。结果表明：添加微量Zr可以细化合金的铸态组织，但并不改变合金的相结构，无论是铸态还是淬火态下的阻尼性能均得到提高。     

A new approach for the automatic evaluation of the solidification structure in steel using orientational entropy filtering

We present a new method for the automatic evaluation of the dendritic solidification structure in metallurgical micrographs of solidified steel. The evaluation of the microstructural parameters such as the primary dendrite arm spacing and the primary grain size are of high importance due to their direct relationship with the internal quality and mechanical properties of the cast product. Given the repeated geometric features in the micrographs and the regular pattern in colour intensity, we applied a filter mask to determine the local entropies within the masks in order to detect the centre coordinates of each individual dendrite. The orientation of the dendrites was determined by rotating the filter mask over each pixel to find the orientation which corresponds to the lowest entropy value. The segmentation of the microstructure was then performed via Delaunay tessellation and subsequent transformation of the triangular mesh into a rectangular grid, enabling the determination of the desired microstructural parameters.     

Electron backscattered diffraction analysis of friction stir processed nanocomposites produced via spark plasma sintering

In the present study, Spark Plasma Sintered (SPSed) aluminium matrix composites were severely deformed through Friction stir processing (FSP). Pure aluminium powders and bimodal sized Al₂O₃ particles (80 nm and 25 m) were firstly mixed by ball milling and then consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The effect of the heat input as well the bimodal particle size of the alumina on the materials’ microstructure and texture development was evaluated by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The EBSD analysis clearly showed that the SPSed nanocomposites possessed bimodal aluminium matrix grain structure as well as a crystallography characterised by random texture. In addition, microstructural examination revealed that the partial recrystallisation occurred during SPS for all the nanocomposites. Also, it is revealed that the Zener pinning effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles retarded recrystallised grain growth following recrystallisation during FSP and then leading to grain refinement of the aluminium. The results revealed that the heat generated during FSP has a remarkable effect on the grain distribution as well as on the crystallographic orientation. Also, a mixture of {112} <110> shear elements and an ideal strong B/ component were observed. The microstructural changes, occurred during FSP in the stir zone region for Al‐Al₂O₃ nanocomposites, were attributed to both the discontinuous along with the continuous recrystallisation (DDRX/CDRX). It should be pointed out that with increasing the heat input, recrystallised grains portion increased.     

Inducing dendrite formation using an atomic force microscope tip

Atomic force microscope (AFM) tip-induced nucleation, and dendrite growth of vapor deposited PETN films on Si (100) have been investigated at room temperature. The AFM tip induces a change from smooth and flat morphology to islands and dendrites, which is owing to the lowering and vanishing of 2-D nucleation barrier at the tip contact area; this action gives rise to the formation of large islands in the scanned area and dendrite growth along the scanning boundary.     

Sexual dimorphism in antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Insects rely heavily on olfaction to locate habitat, mates, and oviposition sites, while odorant molecules and the antennal olfactory sensory cells of insects are two indispensable components of olfactory response. Our previous work identified the sex pheromones and volatile compounds derived from host plant of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu, a serious economic pest of pines in northern China. However, little is known about the olfactory system of D. tabulaeformis, especially in females. To make a better understanding of the D. tabulaeformis olfactory response, we investigated the structure, innervation, numbers, and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of male and female moth, based on scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pinniform antennae of this moth bear five types of sensilla: trichoid (TS), basiconica (BS), styloconic (StS), and chaetica (ChS) sensilla, and belt‐type structures (BTSs). The BTSs are hollow and are not chemical sensilla. The ChSs occur on the scape. StS contain dendrite sheaths and four dendrites containing microtubules in their cores. The BS contents are continuous with that in the subsegments. The TSs were sexually dimorphic and could be divided into 12 subtypes based on dendrite number and form. TS1‐4 contained two, three, or four dendrites and were similar in both sexes. TS 5‐8 and TS 9‐12 occurred only on male and female antenna, respectively. We discussed the possible functions of these sensilla. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Microstructural characterization of plasma sprayed Ln2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coatings by electron microscopy methods

The presented article characterized microstructural aspects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) analysis using methods of electron microscopy such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission/scanning electron microscopy (S/TEM), and TEM. The analyzed TBC system is based on gadolinium zirconate deposited by air plasma spraying method, and additionally, it was subjected to an oxidation test for 500 hr at a temperature of 1,100°C. Moreover, the morphological characterization of feedstock powder was showed. EBSD analysis revealed the inhomogeneity of feedstock materials in the form of complex phase composition. In the case of deposited coating, this method was used to characterize the crystallite size of zirconate coating and phase composition of thermally grown oxide zone. S/TEM and TEM analysis showed morphological details of this zone but not revealed such phase as perovskite oxide of GdAlO₃ type.     

相场法模拟枝晶生长

基于Tong提出的耦合流场、温度场、噪音场的相场模型,发展了一个单相场控制的多个晶粒生长模型,对对流作用下的枝晶的非对称生长进行了模拟研究,考虑了枝晶的择优生长方向,应用该模型模拟了纯金属镍单枝晶和多枝晶在流体作用下的生长规律。模拟结果表明。金属液对流对枝晶生长形貌产生重要的影响,该模型能够较真实地再现凝固过程的枝晶生长过程。     

Tribological behavior of electrodeposited Zn,Zn–Ni,Cd and Cd–Ti coatings on low carbon steel substrates

The tribological behavior of electrodeposited Zn–Ni alloy coatings was investigated for its suitability to replace Zn- and Cd-based coatings. An in situ tribometry technique with a transparent sapphire hemisphere as a counter face on a pin on flat tribometer was utilized to examine the contribution of third bodies in friction and wear behavior. Wear mechanisms and tribo/transfer film morphology were also studied with the X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. In situ tribometry and additional ex situ analyses revealed that Zn–Ni coatings had superior resistance to adhesive wear compared to cadmium coatings. Microhardness of Zn–Ni coatings was higher than Zn and Cd coatings. Hardness on the wear track of Zn–Ni coatings showed the formation of a strain hardened tribo layer.     

纯铝单向压缩过程的晶体塑性有限元模拟

在率相关晶体塑性理论框架下,分别将Taylor模型和有限单元模型两种多晶模型嵌入有限元程序ABAQUS中,实现了纯铝单向压缩过程的晶体塑性有限元模拟。直接将电子背散射衍射（EBSD）获取的晶粒初始取向输入UMAT子程序,预测了单向压缩1050纯铝过程的力学响应与变形织构演化。结果表明：模拟力学响应结果与试验结果有较好的一致性,同时也存在一定偏差。随着真应变的增加,压缩丝织构（〈110〉织构）趋于锋锐,模拟结果与EBSD试验测得的织构演化结果能较好地吻合。     

Static strength test with as-forged control-arm in automobile with Mg-Al-Sn-Zn alloy

This paper mainly concerns application of the Mg-Al-Sn-Zn alloy to the control-arm of an automobile with warm-forging process since Mg-Al-Sn-Zn alloy (ATZ842) exhibits enhanced strengths in tension and compression as well as the improved YR reaching 1.0. In order to validate the Mg control-arm, two wrought Mg alloys such as AZ80 (Mg–7.45wt% Al–0.38wt% Zn) and ATZ842 (Mg–7.59wt% Al–3.96wt% Sn–1.94wt% Zn) alloy have been produced with casting and extrusion processes, which have been applied to warm-forging of the Mg control-arm. As-forged two Mg control-arms with AZ80 and ATZ842 alloys have been evaluated with the static strength test to measure the maximum reaction force under the quasi-static compressive deformation. It is highly recommended to adopt the ATZ842 control-arm forged at 250°C since it does not only have comparably high reaction force in the static strength test, but also demonstrates fine grain structure if the abnormal grain growth is suppressed during the warm-forging process.

     

Identification and quantification of microstructures formed during nanocrystallization of amorphous (Fe, Co)-Nb-(Si, B) systems

The effect of addition of Si and variation of the Fe/Co ratio on the evolution of the nanostructure was studied in a modification of the Fe–Nb–B system. The entire system (Fe, Co)₇₃Nb₇(Si, B)₂₀ was prepared in an amorphous state by rapid quenching using the planar flow casting method over a wide range of Fe/Co atomic ratios, ranging from 0 to 1. Nanocrystallization was investigated by evolution of the electrical resistivity with time and temperature. The microstructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy as well as electron and X‐ray diffraction. The results from microscopy observations were used to determine the distribution of grain size, which in these alloys attain very small dimensions of ～5–8 nm. New algorithms of microscope image analysis were used for grain size determination, crucial for quantifying the microprocesses controlling nucleation and growth from the amorphous rapidly quenched phase.     

Microstructure and Wear Properties of In Situ Synthesized VC Carbide Reinforced Fe-based Surface Composite Coating Produced by Laser Cladding

In situ synthesized VC carbide particles reinforced Fe-based composite coating was fabricated by laser cladding on steel substrate using ferrovanadium (Fe–V) alloy and graphite as the precursor powders. The phase structure and microstructure of the clad layer were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Results showed that uniformly distributed VC particles with the radial dendrites shape could be synthesized by the in situ reaction. The hardness and wear properties of the clad coatings were greatly improved due to the presence of VC particles in comparison with the substrate.     

Structure of electrodeposited graded composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al2O3

The structure of electrodeposited composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al₂O₃, with Ni as the matrix and Al and Al₂O₃ as second-phase particles, was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ni coatings with no particles, which were used as reference samples, had progressively coarser structures with increasing current density. Co-deposition with Al resulted in refinement of the Ni matrix structure at high (>10 A dm⁻²) current densities. For single-particle baths, the co-deposition of Al₂O₃ was more strongly affected by current density and bath particle content than was the co-deposition of Al. However, for baths containing both Al and Al₂O₃ the amount of incorporated Al₂O₃ no longer depended on current density. With the choice of appropriate conditions, coatings of Ni with up to 39 vol.% Al₂O₃ were made. Similar experiments with Al yielded a maximum of 17.5 vol.% only. Uniform and graded mixed-particle coatings were also produced. When coatings containing Al were annealed, the reaction of the two elements resulted in the formation of either single-phase γ or two-phase γ–γ' alloys, in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram.     

Crystal orientation mapping of NiO grown on cube textured Ni tapes

Samples of cube textured Ni tapes were oxidized in flowing oxygen at different temperatures. Crystal orientation maps (COMs) of the resulting oxide layers were produced by electron backscatter diffraction. The oxide layers were also analysed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The oxide grain size of a sample oxidized at 600 °C was similar to that of the substrate and the oxide was highly textured, both indicating epitaxial growth. The orientation relationship between the substrate and the oxide was directly observed from XRD to be (111)_NiO//(001)_Ni, [01]_NiO//[110]_Ni with four, equivalent, in‐plane variants. In each variant, the oxide has both <110>‐ and <211>‐type directions parallel to the Ni <110> directions. Differences in oxide thickness and surface roughness on neighbouring grains were revealed by AFM and these were attributed to the existence of a range of oxide growth conditions resulting from small differences in the orientation of each substrate grain. Similar macrotexture and microstructure were observed on a sample oxidized at 1300 °C, but additional, facetted oxide crystals had formed at the oxide grain boundaries. COMs showed that these crystals were either cube or 45° rotated cube orientated, a texture different to that of the large oxide grains. The grain boundary crystals were thought to form by inward diffusion of oxygen at defects in the growing oxide scale.     

Micromorphological characterization of zinc/silver particle composite coatings

The aim of this study was to evaluate the three‐dimensional (3D) surface micromorphology of zinc/silver particles (Zn/AgPs) composite coatings with antibacterial activity prepared using an electrodeposition technique. These 3D nanostructures were investigated over square areas of 5 μm × 5 μm by atomic force microscopy (AFM), fractal, and wavelet analysis. The fractal analysis of 3D surface roughness revealed that (Zn/AgPs) composite coatings have fractal geometry. Triangulation method, based on the linear interpolation type, applied for AFM data was employed in order to characterise the surfaces topographically (in amplitude, spatial distribution and pattern of surface characteristics). The surface fractal dimension D_f, as well as height values distribution have been determined for the 3D nanostructure surfaces. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:1082–1089, 2015. © 2015 The Authors published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An electron microscopy study of the phase Al3Fe

The phase Al₃Fe (monoclinic C2/m, a = 1·549 nm, b = 0·808 nm, c = 1·248 nm, β = 107·8°) has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Crystals were obtained from a direct chill-cast ingot of an Al-0·25 wt% Fe-0·13 wt% Si alloy. Extracted crystals were prepared by dissolving the aluminium phase in butanol and filtering off the particles. The extracted Al₃Fe crystals were mainly (100) platelets. The monclinic lattice was confirmed by tilt experiments and the mirror plane was confirmed by convergent beam electron diffraction. Experimental HREM images from the [100] and [110] projection agreed with images calculated by the multislice method. The interpretation of images in terms of a projected crystal structure is discussed. Common defects in Al₃Fe crystals were: twins on (100) and faults on (001). The (001) faults could be described by a displacement 1/2·[100] on a fault plane at z = 0·5 in the unit cell. A model for (001) faults, based on multiple twinning, is proposed.