RTEMS嵌入式系统中的软件容错设计

为了提高嵌入式系统在恶劣环境下的可靠性,除了在硬件上采用诸如双机冷备份之类的容错方案外,在实时操作系统级提供软件容错处理功能既可以减小硬件资源开销,又可以在不影响系统工作效率的前提下明显提高系统的容错纠错能力.本文针对RTEMS实时操作系统缺乏软件容错支持功能的不足,在操作系统级设计了一套两级软件容错的方案,提高了嵌入式系统的可靠性.     

实时异构系统中的积极复制容错调度算法

在设计实时异构系统中的容错调度算法时,既要考虑到实时性的约束,又要最大化系统的可靠性.此外,异构系统中的并行应用调度问题已经被证明了是NP完全问题.现有的容错调度算法大多采用复制技术来提升系统的可靠性,但是任务的多次执行会导致应用执行时间变长,系统实时性下降.为此,提出了一个基于积极复制技术的容错调度算法,该算法连续的复制任务集中对当前系统实时性影响最小的任务,然后将任务集中的所有任务调度至最早完成的处理器,用以在满足实时性约束的同时,提升系统的可靠性.实验表明,相比于同样着眼于实时异构系统的DB-FTSA算法,该算法在实时性约束严格的情况下,可靠性有较大提升.     

实时嵌入式容错系统的关键技术研究

简要回顾了容错技术的发展过程并分析了不同故障模型下系统的客错方式.对于瞬时故障、间歇性故障的容错可采用软件冗余方法,在实时嵌入式系统中采用软件容错时必须考虑任务的可调度性;而永久性故障则采用硬件冗余方法来解决.在此基础上,描述了一种实时双机嵌入式容错系统的模型,研究了构建容错系统需要解决的双机同步、故障检测及仲裁切换等关键问题和相应的解决方法.     

面向应用级的双机容错系统的设计与实现

市场上存在的一些双机热备份容错系统由于系统监测容错软件本身存在出错的可能性，使得双机热备份系统的可靠性和安全性受到威胁。该文设计并实现的基于代理监测的双机热备份系统，由于容错软件采用4个互相监测和控制的并发进程的结构，解决了由于容错软件本身不稳定带来的安全隐患。     

基于服务体/执行流模型的MiniCore系统的容错设计

空间环境中的计算机系统要求高可靠性.针对存储受限的空间嵌入式实时系统,从内存可靠性和任务容错调度两个角度出发,提出了一种两级容错设计方案.该方案由系统级的周期性内存检错纠错机制和任务级的一种改进的主/副版本容错调度机制组成.方案的实验验证在一款基于服务体/执行流模型(SEFM)设计的嵌入式操作系统MiniCore中进行.加入两级容错机制后,内存数据准确性得到保证,MiniCore内核代码空间增加了约33%,时间性能指标略微下降,任务的执行成功率和调度质量显著增加.     

高可用双机容错服务器的研究与设计

为了保证服务器对外服务的持续性,提高服务器的可靠性,双机容错服务器是一种较好的解决方案.通过引入集群技术设计了高可用双机容错服务器的硬件容错体系,使用自检和心跳等多种软件容错技术实现了运行于该容错服务器之上的容错管理系统,最后对该容错系统给出了可用性分析.     

通用调度框架的改进及其在Linux中的实现

在嵌入式Linux实时系统中,要求内核对不同时问约束的任务采用不同的调度算法.但目前Linux内核采用单一的实时调度模式,不能灵活地执行多种调度算法,也就无法满足实时系统中实时任务的时间约束.引入了一种能够在Linux内核调度中执行多种调度算法的框架,即通用调度框架(GSF),并改进了其中的多算法调用机制,从而更好地在Linux内核中实现GSF.     

异构分布式系统中实时周期任务的容错调度算法

提出一个基于抢占性实时周期任务的可靠性调度模型,该模型与现有可靠性模型相比充分考虑了单处理机故障容错情况下的系统可靠性,因而更加接近现实和精确.在此基础上,提出一个基于异构分布式系统的实时容错调度算法IRDFTAHS,IRDFTAHS算法以提高系统的可靠性为目标来进行任务的分配,从而在不增加硬件代价的前提条件下通过调度增加了系统的可靠性.该算法同时支持主动和被动两种方式的副版本,使得容错调度算法具有更大的灵活性.最后,通过仿真实验对IRDFTAHS和现有的调度算法在几个方面进行比较.实验结果表明,IRDFTAHS算法的综合性能优于现有算法.     

异构集群系统中具有QoS 需求的实时任务容错调度

容错调度是调度问题中一个重要的研究内容,是提高系统可靠性的有效手段.目前已有很多集群系统中实时任务的容错调度算法,但是这些算法都没有考虑到任务的QoS需求问题.提出了一种异构集群系统中具有QoS需求的实时任务容错调度算法FTQ(fault-tolerant QoS-based scheduling).该算法采用主版本/副版本(primary/backup,简称PB)技术,综合考虑了任务的时间限制、任务的QoS需求、系统的可靠性和系统资源的利用率,能够自适应地根据系统负载情况动态地调整任务的QoS级别和副版本的执行模式,从而提高了系统的灵活性、可靠性、可调度性和资源的利用率.对系统的可靠性进行了定量分析,并将其引入到容错调度算法中,提高了系统的可靠性.同时,在调度过程中尽量提前主版本的开始时间,推迟副版本的开始时间,以使任务的副版本采用被动执行模式或者使任务主版本和副版本的重叠部分尽量少,提高了资源的利用率.此外,采用了副版本重叠技术,并分析了副版本的最晚开始时间及其约束条件,提高了任务的调度成功率.通过大量的模拟实验,对FTQ,NOFTQ和DYFARS算法进行了比较.实验结果表明,FTQ算法的性能优于其他方法,具有更好的调度质量.     

基于异构分布式系统的实时容错调度算法

目前文献中研究的实时容错调度算法都是基于同构分布式系统，系统中的所有处理机完全相同。该文首先建立了一个基于异构分布式系统实时容错调度模型，异构分布式系统中的各个处理机均不相同。基于该异构分布式系统模型，该文引入了可靠性代价（reliability cost）概念，并提出两种静态实时容错调度算法（RTFTNO和RTFTRC）用于调度周期性实时容错任务。算法RTFTRC在调度任务时，尽量使系统的可靠性代价最小；而算法RTFTNO在调度实时任务时，没有考虑系统的可靠性代价。该文详细讨论了两种调度算法的性能。性能模拟实验分别比较了两个算法的可靠性代价，超时比率和可调度性；并研究了任务的计算时间与可靠性代价的关系以及调度长度阈值与最小处理机个数的关系。实验结果表明，算法RTFTRC的性能优于算法RTFTNO。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。