虚拟膝关节手术中基于骨架的实时形变方法

针对带有骨架的3D模型的大范围形变问题,提出一种改进的梯度域方法,通过在容易引起体积失真的部位(如关节)加入虚拟节点构建体图,采用体微分坐标实现保持体积的形变。通过修改能量函数中的权值,实现表面材料相关的形变。实验表明,该方法能够满足虚拟膝关节手术的实时性和真实感要求。     

虚拟膝关节手术中的实时大范围形变方法

虚拟膝关节手术过程中要求对膝关节3D几何模型进行实时的大范围形变,而形变的特点,包括总体轮廓、细节保持、实时性、平滑性以及拓扑性等都影响到它的真实感。针对膝关节3D模型得到了一种新的形变方法,根据模型的横截面构建出模型的骨架,并利用柱坐标的变换来实现大范围形变,使形变能保持良好的局部细节特征,算法能满足虚拟手术的实时性和真实感的要求。该方法也能推广应用于其他类似的关节弯曲运动的实时变形。     

基于移动最小二乘法的无网格肝脏形变研究

在手术虚拟仿真对软组织形变研究中,采用传统的网格形变方法,由于出现网格畸变、网格重构会影响形变效果的问题.针对手术虚拟仿真要求尽可能逼真地模拟形变以达到良好的真实感,提出了一种基于移动最小二乘法的无网格方法对以肝脏为对象的软组织进行形变研究,考虑肝脏软组织生物力学特性,采用Voigt模型对肝脏软组织进行物理建模.同时,针对无网格肝脏模型的碰撞检测,提出AABB包围盒与八叉树空间分割相结合的碰撞检测算法,在肝脏模型体节点的合理布局基础上可以对碰撞进行有效准确的检测.实验结果表明,无网络方法实现简单且具有较好的形变真实感,对虚拟手术中软组织形变研究具有重要的指导意义.     

纸张褶皱三维模拟*

纸张褶皱是常见的现象,因此对纸张的模拟应运而生。纸张又可以称为薄壳,薄壳有效模拟的关键是模型的建立。基于物理建模计算成本高、建模较复杂等不足,但真实感较强;基于几何建模形变模拟的精度不够,因此为了实现纸张褶皱的模拟,本文提出基于物理模型和几何模型结合进行纸张褶皱模拟,首先基于hinge模型和弹簧质点模型对纸张建立薄壳模型;由隐式积分法更新网格质点的位置,确定纸张的初步形变,增加形变约束;最后根据泊松形变确定最终形变状态。实验结果证明,采用混合模型具有模拟速度快和稳定性高等特点,不改变纸张网格的拓扑结构的同时进行等距变形,在褶皱细节也具有更好效果。     

基于人脸数据库的形变模型研究综述

形变模型是基于三维人脸原型库的人脸建模方法。因为该模型具有自动化、真实感好等优点,成为近年来人脸建模研究的热点。该文回顾了形变模型建立的过程,总结了近几年对于形变模型研究的新进展,并对形变模型发展进行了展望。     

大形变微分同胚图像配准快速算法

本文提出一种研究大形变图像配准算法. 大形变使得图像信息和拓扑结构有较大的改变, 目前该方面的研究仍然是一个难点. 基于严密数学理论的微分同胚Demons算法是图像配准的著名算法, 为解决大形变配准问题提供了重要基础. 基于对微分同胚Demons算法的研究结合流形学习的思想提出一种大形变图像配准的新算法(MRL算法). 新算法通过挖掘图像的局部和全局流形信息改进微分同胚Demons 速度场的更新, 更好地保持图像的拓扑结构. 对比实验结果表明, 本文所提出的算法能够快速高精度地实现大形变图像的配准.     

虚拟手术中肝脏形变仿真系统

由于肝脏具有复杂的生物力学特性,因此在进行形变仿真时,计算量大而难以达到实时性要求;同时在对肝脏形变实时仿真时却很难达到真实感.为了解决这一矛盾,需要研究一种可以自动依据手术器械操控区域及施力大小而动态转换的混合模型,通过理论分析提出了一种肝脏网格与无网格混合模型的构建方法.实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的计算效率且形变具有较好效果,能够满足虚拟肝脏手术仿真的真实感与实时性要求,对虚拟肝脏软组织手术研究具有一定的指导意义.     

采用向量化运算进行图像融合的真实感纹理映射

提出一种基于向量运算体现纹理形变要求的映射对应点获取方法,根据场景表面纹理走势特点划分表面形变控制网格,以网格边界为形变控制向量,通过对控制向量的合成取得映射点;同时,根据对应点亮度进行图像融合达到纹理真实感融入．对于场景表面纹理走势细节性变化给出了网格调整方法,进一步使用三次参数样条曲线拟合映射区域,基于曲率半径进行边界多边形化以实现对映射区域的精确判断．该方法能产生高度真实感的虚拟实景效果．     

面向虚拟化身的人脸表情模拟技术

为了实现基于增强现实的电子沙盘环境中的异地可视化交互功能,提出了一种面 向虚拟化身的三维表情模拟技术。首先,使用 RGB 摄像头跟踪异地作业人员的表情,基于约 束局部模型(CLM)提取人脸特征点数据后传输到本地;然后,采用基于径向基函数的插值算法 计算虚拟化身面部网格点的坐标,驱动模型模拟出与异地作业人员相同的表情;最后,为了提 高变形算法的精度和效率,提出一种基于贪心算法与人脸肌群分布的插值控制点选取和分区域 插值方法。实验结果表明,该算法能够满足实际应用对实时性和真实感的需求。     

基于形变模型的多视图三维人脸重建

本文提出了基于形变模型的多视图三维人脸重建方法,将人脸形变模型与同一人脸在不同视点下的多幅图像进行匹配,从而重建出具有较强真实感的三维人脸模型。本文将对基于形变模型的多视图三维人脸重建方法进行详细的阐述,并把实验结果与单视图重建出的三维人脸模型进行了对比,从而体现出多视图重建的优势所在。     

Haptic‐constraint modeling based on interactive metaballs

Adding interactive haptic‐constraint sensations is important in interactive computer gaming and 3D shape design. Usually constraints are set on vertices of the object to drive the deformation. How to simulate dynamic force constraints in interactive design is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel haptic‐constraint modeling method based on interactive metaballs, during which the haptic‐constraint tools are attracted to the target location and then control the touch‐enabled deformation within the constrained areas. The interactive force feedbacks facilitate designers to accurately deform the target regions and fine carve the details as their intention on the objects. Our work studies how to apply touch sensation in such constrained deformations using interactive metaballs, thus users can truly feel and control the soft‐touch objects during the deforming interactions. Experimental results show that the dynamic sense of touch during the haptic manipulation is intuitively simulated to users, via the interacting interface we have developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gradient Domain Mesh Deformation - A Survey

This survey reviews the recent development of gradient domain mesh deformation method. Different to other deformation methods, the gradient domain deformation method is a surface-based, variational optimization method. It directly encodes the geometric details in differential coordinates, which are also called Laplacian coordinates in literature. By preserving the Laplacian coordinates, the mesh details can be well preserved during deformation. Due to the locality of the Laplacian coordinates, the variat...     

基于SIFT算法的数字图像大变形测量技术研究

提出了一种基于尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）算法的大变形测量方法。该方法首先精确地提取出变形前后两幅图像的SIFT特征点,然后生成每个SIFT点的特征描述子,并利用该描述子对SIFT点进行匹配,得到这两幅图像特征点对应的坐标,最后使用仿射变换求出全场位移和应变参数。将该方法运用到模拟散斑图像中,并与基于差分进化算法的DIC方法进行对比。实验结果表明,所提算法不仅能够克服传统方法在转角大于7°容易失效的问题,还可以以较高的精度和效率计算出形变参数。     

基于层次B样条的网格模型变形技术

针对常用的网格模型提出了一个基于层次B样条控制的三维网格空间变形框架．首先由用户交互地选取编辑区域,由程序完成编辑区域的参数化和均匀重采样;然后用层次B样条光顺拟合这些均匀采样点,所得的R样条曲面作为网格模型的基曲面,计算待编辑区域中网格顶点相对该B样条基曲面的局部坐标,该局部坐标平移、旋转不变,可视为模型的内蕴几何特征,并作为变形操作中的不变量．用户通过编辑层次B样条基曲面或者直接编辑三维网格模型,可实现多分辨率变形．实验结果表明：该方法操作直观方便,无论对整体还是局部变形,都能取得可控、可靠的变形效果,且采刚B样条曲面的控制手段易于与已有的造型系统合成．     

Material-aware differential mesh deformation using sketching interface

In this paper, we present a material-aware mesh deformation method using a sketching interface. Guided by user-specified material properties, our method can deform the surface mesh in a non-uniform way, while previous deformation techniques are mainly designed for uniform materials. The non-uniform deformation is achieved by material-dependent gradient field manipulation and Poisson-based reconstruction. Compared with previous material-oblivious deformation techniques, our method supplies better control of the deformation process and can generate more realistic results. We propose a novel detail representation that transforms geometric details between successive surface levels as a combination of dihedral angles and barycentric coordinates. This detail representation is similarity-invariant and fully compatible with material properties. Based on these two methods, we implement a multi-resolution deformation tool, allowing the user to edit a mesh inside a hierarchy in a material-aware manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our methods by several examples with real-world data.     

一种应用参数曲面的动态自由变形方法

本文提出了一种动态自由变形方法，被变形物体首先附在两张参数曲面上，当参数曲面的形状发生变化时，物体会随之变形。这两张参数曲面分别被称为形状曲面和高度曲面，其中形状曲面用于控制变形物体的形状，高度曲面用于控制物体沿着形状曲面法向的高度。     

保持几何特征的均值骨架子空间网格变形

骨架子空间网格变形算法(SSD)在许多3D应用程序中被广泛使用,但其预操作烦琐不适合于普通用户,且变形的结果常常会出现拉伸或收缩等不自然现象.提出一种改进的骨架子空间网格变形算法,将SSD与微分域坐标和均值骨架坐标相结合,达到局部几何特征及骨架特征的保持.由于改进的骨架子空间变形算法最终归结为一个线性的能量最小问题,从而达到了操作的实时性.通过实例证明,该算法不但能够实时地生成视觉真实的变形结果,而且应用广泛,适合于普通用户.     

Skeleton-based Variational Mesh Deformations

In this paper, a new free-form shape deformation approach is proposed. We combine a skeleton-based mesh deformation technique with discrete differential coordinates in order to create natural-looking global shape deformations. Given a triangle mesh, we first extract a skeletal mesh, a two-sided Voronoibased approximation of the medial axis. Next the skeletal mesh is modified by free-form deformations. Then a desired global shape deformation is obtained by reconstructing the shape corresponding to the deformed skeletal mesh. The reconstruction is based on using discrete differential coordinates. Our method preserves fine geometric details and original shape thickness because of using discrete differential coordinates and skeleton-based deformations. We also develop a new mesh evolution technique which allow us to eliminate possible global and local self-intersections of the deformed mesh while preserving fine geometric details. Finally, we present a multi-resolution version of our approach in order to simplify and accelerate the deformation process. In addition, interesting links between the proposed free-form shape deformation technique and classical and modern results in the differential geometry of sphere congruences are established and discussed.     

Preserving form features in interactive mesh deformation

Interactive mesh deformation that preserves differential properties is a promising technique for the design of mechanical parts such as automobile sheet-metal panels. However, existing methods lack the ability to manipulate the form features and hard constraints that are commonly used in engineering applications. In this paper, we propose a new deformation framework that precisely preserves the shapes of form features during deformation. Geometrical shapes are interactively deformed so that mean curvature normals are approximately preserved in a least-squares sense and positional constraints and form-feature constraints are precisely satisfied. In our system, the combination of soft and hard constraints is solved using the Lagrange multiplier method. We also show how to constrain the motion of a form feature on a plane or a straight line using linear constraints. The implemented system achieves a real-time response for constrained deformation.