Fast and accurate parameter estimation algorithm for digital distance relaying

Response of digital distance relaying depends on the fast and accurate calculation of parameters such as voltage and current phasors and fault impedance. This paper describes a new apparent impedance estimation algorithm that is based on modal components theory. It is shown in the paper that the proposed algorithm has several advantageous features in terms of speed and accuracy over previously suggested symmetrical and modal components based algorithms. The paper discusses a procedure for deriving a fault impedance estimation algorithm that can be used for protecting power transmission lines. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using an alternative transient program (ATP). The program models a power system, simulates many fault conditions on a selected transmission line and generates fault data. The relay software then obtains filtered, scaled and sampled data and calculates fault impedance using the proposed algorithm. The relay characteristic makes trip decisions based on the fault impedance estimates. The paper shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for first zone distance protection. Some results of these studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

Second- and third-zone performance assessment of a symmetrical component based improved fault impedance estimation method

The performance assessment of a symmetrical component based fault impedance estimation method that has previously been proposed by the authors is discussed in this paper. A brief review of the proposed method is given. The personal computer based Alternative Transient Program was used in these performance assessment studies. Voltage and current signals for various fault conditions were generated by simulating different types of fault on a selected transmission line of a sample power system. These signals were processed, sampled, and used in the proposed method. The apparent impedance of the protected transmission line from the relay location up to the fault point was calculated using the proposed method. These impedance estimates were inserted in R − X plane characteristics to determine the suitability of the proposed method for digital distance protection of the second and third zones. The results of these performance assessment studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

Real-time assessment of a symmetrical component and microcontroller based distance relay

This paper presents the design, implementation and real-time assessment of a microcontroller based digital distance relay that can be used for the protection of power transmission lines. The proposed design is implemented using a general-purpose Intel 8097 microcontroller and custom-made filters, operational amplifiers, sample-and-hold amplifiers, multiplexers, and analog-to-digital converters. The relay software is based on a computationally efficient symmetrical component based fault distance estimation algorithm. Results of the performance assessment studies on this algorithm have shown promising fault distance estimates for first-zone faults on the protected transmission line. Real-time implementation of the symmetrical component based fault distance estimation algorithm is presented and discussed in this paper. Hardware and software tools were used to design and fabricate a microcontroller based distance relay using the above-mentioned algorithm. This paper describes details of the design of the distance relay. A test setup in the laboratory using a transmission line model was used to generate data to assess the real-time response of the designed relay. High-speed relay operation of the order of one cycle is demonstrated in the test results.     

A new distance relaying algorithm based on complex differential equation for symmetrical components

This paper presents a new digital impedance measuring technique for transmission lines that combines symmetrical components and the complex differential equation of an equivalent fault loop circuit. The phase voltages and currents at the relaying point are transformed into symmetrical components using Fourier filters of short window length. Depending on fault type, an appropriate fault loop circuit is formed, signals of which are the appropriate symmetrical components, while a parameter of which is the positive sequence impedance being a geometrical measure of the distance from the relaying point to a fault. The impedance, however, is measured very fast by on-line solving the complex differential equation originated for this fault loop circuit. Consequently, this approach combines frequency domain estimation of symmetrical components (accurate filtration) and time domain measurement of positive sequence impedance (high speed response).

The presented method suits well the protection of parallel lines against high-resistance faults occurring very close to the far end of a line. A new method is proposed for detecting high-resistance faults and deciding which line out of two parallel lines actually suffers a fault.

The included EMTP test results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed relaying algorithm.     

Distance Relaying Algorithm for a Line-to-ground Fault on Single Infeed Lines

Abstract—The work presented in this article addresses the problems encountered by the conventional digital distance relay used for the protection of transmission lines fed from one end. To observe its behavior during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault, a laboratory prototype of a three-phase transmission line using equivalent power system components has been developed by the authors. Thereafter, a new digital distance relaying algorithm is presented for the compensation of errors produced by the conventional digital distance relay during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault. The proposed algorithm is based on digital computation of impedance, which uses symmetrical components of three-phase currents and voltages measured at the local end only. The proposed algorithm has been tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) software for a single line-to-ground fault considering wide variations in fault resistance, fault location, power factor, and short-circuit capacity of the source.     

基于节点导纳方程的串联补偿线路双端故障测距算法

由于与串补电容并联的氧化锌非线性电阻(MOV)的非线性特性,一般的故障测距方法对于有串联补偿装置的输电线路不再适用。作者基于传输线的节点导纳方程考虑了故障时串补装置的状态,提出了一种适用于串补线路的故障定位算法。该算法使用相参数(而非序参数)及两端的不同步数据,采用分布参数的线路模型,利用两个子算法搜索故障距离,通过比较两个子算法得到的过渡阻抗值排除伪根,选择一组正确解,从而获得准确的故障位置。仿真分析结果表明了该算法具有较好的定位精度。     

Further enhancements in the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method Part II. Performance evaluation

An approach that can be used for further enhancing the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method has been proposed by the authors in Part-I of this companion paper. The PC based alternative transients program (ATP) was used to model a six bus system and generate fault data. The performance of the proposed method was assessed using the generated fault data. The results of performance assessment studies are presented and discussed in this paper. The proposed method was also applied for calculating an exact fault location. It is also shown in the paper that the proposed method provides highly accurate fault location estimates based on the distance relaying information.     

A performance oriented impedance based fault location algorithm for series compensated transmission lines

This paper proposes a performance oriented fault location algorithm for series compensated transmission lines. The algorithm estimates the fault location based on the calculated fault voltage and current using two end measurements and line parameters. Fault location computations are carried out considering faults existed before or after the compensator location on the line. The calculated MOV impedance is the key factor in determining whether or not the fault is located in front of the compensator. A 380 kV transmission line with a series capacitor and an MOV has been tested for various fault types, fault locations and fault resistances. The results show that the algorithm accurately estimates the fault location for all cases.     

特高压交流输电线路接地阻抗继电器动作特性分析

针对特高压交流输电线路分布电容大、故障后渡过程明显的特点,从分布参数线路模型入手,分析了正常运行和接地故障状态下,接地阻抗继电器测量阻抗的变化规律,证实了故障情况下测量阻抗与故障距离呈双曲函数关系,提出了一种新型接地阻抗继电器电流接线方式,并探讨了P值常数化、线性化的相关问题.理论分析和测试结果表明:对于400 km以下的特高压交流输电短线路,接地阻抗继电器可以基于集中参数模型整定;但是对于400 km以上的长线路,在基于分布参数模型整定阻抗继电器和采用新型电流接线方式的基础上,方向性接地阻抗继电器能够正确判别故障发生、检测故障位置.     

An ANN based approach to improve the speed of a differentialequation based distance relaying algorithm

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based approach to improve the speed of a differential equation based distance relaying algorithm. As the differential equation used for the transmission line protection is valid only at low frequencies, the distance relaying algorithm requires a lowpass filter, removing frequency components higher than those for relaying. However, the lowpass filter causes the time delay of the components for relaying. Thus, the calculated resistances and reactances do not converge directly to the fault distance even after data window occupies post fault data. Faults with the same fault inception angle have similar shapes of impedance loci. If an ANN is trained with the shape of various impedance loci for fault distances and fault inception angles, it can predict the fault distance with some values of calculated resistances and reactances before they converge to the fault distance. Therefore, the ANN can improve the speed of the distance relaying algorithm without affecting its accuracy. Moreover, the proposed approach can speed up more when a higher sampling rate is employed. The proposed approach was tested in three rates of 24, 48 and 96 samples/cycle (s/c) in a 345 (kV) transmission system and compared with the conventional distance relaying algorithm without ANNs from the speed and accuracy viewpoints. As a result, the approach can improve the speed of the relaying algorithm     

对称双芯移相器的接入对距离保护的影响及改进措施研究

对称双芯移相变压器(Phase Shifting Transformer, PST)作为潮流调控设备,能实现输电线路传输功率的调节。然而,PST接入线路后将改变线路阻抗分布、电压和电流信号,可能导致距离保护的误动或拒动。为了消除PST接入对常规距离保护造成的影响,根据PST对各序网故障分量的移相特性、PST序网等效阻抗以及接地、相间测量阻抗算法,推导出PST安装位置、PST移相角、故障位置均会对距离保护产生影响。基于距离保护受PST接入的影响机理,利用对称分量反变换、同步相量测量技术,提出了基于相角补偿和相量测量单元(Phasor Measurement Units, PMUs)的自适应距离保护。在此基础上,利用Matlab/Simulink搭建了PST的模型,并通过仿真验证了PST接入对距离保护影响机理推导的正确性以及所提出的自适应距离保护改进措施的有效性,为未来PST的深入研究和工程应用提供了理论支撑。     

Multifault calculation method for dynamic stability study of electric power systems

For the fault condition in dynamic stability study, balanced faults have mainly been utilized. Recently, however, with the progress of system protective control technologies such as the multiphase reclosing system for a faulted transmission line, the needs for stability software which would be able to calculate simultaneous faults without any restrictions on fault types, total numbers or location, have been increasing. This report presents the newly developed multifault calculation method based on symmetrical components which is able to calculate simultaneous faults without any restrictions on combination of fault types, and total numbers or location. Fault types consist of balanced/ unbalanced ground fault, short-circuit fault, line-out of transmission lines, and short-circuit of series condenser. The proposed method also allows for calculation of faults at an arbitrary location on the line without any topological changes of each symmetrical network even if the faults include line-end faults with ensuring outages. An example was shown to clarify the validity of the proposed method. Moreover, transient stability limits under the various fault conditions also were discussed.     

Further enhancements in the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method Part I. Mathematical modelling

This paper develops an approach that can be used for further enhancement of the symmetrical components based improved fault impedance estimation method that has previously been proposed by the authors. In addition to discussing the mathematical basis of the new approach, enhanced and computationally efficient performance equations are presented. In view of the recent advancements in optical transducers and high speed optical fibre communications, the new technique uses sequence components of voltage and current samples obtained from both the ends of the protected transmission line. It is also shown in the paper that the new performance equations are independent of fault resistance. The PC based Alternative Transients Program was used to model a six bus system and to generate fault data. The results of performance assessment studies on this new method are presented and discussed in Part-II of this companion paper.     

基于分布参数模型的高压输电线路故障测距算法

输电线路故障定位一直是电力系统亟待解决的难题,快速准确的故障定位对电力系统有极为重要的意义,由于传统的单端法故障测距易受过渡电阻和对端肋增电流的影响,基于集中参数电路模型的故障测距算法又不适用于长线路测距,中提出一种只使用输电线路参数和２端电气量的基于分布参数电路模型的输电线路故障这位方法。并利用相模变化来减少实际线路的不换位和线路参数不平衡的影响,最后在模域求解故障距离。ＥＭＴＰ仿真结果表明,     

风电场并网输电线路单相接地故障单端测距方法

采用故障后及单相跳闸后2个时间断面的信息构建方程描述输电线路两侧断路器之间的网络拓扑,能够实现输电线路故障单端精确测距。但该方法假设2个时间断面下量测点对端系统阻抗保持不变且故障支路恒定,使得现有立足风电场并网输电线路系统侧开展测距的常规做法失效。针对该问题,提出了立足风电场侧面向于系统侧开展测距研究的思路,克服了量测点对端系统阻抗在2个时间断面下变化的问题;针对测距算法中使用迭代搜索解法带来的风电场侧电流量测值偏小导致的高阻故障测距精度显著下降的问题,提出了不受故障类型影响的直接求解方程测距新算法,能够直接计算得到故障距离和过渡电阻值,不仅实现了精确测距且对于后续的自适应重合闸研究提供了新思路。     

平行/同杆双回线的单线故障精确测距算法

平行/同杆双回线的一条线路发生故障时,由于非故障线路包含了对侧系统的信息,可以实现利用单端故障信息实现故障测距.介绍平行/同杆双回线的单线故障的一种故障测距算法,算法采用正、负、零序分量的分布参数模型和传输线方程,利用线路单端的故障信息,根据实际故障点的纯电阻特征,得到平行/同杆双回线单线故障时距离测量点的距离.用特征模量分解方法解决同杆双回线的零序分量网络中存在互阻抗和互电纳的难题.算法的精度不受分布电容影响和对端系统阻抗变化的影响.精确计算表明,线路换位(相序排列)对测距精度的影响可以用误差校正曲线或表格的方法校正.     

基于零序电流的单相接地故障定位系统

基于对称分量法对配电网输电线路发生不对称接地故障时零序分量进行分析,提出基于零序电流的配电网故障定位方法.基于零序电流的故障定位方法适用于中性点不接地系统发生单相接地故障时的故障定位,阐述零序分量的原理与特点,介绍零序电流采集系统的基本构成及对于零序电流的滤波放大处理方法,分析零序电流相位的提取与计算,最后总结了零序分量在相位法故障定位的特点及应用前景.     

Novel transient-energy-based directionalpilot protection method for HVDC line

In long transmission lines, the charging current caused by the shunt capacitance decreases the accuracy in impedance based fault location. To improve the accuracy of fault location, this paper presents a novel scheme, where two Digital Fault Recorders (DFRs) are installed in a line. They can send the transient data of the faults to the both ends of a line. To estimate the distance of a fault, impedance based fault location methods are applied with transient fault data of both ends protection relays and both DFRs installed in a line. To evaluate the proposed scheme, a laboratory setup has been developed. In the lab, several faults have been simulated and associated voltages and currents are injected to a relay IED to compare experimental results.     

Distribution systems fault analysis considering fault resistance estimation

Fault resistance is a critical component of electric power systems operation due to its stochastic nature. If not considered, this parameter may interfere in fault analysis studies. This paper presents an iterative fault analysis algorithm for unbalanced three-phase distribution systems that considers a fault resistance estimate. The proposed algorithm is composed by two sub-routines, namely the fault resistance and the bus impedance. The fault resistance sub-routine, based on local fault records, estimates the fault resistance. The bus impedance sub-routine, based on the previously estimated fault resistance, estimates the system voltages and currents. Numeric simulations on the IEEE 37-bus distribution system demonstrate the algorithm’s robustness and potential for offline applications, providing additional fault information to Distribution Operation Centers and enhancing the system restoration process.     

An accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines using one-terminal data

An accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines, using fundamental frequency components of post-fault voltage and current measured at one terminal, is described in this paper. Parallel transmission lines can be decoupled into the common component net and differential component net. In differential component net, the current distributing coefficient is a function of fault distance, and the differential component current at the fault point can be expressed in terms of the current at the local terminal. Therefore, for asymmetrical faults, the phase fault current can also be expressed as a function of local terminal current and fault distance. With the fault boundary conditions for a given fault type, the fault location equations can then be derived. Based on distributed parameter line model, the proposed algorithm achieves superior locating accuracy, with mutual coupling between circuits, source impedance and fault resistance having very little influence on the locating accuracy. The performance of new algorithm is verified by computer simulation results for transposed and non-transposed lines.