Preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of chitosan nanoparticles for eosin Y as a model anionic dye

The present study dealt with the adsorption of eosin Y, as a model anionic dye, from aqueous solution using chitosan nanoparticles prepared by the ionic gelation between chitosan and tripolyphosphate. The nanoparticles were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), size and zeta potential analysis. A batch system was applied to study the adsorption of eosin Y from aqueous solution by chitosan nanoparticles. The results showed that the adsorption of eosin Y on chitosan nanoparticles was affected by contact time, eosin Y concentration, pH and temperature. Experimental data followed Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption capacity was found to be 3.333 g/g. The adsorption process was endothermic in nature with an enthalpy change (DeltaH) of 16.7 kJ/mol at 20-50 degrees C. The optimum pH value for eosin Y removal was found to be 2-6. The dye was desorbed from the chitosan nanoparticles by increasing the pH of the solution.     

Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions by fly ash: kinetic and equilibrium studies

Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies of three reactive dyes namely, Remazol Brillant Blue (RB), Remazol Red 133 (RR) and Rifacion Yellow HED (RY) from aqueous solutions at various initial dye concentration (100–500 mg/l), pH (2–8), particle size (45–112.5 μm) and temperature (293–323 K) on fly ash (FA) were studied in a batch mode operation. The adsorbent was characterized with using several methods such as SEM, XRD and FTIR. Adsorption of RB reactive dye was found to be pH dependent but both RR and RY reactive dyes were not. The result showed that the amount adsorbed of the reactive dyes increased with increasing initial dye concentration and contact time. Batch kinetic data from experimental investigations on the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions using FA have been well described by external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion models. It was found that external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion had rate limiting affects on the removal process. This was attributed to the relatively simple macropore structure of FA particles. The adsorption data fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The optimum conditions for removal of the reactive dyes were 100 mg/l initial dye concentration, 0.6 g/100 ml adsorbent dose, temperature of 293 K, 45 μm particle size, pH 6 and agitation speed of 250 rpm, respectively. The values of Langmuir and Freundlich constants were found to increase with increasing temperature in the range 135–180 and 15–34 mg/g for RB, 47–86 and 1.9–3.7 mg/g for RR and 37–61 and 3.0–3.6 mg/g for RY reactive dyes, respectively. Different thermodynamic parameters viz., changes in standard free energy, enthalpy and entropy were evaluated and it was found that the reaction was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.     

Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of adsorption of reactive dye on cross-linked chitosan beads

The adsorption of reactive dye (Reactive Red 189) from aqueous solutions on cross-linked chitosan beads was studied in a batch system. The equilibrium isotherms at different particle sizes (2.3-2.5, 2.5-2.7 and 3.5-3.8mm) and the kinetics of adsorption with respect to the initial dye concentration (4320, 5760 and 7286 g/m(3)), temperature (30, 40 and 50 degrees C), pH (1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0), and cross-linking ratio (cross-linking agent/chitosan weight ratio: 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0) were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the experimental isotherms and isotherm constants. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir model in the entire saturation concentration range (0-1800 g/m(3)). The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model are very large, which are 1936, 1686 and 1642 g/kg for small, mediumand large particle sizes, respectively, at pH 3.0, 30 degrees C, and the cross-linking ratio of 0.2. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well to the second-order kinetic model, which indicates that the chemical sorption is the rate-limiting step, instead of mass transfer. The initial dye concentration and the solution pH both significantly affect the adsorption capacity, but the temperature and the cross-linking ratio are relatively minor factors. An increase in initial dye concentration results in the increase of adsorption capacity, which also increases with decreasing pH. The activation energy is 43.0 kJ/mol for the adsorption of the dye on the cross-linked chitosan beads at pH 3.0 and initial dye concentration 3768 g/m(3).     

An adsorption study of Al(III) ions onto chitosan

The adsorption of Al(III) from aqueous solutions onto chitosan was studied in a batch system. The isotherms and the kinetics of adsorption with respect to the initial Al(III) concentration and temperature were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the experimental isotherms. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir model in the entire concentration range (5-40 mg/L). The negative values of free energy (DeltaG degrees ) and enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ) for the adsorption of Al(III) onto chitosan indicated that the adsorption process is a spontaneous and exothermic one. Two simplified kinetic models, based on pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order equations, were tested to describe the adsorption mechanism. The pseudo second-order kinetic model resulted in an activation energy of 56.4 kJ/mol. It is suggested that the overall rate of Al(III) ion adsorption is likely to be controlled by the chemical process. The values of the enthalpy (DeltaH(#)) and entropy (DeltaS(#)) of activation were 53.7 kJ/mol and -164.4 J/molK, respectively. The free energy of activation (DeltaG(#)) at 30 degrees C was 103.5 kJ/mol.     

Guava (Psidium guajava) leaf powder: novel adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Batch sorption experiments were carried out using a novel adsorbent, guava leaf powder (GLP), for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Potential of GLP for adsorption of MB from aqueous solution was found to be excellent. Effects of process parameters pH, adsorbent dosage, concentration, particle size and temperature were studied. Temperature-concentration interaction effect on dye uptake was studied and a quadratic model was proposed to predict dye uptake in terms of concentration, time and temperature. The model conforms closely to the experimental data. The model was used to find optimum temperature and concentration that result in maximum dye uptake. Langmuir model represent the experimental data well. Maximum dye uptake was found to be 295mg/g, indicating that GLP can be used as an excellent low-cost adsorbent. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were tested. From experimental data it was found that adsorption of MB onto GLP follow pseudo second order kinetics. External diffusion and intraparticle diffusion play roles in adsorption process. Free energy of adsorption (DeltaG degrees ), enthalpy change (DeltaH degrees ) and entropy change (DeltaS degrees ) were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. Adsorption in packed bed was also evaluated.     

Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes for heavy metal removal

The effective removal of toxic heavy metals from environmental samples still remains a major topic of present research. Metal-chelating membranes are very promising materials as adsorbents when compared with conventional beads because they are not compressible, and they eliminate internal diffusion limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a novel adsorbent, Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)/chitosan) composite membranes, for the removal of three toxic heavy metal ions, namely, Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) from aquatic systems. The Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The immobilized amount of the Procion Green H-4G was calculated as 0.018+/-0.003 micromol/cm(2) from the nitrogen and sulphur stoichiometry. The adsorption capacity of Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) composite membranes for selected heavy metal ions from aqueous media containing different amounts of these ions (30-400mg/l) and at different pH values (2.0-6.0) was investigated. The amount of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) adsorbed onto the membranes measured at equilibrium, increased with time during the first 45 min and then remained unchanged toward the equilibrium adsorption. The maximum amounts of heavy metal ions adsorbed were 43.60+/-1.74, 68.81+/-2.75 and 48.22+/-1.92 mg/g for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II), respectively. The heavy metal ion adsorption on the pHEMA/chitosan membranes (carrying no dye) were relatively low, 6.31+/-0.13 mg/g for Cd(II), 18.73+/-0.37 mg/g for Pb(II) and 18.82+/-0.38 mg/g for Hg(II). Competitive adsorption of the metal ions was also studied. When the metal ions competed with each other, the adsorbed amounts were 12.74+/-0.38 mg Cd(II)/g, 28.80+/-0.86 mg Pb(II)/g and 18.41+/-0.54 mg Hg(II)/g. Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) membranes can be regenerated by washing with a solution of nitric acid (0.01 M). The percent desorption achieved was as high as 95%. These novel membranes are suitable for repeated use for more than five adsorption/desorption cycles without any considerable loss in adsorption capacity. Adsorption equilibria were well described by Langmuir equation. It can be concluded that Procion Green H-4G immobilized poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate/chitosan) membranes may effectively be used for the removal of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Fe/CTS/AFA复合材料对染料的高效吸附

粉煤灰(Fly ash,FA)经高温焙烧制得活化FA(Activated FA,AFA),又经溶液反应引入少量Fe和壳聚糖(Chitosan,CTS)制得Fe/CTS/AFA复合材料,将其直接用于水体中直接湖蓝5B(Direct sky blue 5B,DSB 5B)和活性翠蓝KN-G(Reactive turquoise blue KN-G,RTB KN-G)染料的吸附,通过研究影响吸附的主要因素、吸附动力学和等温吸附,并结合材料的FT-IR分析,详细探讨了材料的吸附性能。结果表明,水体酸度是影响吸附剂性能的最主要因素。当吸附剂投加量为0.1g、溶液pH值为2.0时,于25℃下吸附60min即可达吸附平衡,Fe/CTS/AFA对DSB 5B和RTB KN-G具有很强的吸附能力,吸附量分别可达635mg/g和906mg/g,比FA分别增大了31.6倍和15.3倍。吸附过程均能用准二级吸附动力学方程精确描述,等温吸附数据完全符合Langmuir模型。热力学参数吸附自由能变的负值、焓变和熵变为正值表明Fe/CTS/AFA对DSB 5B的吸附为界面上有序性降低的自发吸热过程。吸附饱和RTB KN-G的Fe/CTS/AFA可用0.01mol/L NaOH溶液再生,可至少重复使用三次。FT-IR结构分析表明Fe/CTS/AFA已成功制得,并且对高浓度染料废水具有高效净化能力。     

The adsorption of basic dye (Astrazon Blue FGRL) from aqueous solutions onto sepiolite, fly ash and apricot shell activated carbon: kinetic and equilibrium studies

In this study, sepiolite, fly ash and apricot stone activated carbon (ASAC) were used as adsorbents for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters of the basic dye (Astrazon Blue FGRL) from aqueous solutions at various concentrations (100-300 mg/L), adsorbent doses (3-12 g/L) and temperatures (303-323 K). The result showed that the adsorption capacity of the dye increased with increasing initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature. Three kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, second-order, intraparticle diffusion, were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. The kinetics of adsorption of the basic dye followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equations were developed using the pseudo-second-order model which predicts the amount of the basic dye adsorbed at any contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose within the given range accurately. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities (Q0) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm were 181.5 mg/g for ASAC, 155.5 mg/g for sepiolite and 128.2 mg/g for fly ash at 303 K. Thermodynamical parameters were also evaluated for the dye-adsorbent systems and revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature.     

Adsorption of platinum (IV), palladium (II) and gold (III) from aqueous solutions onto L-lysine modified crosslinked chitosan resin

Crosslinked chitosan resin chemically modified with L-lysine has been used to investigate the adsorption of Pt(IV), Pd(II) and Au(III) from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with various parameters, such as initial metal ion concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity was found at pH 1.0 for Pt(IV), at pH 2.0 for Au(III) and Pd(II). Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 129.26 mg/g for Pt(IV), 109.47 mg/g for Pd(II) and 70.34 mg/g for Au(III). The kinetic data was tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Kinetic data correlated well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the chemical sorption was the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy (DeltaG degrees), enthalpy (DeltaH degrees) and entropy (DeltaS degrees) were evaluated by applying the Van't Hoff equation. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The desorption studies were carried out using various reagents. The maximum percent desorption of precious metal ions were obtained when the reagent 0.7 M thiourea-2 M HCl was used.     

Reactive dyes remotion by porous TiO2-chitosan materials

In this work, the aim was to evaluate the remotion (adsorption plus degradation) of two reactive dyes, Methylene Blue (MB) and Benzopurpurin (BP), from aqueous solutions by the utilization of TiO2-chitosan microporous materials. Two different TiO2-chitosan hybrid materials were synthesized: TiO2-Chit A with 280 mg chitosan/gTiO2 and TiO2-Chit B with 46.76 mg chitosan/g TiO2. Adsorption data obtained at different solution temperatures (25, 35, and 45 degrees C) revealed an irreversible adsorption that decrease with the increment of T. Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm equation were applied to the experimental data. The obtained parameters and correlation coefficient showed that the adsorption of both dyes on TiO2-Chit A at the three work temperatures was best predicted by the Langmuir isotherm, while Sips equation adjusted better to adsorption data on TiO2-Chit B. The adsorption enthalpy was relatively high and varied with T, indicating that interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate molecules was not only physical but chemical. There is a change in the adsorption heat capacity, (Delta(ads)C(p)<0), related with intense hydrophobic interactions. The kinetic adsorption data were processed by the application of Lagergren and Avrami models. It was found that adsorption of both dyes on both adsorbents under the operating conditions was best predicted by Avrami model. The variation of kinetic order, n, and k(av) with T are related to a pore followed by intra particle diffusion control of the adsorption rate. MB photodegradation on both TiO2-chitosan hybrid materials was of 91 (in A) and 41% (in B) and augmented with the chitosan content. For BP can be seen that the process in darkness resulted in a high remotion capacity than in UV light presence.     

The removal of the indigo carmine dye from aqueous solutions using cross-linked chitosan: evaluation of adsorption thermodynamics using a full factorial design

A 2(3) factorial design was employed to evaluate the quantitative removal of the indigo carmine (IC) dye from aqueous solutions on glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan. The variables were chitosan masses of 100 and 300 mg, IC concentrations of 2.0 and 5.0 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) and temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. The quantitative and energetic adsorption parameters were analyzed statistically using modeling with bilinear equations. The results indicated that increasing the chitosan mass from 100 to 300 mg decreases the IC adsorption/mass ratio (mol g(-1)) whereas a temperature increase of 25-35 degrees C increases it. The principal effect of the IC concentration did not show statistical significance. The factorial experiments demonstrate the existence of a significant antagonistic interaction effect between the chitosan mass and temperature. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters, namely Delta(ads)H, Delta(ads)G, and Delta(ads)S, were determined for all the factorial design results. Endothermic values were found in relation to the Delta(ads)H. The positive Delta(ads)S values indicate that entropy is a driving force for adsorption. The Delta(ads)G values are also significantly affected by important antagonistic and synergistic effects involving all principal and interactive factors. It is concluded that the thermodynamical spontaneity of the IC adsorption parameters are greatly influenced by the interactive factors and not by the temperature changes alone.     

The reuse of dried activated sludge for adsorption of reactive dye

Adsorption processes are alternative effective methods for removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions. The adsorption ability of adsorbent affects by physico-chemical environment for this reason in this paper effect of initial pH, dye concentrations, temperature and dye hydrolyzation were determined in a batch system for removal of reactive dye by dried activated sludge. The Langmuir isotherm model was well described of adsorption reactive dye and maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (at pH 2) of activated sludge was determined as 116, 93 and 71mgg(-1) for 20 degrees , 35 degrees and 50 degrees C, respectively. Initial pH 2, 20 degrees C and 30min contact time are suitable for removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions. Activated sludge was characterized by FT-IR analysis and results showed that active sludge has different functional groups and functional groups of activated sludge are able to react with dye molecules in aqueous solution. The pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetics were used to describe the kinetic data. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was fit well over the range of contact times and also an intra particle diffusion kinetic model was fit well but in the first 30min. The dye hydrolyzation was affected adsorption capacity of biomass and adsorption capacity of biomass decreased with dye hydrolyzation from 74 to 38mgg(-1).     

Removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption of chitosan-based semi-IPN hydrogel composites

Semi-IPN hydrogel composites for dye adsorption studies were prepared via photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromer and acrylamide (AAm) monomer in the presence of chitosan (CS). Swelling properties and kinetics of the hydrogel composites were investigated in aqueous solution and Acid Red 18 (AR 18) solution. The adsorption studies showed that the adsorption capacity for AR 18 increased with the increase of initial dye concentration and chitosan content in the hydrogels, but decreased with the increase of pH and ionic strength of dye solutions. Absorption kinetics of AR 18 followed pseudo second-order kinetic model at pH 2.0. The adsorption capacities for Acid Orange 7 (AO 7), Methyl Orange (MO) and Basic Violet 14 (BV 14) were also examined at pH 2.0, and the equilibrium adsorption data of AR 18, AO 7 and MO well fitted the Langmuir isotherm. The hydrogel composites could be potentially used as absorbents for anionic dye removal in wastewater treatment process.     

Evaluation of papaya seeds as a novel non-conventional low-cost adsorbent for removal of methylene blue

The feasibility of using papaya seeds (PS), abundantly available waste in Malaysia, for the cationic dye (methylene blue) adsorption has been investigated. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to study the effects of contact time, initial concentration (50-360 mg/L), pH (3-10) and adsorbent dose (0.05-1.00 g) on the removal of methylene blue (MB) at temperature of 30 degrees C. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherms. The data fitted well with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 555.557 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of MB by PS with good correlation. The results demonstrated that the PS is very effective to remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions.     

Functionalization of powdered walnut shell with orthophosphoric acid for Congo red dye removal

This study investigates the adsorption of Congo red dye on walnut shell powder based activated carbon in batch process (WNAA). Walnut shell powder was carbonized by treating with phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), and the adsorbent was characterized using Fourier Transform-Infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and pH point of zero charge (pH_pzc), respectively. Operational parameters such as contact time, initial dye concentration, and pH were investigated using batch-adsorption techniques. The adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in initial dye concentration and contact time. The optimum CR dye uptake was observed at pH 3.12 corresponding to 94.53% removal. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to test the adsorption data. The pseudo-second order exhibited the best fit out of the four kinetic models used. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Langmuir model fitted the adsorption data most with maximum monolayer coverage of 40?mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and the activation energy were determined. It was found that Congo red dye adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. 0.02M Hydrochloric acid was used to regenerate the adsorbent prepared, and the regenerated adsorbent was used for dye adsorption. Congo red dye adsorption capacity ranged from 90% to 93% at three consecutive times. This study has shown that walnut shell is a good adsorbent in the treatment of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions.     

Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms and kinetics for the removal of Tartrazine from aqueous solutions using hen feathers

Tartrazine, a yellow menace, is widely being used in cosmetics, foodstuffs, medicines and textile. It is carcinogenic and also catalyzes allergic problems. In the present work the ability to remove Tartrazine from aqueous solutions has been studied using waste material-hen feathers, as adsorbent. Effects of pH, concentration of the dye, temperature and adsorbent dosage have been studied. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of the dye were measured experimentally. Results were analyzed by the Freundlich and Langmuir equation at different temperatures and determined the characteristic parameters for each adsorption isotherm. The adsorption process has been found endothermic in nature and thermodynamic parameters, Gibb's free energy (DeltaG degrees), change in enthalpy (DeltaH degrees) and change in entropy (DeltaS degrees) have been calculated. The paper also includes results on the kinetic measurements of adsorption of the dye on hen feathers at different temperatures. By rate expression and treatment of data it has been established that the adsorption of Tartrazine over hen feathers follows a first-order kinetics and a film diffusion mechanism operates at all the temperatures.     

Adsorptive removal of Erythrosine dye onto activated low cost de-oiled mustard

The present paper is aimed to investigate and develop cheap adsorption methods for colour removal from wastewater using waste material de-oiled mustard as adsorbent. De-oiled mustard, a biosorbent, was successfully utilized for removing a water-soluble xanthene dye, Erythrosine from wastewater. Kinetic studies of adsorption of Erythrosine at de-oiled mustard were carried out at 30 degrees C, using aqueous solutions with 5 x 10(-5)M concentration of Erythrosine. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-first order model. The equilibrium process can be well described by both Freundlich and Langmuir models, at 30, 40 and 50 degrees C. Free energy of adsorption (DeltaG degrees ), enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ), and entropy (DeltaS degrees ) changes were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The estimated values for DeltaG degrees were -12.81 x 10(3) and -12.57 x 10(3) over activated carbon and activated de-oiled mustard at 203 K (30 degrees C), indicate toward a spontaneous process. The positive value for DeltaH degrees indicates that the adsorption of Erythrosine dye to de-oiled mustard is an endothermic process.     

Cross-linked quaternary chitosan as an adsorbent for the removal of the reactive dye from aqueous solutions

Adsorption of reactive orange 16 by quaternary chitosan salt (QCS) was used as a model to demonstrate the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluents. The polymer was characterized by infrared (IR), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) analyses and amount of quaternary ammonium groups. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different pH values and initial dye concentrations. Adsorption was shown to be independent of solution pH. Three kinetic adsorption models were tested: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion. The experimental data best fitted the pseudo-second-order model, which provided a constant velocity, k₂, of 9.18 × 10⁻⁴ g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹ for a 500 mg L⁻¹ solution and a value of k₂, of 2.70 × 10⁻⁵ g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹ for a 1000 mg L⁻¹ solution. The adsorption rate was dependent on dye concentration at the surface of the adsorbent for each time period and on the amount of dye adsorbed. The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data in the concentration range investigated and from the isotherm linear equation, the maximum adsorption capacity determined was 1060 mg of reactive dye per gram of adsorbent, corresponding to 75% occupation of the adsorption sites. The results obtained demonstrate that the adsorbent material could be utilized to remove dyes from textile effluents independent of the pH of the aqueous medium.     

Silica particles settling characteristics and removal performances of oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater treated by electrocoagulation technology

This study aimed at investigating the feasibility of using jackfruit peel (JFP), a solid waste, abundantly available in Malaysia, for the adsorption of methylene blue, a cationic dye. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of contact time, initial concentration (35-400mg/L), pH (2-11), and adsorbent dose (0.05-1.20g) on the removal of dye at temperature of 30 degrees C. The experimental data were analyzed by the four different types of linearized Langmuir isotherm, the Freundlich isotherm and the Temkin isotherm. The experimental data fitted well with the type 2 Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 285.713mg/g. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were tested with the experimental data, and pseudo-second-order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of MB by JFP with coefficients of correlation R(2)> or =0.9967 for all initial MB concentrations studied. The results demonstrated that the JFP is very effective for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by activated phosphate

The potential of using activated phosphate as a new adsorbent for the removal of Pb from aqueous solutions was investigated. The kinetic of lead adsorption and the adsorption process were compared for natural phosphate (NP) and activated phosphate (AP). The results indicate that equilibrium was established in about 1h for NP and 3 h for AP. The effect of the pH was examined in the range 2-6. The maximum removal obtained is between two and three for NP and between three and four for AP. The maximum adsorption capacities at 25 degrees C are 155.04 and 115.34 mg/g for AP and NP, respectively. The effect of temperature has been carried out at 25, 35 and 45 degrees C. The data obtained from adsorption isotherms of lead at different temperatures fit to linear form of Langmuir adsorption equation. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (DeltaH), free energy (DeltaG) and entropy (DeltaS) were calculated. They show that adsorption of lead on NP and AP is an endothermic process more effective at high temperatures. These results show that AP is a good adsorbent for heavy metals from aqueous solutions and could be used as a purifier for water and wastewater.