高品质RDX的晶体特性及冲击波起爆特性

采用折光指数匹配的光学显微技术、浮沉分析技术、扫描电镜、激光粒度等分别对比研究了高品质RDX(D-RDX)与普通RDX的晶间包藏物、晶体表观密度、表面光滑度、颗粒粒度与粒度跨度、晶体形状等晶体特性.结果表明:D-RDX内部缺陷和杂质很少,表观密度大于1.7980 g·cm-3,普通RDX内部存在较多孔隙和杂质,表观密度...     

降感CL-20的制备及性能研究

炸药晶体的内部缺陷、表面光滑程度、晶体外形、颗粒大小及分布等对感度有重要影响.普通六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）晶体的内部缺陷较多、表面粗糙、外形呈梭子状、粒度分布较宽等因素导致其感度偏高,研究改善普通CL-20的晶体品质以降低其感度,对研究以CL-20为基的混合炸药配方、工艺和应用具有重要意义.     

HMX和RDX晶体微细结构μCT表征

利用微焦点CT技术研究了HMX和RDX单晶体和松装大量RDX晶体的微细结构,得到了炸药晶体的三维细微形貌、内部孔隙的定位定量、密度分布等信息,结果显示,结晶品质好的单晶体外观棱角分明,晶面光洁,内部密度均匀,但也有很多微孔隙;而结晶品质较差的单晶体的表面不光滑,棱角不明显,内部孔隙数量多,有较大体积的孔洞,而且密度分布不均匀,有局部密度较高的区域。松装大量炸药晶体平均孔隙率及孔隙数量分布统计表明,经过特定工艺处理过的高品质与其原料相比在各个缺陷大小范围内数量减少,孔隙率减小;在一定程度范围内,越小的孔洞数量越多,但对整个晶体的孔隙率影响越来越小,说明晶体内部微米级以上孔隙是影响晶体密度及其它性能的很重要的因素。     

降感黑索今研究

炸药的颗粒品质对炸药感度有重要影响。颗粒品质包括外部品质(颗粒间品质)和晶体品质(颗粒内品质或者内部品质),炸药颗粒外部品质包括炸药颗粒度、粒度跨度、球形度、表面光滑度,炸药颗粒晶体品质包括炸药晶体内部的空洞、裂纹、位错、杂质等。本研究通过改善普通黑索今(RDX)的颗粒品质,得到了降感黑索今(D-RDX),并对其进行了表征分析。制备方法采用特殊的结晶工艺并选用合适的结晶溶剂体系。粒度和粒度分布测量采用激光粒度仪;粒度跨度计算利用公式S=(d90-d10)/(2d50),其中S为粒度跨度,d10为由小到大体积分数累积到10%时的颗粒度;球形…     

降感RDX微观结构的X射线小角散射分析

应用同步辐射X射线小角散射技术研究了降感RDX材料的微观结构,分析了RDX微孔数量、尺寸以及数量分布信息。结果表明降感RDX微孔尺度随样品颗粒变化不明显,数据显示微孔平均半径只有1~2 nm的微弱变化。对比不同分析方法得到的微结构信息表明RDX内部除了微孔结构还存在裂缝微结构。     

RDX/HMX炸药晶体内部缺陷表征与冲击波感度研究

采用折光匹配显微观察(OMS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)表征、X射线小角散射(SAXS)、表观密度浮沉法(SFM)、微聚焦CT扫描等方法,研究了不同结晶品质RDX、HMX晶体缺陷。OMS观察结果表明,普通RDX/HMX较降感RDX/降感HMX(RS-RDX/RS-HMX)晶体含有更多的表面裂纹与内部孔洞;X射线小角散射与高精度CT扫描统计测试结果表明,RS-RDX/RS-HMX晶体内部也含有一定数量较小尺寸的缺陷,但较普通RDX/HMX晶体内部含较大尺寸缺陷数量少。冲击波感度实验结果表明,炸药晶体缺陷数量、尺寸对PBX冲击波感度有较大影响。     

RDX晶体特性对冲击感度的影响规律

采用标准隔板和落锤撞击试验方法分别研究了RDX的晶体内部空隙(用晶体表观密度表征)、颗粒度和形貌对包括冲击波感度和撞击感度在内的冲击感度的影响规律。冲击波感度测试采用隔板试验,药柱配方为RDX/食用油(质量比为76/24),药柱采用液体填充方式制备。隔板试验研究表明:随着RDX晶体表观密度在1.7961~1.7983 g.cm-3范围内增加,炸药配方的冲击波感度降低,隔板厚度从14 mm降到12.2 mm,晶体表观密度与隔板厚度基本成线性关系;当晶体表观密度为1.7976 g.cm-3时,在50~600μm粒度范围内,随着颗粒度的增加,RD X炸药配方的冲击波感度降低,隔板厚度从13.5 mm降到12.3 mm;当晶体表观密度和颗粒度相近时,晶体颗粒的外观形貌对炸药冲击波感度影响不大。落锤撞击试验表明:RD X颗粒度对撞击感度影响较大,当平均颗粒直径在16.7~337.9μm范围时,随着粒径的增加,特性落高从75 cm降到35.8 cm,颗粒越大撞击感度越高;当颗粒度相近时,在1.7961~1.7983 g.cm-3范围内,RDX晶体表观密度对撞击感度几乎无影响。     

炸药粒子的设计技术

推进剂、塑料粘结炸药(PBX)是由含能材料粒子填充粘结剂形成的高能高填充复合材料,材料的力学性能、安全性能不仅受粘结剂的影响,而且很大程度上受含能材料的粒子形态的影响.通常在意外刺激下含能材料发生反应是由材料中炸药粒子的内部缺陷、孔洞、包容物、位错及粒子与粘结剂的脱粘等处形成热点引起的.本文重点介绍了炸药粒子的内部缺陷、晶体质量、晶体密度等因素对炸药安全性能的影响.通常讲,具有更少的晶体缺陷,更光滑的外形、更高的晶体密度,则有利于降低炸药的感度,提高安全性.在炸药粒子的制造过程中除必须考虑其晶型外,炸药粒子的大小及其分布、粒子的形状、粒子的内部质量是炸药粒子设计的主要内容.在炸药粒子制备技术中,结晶技术和超临界流体重结晶技术是控制炸药粒子晶体的形状与结构的最主要的方法,通过控制过饱和度和冷却速率,选择合适的溶剂,不仅可以降低粒子内部的包容物和晶体缺陷,而且可以获得所需形状的炸药粒子.同时还介绍了一些常用的可有效表征炸药粒子内部质量的方法.     

RDX为基的PBX炸药压制过程损伤形成研究

黑索今(RDX)属于非补强性填料,与黏结剂的结合效果差,当其受到载荷作用时,黏结剂与RDX间的界面结合容易被破坏,黏附失效而导致黏结剂从固体颗粒表面脱离,容易出现产品缺陷,影响产品性能.为深入了解RDX为基的高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)压制过程的损伤形成规律,对以RDX为基的两种炸药配方进行压制实验,研究了压制条件及黏结剂选择等因素对炸药成型性能的影响规律.结果表明:控制降温速率、采取分段保压的方法可有效抑制炸药件内部损伤的形成;选择适当的黏结剂对提高RDX为基的PBX炸药压制件的成型性能具有重要作用,丙烯腈丙烯酸酯黏结剂与RDX之间的黏附性能要比F_(2311)好,该炸药配方压制出的炸药柱各方面性能良好,而以F_(2311)为黏结剂的炸药配方压制出的炸药柱不能满足使用要求,存在较大的质量缺陷.     

热老化对RDX基含铝压装炸药装药发射安全性的影响

为了探讨热老化对炸药装药过载安全性的影响,在71℃下对某黑索今(RDX)基含铝压装炸药装药高温加速老化39天,采用落锤加载装置对老化前后装药的发射安全性进行了考核,并分析了炸药药柱结构、钝感剂和黏结剂含量、RDX晶体品质对装药发射安全性的影响。结果表明,在相同落锤加载条件下,未老化样品比老化后样品发生燃烧爆炸的可能性更大;老化后炸药药柱结构完整,药柱中黏结剂软化迁移,微小孔隙缩小弥合,药柱表面钝感剂和黏结剂含量由5.90%增加到6.20%;RDX晶体颗粒的拉曼特征峰半峰宽较老化前减小,特别是345 cm~(-1)位置处特征峰半峰宽减少了42.4%。表明老化过程中炸药药柱中钝感剂和黏结剂的软化迁移、微缺陷修复、表面钝化、RDX晶体品质的改善等因素是老化装药发射安全性优于未老化装药的主要原因。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.