Effect of mold EMS design on billet casting productivity and product quality

Increased casting productivity, especially with the introduction of high speed billet casting (HSBC), re-emphasized the importance of high performing mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) in attaining the targets of productivity and product quality. To provide operating flexibility and to enhance metallurgical performance, adapting M-EMS design to the requirements of casting practice with either the open stream pouring or submerged entry nozzle (SEN) has become critical. In that context, it is especially important to assess the effects of EMS design parameters that control stirring velocity in the meniscus region and the rest of the mold. Such a control is the key to EMS compatibility with the continuous casting practice and its high metallurgical performance.In this paper, we discuss different M-EMS designs with reference to their metallurgical performance.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Round Bloom Mold with In-Mold Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring

In this article, an electromagnetic field simulation and a flow analysis model are performed to describe the three-dimensional electromagnetic field distribution and the electromagnetically driven flow characteristics in a round-bloom mold with a low-frequency in-mold rotary electromagnetic stirrer. The interaction between the induced flow and the inertial impinging jet from a straight-through submerged entry nozzle (SEN) of the caster is considered. The effects of stirrer current and frequency on the electromagnetic field and the flow in the round-bloom mold are investigated, and a strategy to optimize the stirring parameters is proposed. The results show that the distributions of magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force magnitude are nonuniform in a three-dimensional electromagnetic stirring (EMS) configuration. There exists a significant axial induced component of electromagnetic force. The flow in the in-mold EMS system is characterized by a dominant swirling movement at the transverse sections, coupled with the recirculating flows in the axial direction. An upper recirculation zone and a lower recirculation zone with the reverse melt flowing are found near the strand wall at the axial location close to the middle of the stirrer, and another recirculation zone is formed due to the interference of the induced flow with the jet from SEN. The meniscus surface has a swirl flow, and the meniscus level rises near the bloom strand wall and sinks around the SEN wall. All of these flow features are closely associated with metallurgical performances of the in-mold rotary stirrer. With the increase of stirring current and the decrease of frequency, the magnetic flux magnitude increases. There is an optimum frequency to obtain a peak of electromagnetic force magnitude and maximum tangential velocity. For a mold rotary EMS system, to determine the optimum stirring intensity, it is necessary to make a compromise between a larger tangential velocity and a relatively quiescent meniscus surface.     

Experimental Investigation of Fluid Flow in CC Mold With Electromagnetic Filed

Fluid flow in continuous casting mold is one of the key factors to influence the process, because the operation of the casting process and most of the defects in steel quality are closely associated with fluid flow in the mold. Electromagnetic field(EMF) has been applied to control the fluid flow as an efficient technology, and a lot of research works on the effect of the EMF has been done by numerical simulation. Aware of the limitation of the numerical simulation of the flow under a static EMF, low melting metals have been adapted to the investigation of flow in EMF. In the report, some of works on electromagnetic brake ruler (EMBR) and Flow Control Mold (FC-Mold) in slab casting with mercury as an analogue of liquid steel are presented. In the experiment, the flow in the mold and fluctuation of meniscus were measured by the ultrasonic DOP2000 velocimeter. The effects of the magnetic flux density and location of the magnets on the flow in the mold have been studied. The results showed that the flow discharged from the SEN was suppressed, both of the distribution of the kinetic energy and the turbulence intensity were changed, and the flow stability of liquid metal in the mold was enhanced. In electromagnetic brake ruler when Bmax was more than 0.29T, the surface level fluctuations were suppressed,the flow at the meniscus became stable and the flow pattern at the meniscus were improved, and the impact strength of liquid metal was weakened simultaneously, and the penetration depth was reduced. It was beneficial to improve the flow in the upper eddy, fluctuation of meniscus and stability of the flow when the magnet was located near the SEN. However, it was good to reduce the impact action and penetration depth when the magnet was away from the SEN. Compared with EMBR, it was more effective to use FC-Mold for improving the flow in the upper eddy, fluctuation of meniscus and stability of the flow. Nevertheless, it was more effective for lower flow to reducing the impact action and penetration depth using EMBR. The     

Mathematical Model for Collision–Coalescence Among Inclusions in the Bloom Continuous Caster with M-EMS

Mathematical simulation is an effective tool to analyze the fluid flow and the inclusion behavior in the bloom continuous caster with mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS). The mathematical model is applied to the modeling of magnetic field, flow field, and inclusion field. Due to the introduction of Archimedes force, the collision mechanism and inclusion’s slipping velocity should be modified in the inclusion mass and population conservation model. Numerically predicted magnetic field, flow field, and the inclusion spatial distribution conform to the experimental results in the existing literature. Lorentz force plays an important role in the fluid flow, and Archimedes force plays an important role in the inclusion distribution in the continuous caster. Due to Brownian collision, Stokes collision, Archimedes collision, and turbulent collision, the coalescence among inclusions occurs in the bloom continuous caster with M-EMS. Among the four types of collisions, turbulent collision occurs most frequently, followed by Archimedes collision and Stokes collision. The frequency of Brownian collision is several orders of magnitudes smaller and is therefore negligible. The inclusion volume concentration, number density, and characteristic radius exhibit a U-shape in the continuous caster without M-EMS. However, with M-EMS, they exhibit an inverted U-shape.     

连铸结晶器电磁搅拌磁场及钢液流场模拟

 建立了大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌条件下电磁场及钢液流场数学模型,开发了相应的Visual Cast仿真软件,并应用软件模拟分析了大方坯连铸结晶器内磁场、电磁力分布及双侧孔浸入式水口条件下结晶器内钢液流场的分布特征。结果表明,结晶器内磁场分布均匀,并沿横断面水平旋转,电磁力的旋转周期为磁场旋转周期的一半。电磁搅拌改变了结晶器内流场形态,减小回流区和冲击深度,有利于促进钢液中非金属夹杂物上浮排除,提高大方坯洁净度。     

电磁搅拌对大圆坯结晶器冶金行为影响的探讨

 为了探究结晶器电磁搅拌(M EMS)对大圆坯结晶器内综合冶金行为的影响。以大断面圆坯连铸结晶器冶金行为为研究对象,基于电磁热流体与凝固传输理论建立三维耦合数值模型。揭示大圆坯连铸常用五孔水口浇注条件下结晶器内电磁场、流场、传热与凝固等综合冶金行为,提出电磁搅拌对结晶器冶金性能影响的多参量评价方法。以中碳铬钼齿轮钢650 mm大圆坯连铸为例,指出结晶器电磁搅拌存在最佳搅拌电流,可获得相对较好的综合冶金效果。具体表现为弯月面保持一定的切向速度和过热度,有利于保护渣的熔化和夹杂物的上浮去除;液面波动幅度在控制范围内,可避免卷渣、改善表面质量;结晶器内钢液过热得到有效耗散,有利于等轴晶形核改善铸坯内部质量;侧孔出流钢液速度得到有效控制,可抑制注流对初凝坯壳的冲刷,提高了初生坯壳生长的均匀性。此外,电磁搅拌产生的水平旋流强度也可得到有效控制,有利于避免常见的皮下白亮带现象。     

Electromagnetic torque detecting for optimization of in-mould electromagnetic stirring in the billet and bloom continuous casting

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an electromagnetic torque device based on the theoretical model was established to determine the optimum frequency accurately and conveniently in billet and bloom continuous casting with in-mould electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS). Magnetic characteristics with M-EMS was investigated by numerical simulation and physical experiment with the application of electromagnetic torque device and gauss meter. In addition, the effects of stirring frequency with M-EMS on macro segregation and equiaxed crystal ratio were compared and analysed for 55SiCr with 150?mm?×?150?mm billet caster and BU with 310?×?360?mm bloom caster by a series of plant trials, respectively. The results showed that maximum magnetic flux density and maximum electromagnetic torque occurred with different frequency and same current in M-EMS, and central equiaxed crystal ratio and macro segregation has been significantly improved by optimum frequency with M-EMS.     

GCr15钢大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌工艺参数优化研究

摘要：为明确不同电磁搅拌条件对结晶器内钢液流动、传热行为的影响规律,对现场大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌工艺参数的配置提供依据,采用ANSYS Fluent及Maxwell研究了320mm×280mm断面GCr15高碳轴承钢连铸过程中结晶器电磁搅拌工艺参数对结晶器内钢液温度场、磁场特性、注流冲击深度及液面波动的影响规律。研究结果表明,在M-EMS作用下,结晶器内钢液温度的耗散明显优于无电磁场作用工况,有利于改善结晶器内温度均匀性。注流的冲击深度随电流强度的增大而降低,而频率改变对钢液冲击深度影响不明显。当电磁搅拌电流强度一定时,随着搅拌频率增加,液面波动趋于平缓;当搅拌频率一定时,随着电流强度增加,液面波动变剧烈。对于320mm×280mm断面GCr15高碳轴承钢不同工艺进行工业试验,只改变结晶器电磁搅拌参数,从300A/2Hz调整到350A/3Hz,铸坯横截面中心碳偏析指数从1.06降低到1.01,铸坯纵截面中心碳偏析指数的平均值从0.98升至0.99,适合该钢种结晶器电磁搅拌工艺参数为350A/3Hz。     

带结晶器电磁搅拌的大圆坯连铸的数值模拟

在圆坯连铸中,结晶器电磁搅拌器(M-EMS)是常见的改善钢流内流场的手段。众所周知,液芯的流动对最终产品的质量有着重要影响,用M-EMS能优化凝固前沿的流速,进一步促进柱状晶向等轴晶的转变,进而改善铸坯的表面和皮下缺陷。在奥钢联多纳维茨钢厂,绝大多数产品的生产都应用了M-EMS。由于在奥钢联多纳维茨钢厂的恶劣环境下难于进行测量,因此研究采用数值模拟的方法。连铸过程1:1比例的物理模拟也很难实现,因为水的传导率太低,且液态金属不透明或金属处理难,因此数值模拟就成为获得整个过程较好的重要手段。数值模型考虑了流场和电磁场的完全耦合,许多物理问题都用最优参数进行模拟,流场用商业有限元CFD编码软件FLUENT进行计算,电磁场用商业有限元求解器ANSYSEMAG计算。采用这种方法可以研究各种参数对流场和凝固组织的影响,也能揭示搅拌频率和搅拌强度的变化对液芯内部流场的影响。应用数值模拟能够加深对电磁场下连铸过程的认识,也能够找到优化的参数。     

复合电磁场对连铸结晶器弯月面金属液运动 行为及铸坯质量的影响

为了获得高质量的连铸坯 ,提出了在连铸结晶器外施加复合电磁场的电磁铸造方法。规范和测定了冷坩埚式铜铸型内复合电磁场的分布 ;采用低熔点金属镓和 Sn- 4.5 % Pb合金模拟高熔点钢 ,研究了在水冷铜铸型外施加复合电磁场对结晶器弯月面处金属液运动行为及铸坯质量的影响。实验结果表明 :复合电磁场能够有效地抑制结晶器弯月面处金属液波动变形 ,并改善铸坯的表面质量。随着搅拌线圈磁通密度的增加 ,铸坯的凝固组织由柱状晶转变为等轴晶 ,使晶粒得到细化     

Multiphase Solidification Modeling of Solidification Structure Evolution and Macrosegregation of Round Bloom Continuous Casting Process with Mold Electromagnetic Stirring and Final Electromagnetic Stirring

Based on Eulerian–Eulerian method, a 3D/2D multiphase solidification model, which takes into consideration the heat transfer and fluid flow with grains nucleation and crystal growth, is developed to predict the macrostructure evolution and macrosegregation in continuously cast round bloom. The results show that the mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) can accelerate superheat dissipation and promote grain nucleation, but the horizontal swirl induced by M-EMS has a strong washing effect on the solidification front and leads to subsurface negative segregation. When the M-EMS current intensity increases from 200 to 300 A, the subsurface negative segregation ratio decreases from 0.935 to 0.875. The final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) not only improves the center segregation, but also leads to the formation of negative segregation zone near the round bloom center due to the enhancement of solute washing induced by F-EMS. As the F-EMS current intensity increases from 150 to 300 A, the center segregation ratio decreases from 1.148 to 1.075, and the negative segregation ratio near the strand center decreases from 0.985 to 0.977. Another phenomenon is found that the nucleation of equiaxed grain ahead of columnar tips restrains the solute diffusion and leads to a local macrosegregation in columnar-to-equiaxed transition zone.     

电磁搅拌对特大方坯结晶器内流场及温度场影响

以某厂断面为410 mm × 530 mm的特大方坯结晶器为原型,利用ANSYS有限元软件建立三维数值模型,研究电磁搅拌对结晶器流场及温度场的影响。施加电磁搅拌后,钢液受到径向电磁力,液面呈现旋转流动趋势。结晶器内钢液最大切向速度随着电流的增加而增大,随着频率的增加而减小。电磁搅拌的电流大小由0 增加到500 A时,液面波动由1.21 mm增加到4.35 mm。电磁搅拌能够使钢水的高温区局限于连铸结晶器上部,钢水温度更加均匀。同时钢液的水平旋流能够抑制初生坯壳的生长,降低坯壳的生长速度,使结晶器出口处坯壳厚度变薄。综合分析,该厂在实际生产时合理的电磁搅拌的电流大小应为400 A,频率为1.5 Hz,此时钢渣液面波动约为2.73 mm,温度场较为均匀。      

电磁场对软接触结晶器内钢液流动的影响

采用非交错网格和适体坐标方法数值模拟了电磁场对软接触结晶器内钢液流动的影响规律。讨论了感应线圈电流强度和电源频率等因素的影响。结果表明：电磁力能加强地晶器上部熔池的搅拌强度，并在上部区域形成一明显的回流区，同时还能减小射流的渗入深度;加大电流强度，能加强钢液的回流和对钢液的搅拌，减小射流深入深度。但电流强度有一个最佳控制范围；增加电源频率，射流渗入深度增大，弯月面附近的紊动能和钢液速度提高。电源频率应控制在20kHz左右。     

电磁搅拌作用下连铸结晶器内液面波动行为

电磁搅拌对连铸结晶器内钢液液面波动有重要的影响。以某钢厂直径为250 mm 连铸圆坯结晶器及电磁搅拌器的相关参数为原型,采用湍流模型与多相流模型相结合的方法对电磁搅拌作用下连铸结晶器内钢液液面波动行为进行研究,分析了电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面产生变化的成因。研究结果表明：电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面呈旋转抛物面,与无电磁搅拌作用下的液面截然不同;电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面波动实质上是电磁搅拌电磁力作用的结果。水口附近液面波动会随着电磁搅拌强度的增大而增强,达到一定值时出现卷渣现象。在实际生产过程中,为获得较好的搅拌效果,应考虑结晶器内的液面波动及卷渣行为。     

电磁搅拌条件下结晶器内钢液多相流动和卷渣现象的大涡模拟

针对大方坯连铸结晶器内的流动和卷渣行为进行了三维数值模拟仿真,应用大涡模拟模型模拟湍流、应用VOF模型模拟渣相?钢液和空气?渣相?钢液的多相流。研究对比了钢液单相流动、渣相?钢液两相流动和空气?渣相?钢液三相流动3种模型下结晶器内的流动、钢?渣界面液位形状和波动及卷渣行为,并通过工业用计算机断层成像技术（工业CT）检测了连铸坯中大颗粒卷渣类夹杂物数量随着电磁搅拌电流强度的变化。结果表明,在150 A、2 Hz结晶器电磁搅拌下,3种模型得到的结晶器内钢液流场差别较小,但在钢?渣界面处差别较大。钢液单相模型下钢液表面流动速度比其他两种模型钢?渣界面处的速度更大。渣相?钢液两相模型和空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率分别为0.00118和0.00040 kg?s?1。渣相?钢液两相模型条件下,由于上表面即渣的顶面不能弯曲,所以钢?渣界面处的湍动能没有得到耗散,所以比三相模型的湍动能更大,因此其预测的卷渣速率偏大。当搅拌电流强度增大到300 A,渣相?钢液两相模型和空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率分别为150 A条件下的5倍和15倍;当电流频率增大到4 Hz,渣相?钢液两相模型的卷渣速率变化很小,空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率降低为2 Hz条件下的1/3。因此,为了正确的模拟和预测结晶器钢?渣界面处的卷渣行为,必须使用空气?渣相?钢液三相瞬态模型进行模拟仿真。      

偏心M-EMS作用下连铸圆坯流动-传热模拟

 为探究偏心结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)对圆坯钢液流动和传热的作用,减轻偏心M-EMS对圆坯的不利影响,通过建立三维耦合模型研究了偏心M-EMS作用下Φ380 mm连铸圆坯钢液流动和传热特点及M-EMS参数的影响。结果表明,在偏心M-EMS(300 A/2 Hz)作用下,由水口进入结晶器钢液流向外弧侧,碰壁后会形成较大回流;外弧侧钢液温度比内弧侧温度高;随着距弯月面距离增加,外弧侧钢液温度先增加后降低,温度最大处在M-EMS中心,为1 779 K;内弧侧钢液温度则一直降低。随着电流强度由100增加到500 A,圆坯下方回流区由1个变为2个;内、外弧侧钢液温差先减小后增加,在300 A时最小,为8.4 K。随着电流频率由1增加5 Hz,外弧侧回流区变小直至消失。当电流频率小于3 Hz时,内、外弧侧钢液温差小于10 K;而当频率大于3 Hz时,温差则大于16 K。Φ380 mm圆坯推荐M-EMS参数为300 A/2 Hz。     

大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌参数对磁场分布的影响

采用有限元软件,研究了连铸470mm×350mm大方坯结晶器电磁搅拌电流和频率对磁感应和电磁力分布的影响,并与实测数值进行了对比.研究表明,磁场模拟结果与现场实测数据一致.电磁力在大方坯水平截面上呈周向分布.当电流相同时,随着频率的增加,磁感应强度减小.电磁力随着频率的增加而增加,且随着频率的增加,最大电磁力增加量减小...     

结晶器电磁搅拌器的内腔磁场和端部漏磁的数值模拟

借助有限元分析与试验测量相结合的方法,分别研究了相同铁芯高度和安匝数下凸极式和环形式铁芯结晶器电磁搅拌器的内腔磁场和端部漏磁。研究表明,模拟结果与试验结果一致。在搅拌器内腔正中心沿拉速方向(轴向z)上,凸极式和环形式铁芯电磁搅拌器的磁感应强度变化趋势一致,都沿z轴正向变化平缓。而向铁芯表面逐渐靠近时,凸极式电磁搅拌器的磁感应强度沿z轴先逐渐增大,在距搅拌器水平中心面约150mm的铁芯端部达到最大峰值,然后由端部向外急剧降低,呈“山峰”状的分布趋势。在越贴近搅拌器铁芯表面处,这种磁场分布趋势越明显,即端部漏磁越明显。而与凸极式铁芯电磁搅拌器相比较,环形式铁芯电磁搅拌器的端部漏磁明显小很多。磁感应强度沿z轴的变化相对比较平缓,仅在线圈端部约225mm处出现一个较小的峰值,而后陡降,其分布呈“悬崖”状。     

Effect of EMBr on Flow in Slab Continuous Casting Mold and Evaluation Using Nail Dipping Measurement

The nail dipping method was developed to investigate the effect of electromagnetic brake on the mold top surface flow in a certain slab caster with different casting speed and submerged entry nozzle (SEN) depth. The shape of the meniscus profile and direction of flow were quantified by analyzing the angular profile of the lump for each solidified nail, and the error evaluation for the nail dipping measurement was also determined. The results show that the meniscus level fluctuates with time variation; the electromagnetic force suppresses the high‐speed flow and decreases the meniscus flow velocity, which makes the meniscus level flatter and slower. A stronger meniscus velocity and fluctuation were created by increasing casting speed and decreasing the SEN depth. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field on the fluid flow in the mold has been investigated.