一种二甲醚专用润滑性改进剂的性能研究

采用四球机和高频往复试验机研究了一种二甲醚(DME)专用润滑性改进剂在不同基础试验液体中的润滑特性,考察了其与醚的互溶性能及对金属的腐蚀性能,并与其它润滑性改进剂进行了对比,从而为DME发动机选择合适的燃料润滑改进剂提供了依据。结果表明:该DME专用润滑性改进剂添加量少,润滑效果显著,与DME相容性好,没有腐蚀性。     

我国柴油润滑性检测方法标准的发展与变化

2005年之前,我国一直参照国际标准ISO 12156-1-1997《柴油高频往复设备(HFRR)用润滑剂性能评定.第1部分：试验方法》进行柴油润滑性试验,直至2005年9月发布实施了我国的第一个柴油润滑性试验方法：SH/T 0765-2005《柴油润滑性评定法(高频往复试验机法)》,经过多年的积累和我国的实际情况,对第一版试验方法加以调整修改,于2022年5月实施了第二版试验方法NB/SH/T 0765-2021《柴油润滑性的评定高频往复式试验机法》。结合工作实际,对我国两次发布的试验方法加以归纳总结和分析。     

含水量对汽轮机油润滑性能的影响

舰用防锈汽轮机油为抗氧防锈型汽轮机油,采用标准试验方法很难就水分对其润滑性能的影响进行有效评价。利用高频往复试验机和Timken试验机,用改进的试验方法考察了含水量对舰用防锈汽轮机油润滑性能的影响。结果表明：改进的试验方法试验结果区分性较好,可用于油水乳化液润滑机制的研究;水分降低了舰用防锈汽轮机油的润滑性能,当汽轮机油含水量超过0.5%时,汽轮机油的极压抗磨性能显著下降。     

直馏柴油的润滑性和抗磨损性能

柴油是柴油发动机燃料供给系统的润滑剂,其润滑性影响发动机动力性和经济性.采用高频往复试验,研究了国产直馏柴油的润滑性,采用SRV模拟试验和柴油发动机喷射系统台架试验, 研究了国产直馏柴油的抗磨性能.结果表明,低硫低润滑性的柴油会导致发动机柱塞偶件严重磨损,而高硫低润滑性也可能导致柴油发动机高压喷射系统出现严重的磨损,应根据柴油发动机抗磨损需求, 研究提出柴油润滑性指标.     

浅析HFRR测定柴油润滑性操作难点

分析用高频往复试验机法（HFRR）测定柴油润滑性操作难点,对正确操作高频往复试验机及准确测定柴油润滑性有指导意义。     

柴油成膜润滑机制探讨

柴油是发动机燃料供给系统的润滑剂,其润滑性非常重要。在高频往复试验机上对不同柴油样品进行了润滑性评价,对试验后的金属件进行磨斑表面分析,通过对比研究,探讨了柴油成膜润滑机制。结果表明,柴油成膜组分少,不能形成良好润滑保护膜,或者因腐蚀反应不能形成有效润滑保护膜,是柴油润滑性差并导致偶件磨损的原因。     

高碱值硫化烷基酚钙抗磨机制分析

采用四球机、高频往复试验机(HFRR),考察了加入清净剂高碱值硫化烷基酚钙(T115B)前后油品抗磨性能的变化;并采用SEM和EDS分析了摩擦副表面的形貌和元素分布情况。结果表明,高碱值硫化烷基酚钙有助于增加油品的润滑性能,并且随着加入量的增加,抗磨性能逐渐增加;高碱值硫化烷基酚钙中的S元素与金属表面发生化学反应,生成了金属硫化物,从而提高了油品的抗磨性能。     

耐二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的橡胶材料研究

柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料可以进一步地降低NOx和碳烟等主要排放指标,但柴油中掺入二甲醚后将造成燃料与燃油系统中橡胶密封件的相容性问题。按照通用的ASTM规范要求,试验研究不同特性密封橡胶的耐20%二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的性能。结果发现:与其他橡胶材料相比,丁腈橡胶在混合燃料中浸泡30天后,溶胀率低,力学性能变化相对较小且保持稳定。因此,丁腈橡胶可以在混合燃料发动机燃油系统中作为密封材料来使用。     

煤基车用替代燃料的润滑性评定方法的研究

燃料润滑性是用作压燃式发动机的燃料的重要特性之一.煤基燃料二甲醚、甲醇和F-T柴油都是压燃式发动机的良好清洁代用燃料,但是这些煤基代用燃料的物理化学特性与传统的柴油燃料不同,当前的燃料润滑性评定方法可能不是非常适用于这些煤基燃料,因此研究这些煤基燃料润滑性的评定方法是当务之急.分析了国际上通用的燃料润滑性评定方法HFRR、BOCLE和SLBOCLE方法的优缺点,并指出油泵试验法可能是一种较适合煤基车用替代燃料润滑性评定的方法.     

柱塞泵V形往复密封结构的分析研究

从密封面力构成的角度出发，分析研究用于高压、密封介质自润滑性差的场合柱塞泵Ｖ开形往复密封副中的有关参数。     

Alternative and low sulfur fuel options: boundary lubrication performance and potential problems

Studies of alternative fuels at Penn State include biodiesel, dimethyl ether (DME) and low sulfur diesel fuels. The fuel studies include bench tests, laboratory engine tests and vehicle tests. DME was evaluated in a campus shuttle bus operating on its regular campus route. A 25:75 vol% mixture of DME and diesel fuel was used. Laboratory engine tests of oxygenated fuels, including biodiesel, resulted in significant particulate reductions. However, some alternative fuels exhibit low lubricity. Bench tests comparing friction and wear characteristics of the fuels are described.     

The Lubricity of Gasoline

A study has been made of the lubricating properties of gasoline fuel. A conventional HFRR diesel fuel lubricity tester has been modified to measure gasoline wear. Using this test equipment, a number of features of gasoline lubricity have been investigated, including the comparative lubricating behavior of gasoline, the influence of detergent additives and oxygenates on wear and the wear behavior of a series of refinery streams employed in gasoline blending.

The lubricity of a range of pure organic chemicals known to be present in gasoline has also been studied. From these measurements it has been shown that, except for components such as dienes and diaromatics, the HFRR lubricating properties of most gasoline hydrocarbon constituents are broadly independent of chemical structure bur depend significantly on viscosity. Using these measurements, predictive wear equations based on gasoline group analysis have been developed.

Because it has been found that viscosity plays a role in determining the wear properties of gasoline, the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film-forming and friction properties of gasoline have been measured and compared to those of diesel fuels. This shows that the combination of gasoline's very low viscosity and low pressure-viscosity coefficient results in very thin EHD film thickness generation and also very low friction in full-film EHD conditions.     

Effect of Carbon Coating on Scuffing Performance in Diesel Fuels

Low-sulfur and low-aromatic diesel fuels are being introduced in order to reduce various types of emissions in diesel engines to levels in compliance with current and impending U.S. federal regulations. The low lubricity of these fuels, however, poses major reliability and durability problem for fuel injection components that depend on diesel fuel for their lubrication. In the present study, the authors evaluated the scuff resistance of surfaces in regular diesel fuel containing 500 ppm sulfur and in Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel fuel containing no sulfur or aromatics. Tests were conducted with the high frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR) using 52100 steel balls and H-13 tool-steel flats with and without Argonne's special carbon coatings. Test results showed that the sulfur-containing fuels have about 20% higher scuffing resistance than does fuel without sulfur. The presence of the carbon coating on the flat increased scuffing resistance in both regular and synthetic fuels by about ten times, as measured by the contact severity index at scuffing. Coating removal was observed to be a necessary, but not sufficient condition for scuffing failure in tests conducted with coated surfaces. The loss of coating from the surface occurred by the two distinct mechanisms of spalling and wear.     

Boundary lubrication of low‐sulphur diesel fuel in the presence of fatty acids

This paper presents an overview of the effect of aliphatic acids on the tribological properties of selected hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions. The major experimental part of the work focuses on improvements to the lubricity of low‐sulphur diesel fuel. Experiments were carried out using a pin‐on‐disc friction machine and HFRR test rig. The wear results obtained clearly show a specific effect of the test acids dissolved in hydrocarbons in the concentration range 0.005–0.1% (50–1000 ppm). Although the overall picture presented by these results is very complex, it can be concluded that a very small amount of the selected acids dramatically improves low‐sulphur diesel fuel lubricity.     

发动机燃料润滑性的研究进展

为适应汽车排放对燃料品质提出的严格要求,研究提高燃料润滑性是当务之急,中报道了测试柴油,汽油润滑性的HFRR和SBOCLE方法,以及组成对燃料润滑性质的影响和规律。     

Evaluation of ball and disc wear scar data in the HFRR lubricity test

The high‐frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) lubricity tester has become a widespread method for determining the lubricity of diesel fuels. The test is a ball‐on‐disc method, in which a steel ball scrapes over a steel disc immersed in the liquid to be tested. According to standards, the wear scar generated on the ball, in the form of the average of the x‐ and y‐axes, is used for evaluating the lubricity of the sample. Generally, the smaller the wear scar, the greater the lubricity of the sample. However, a wear scar is also generated on the disc. The size of the wear scar on the disc also depends on the lubricity of the sample. In this work, the wear scar data of the balls and discs of 230 samples related to the testing of biodiesel and related compounds with petrodiesel were evaluated. Data comparisons for all wear scar combinations correlated well by linear regression. Although correlations are slightly better when using only ball wear scar data (r² > 0.99), other wear scar data, including those generated on the disc, appear just as useable (r² ≈ 0.97–0.99) for evaluating lubricity by the HFRR test. The wear scars on the disc have the advantage of being more easily measurable and recognisable under the microscope, especially if the wear scars are small. Limits for all wear scar values corresponding to current limits for average ball wear scar data in standards are presented. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of laboratory tests to predict the lubricity properties of diesel fuels and their application to the development of highly refined diesel fuels

In the last few years there has been an increasing requirement for the provision of environmentally benign diesel fuels. However, the introduction of such fuels into service has been associated with high levels of field failure of rotary distribution fuel pumps due to wear. This is because the refining processes necessary to produce ecologically acceptable fuels result in greatly reduced levels of sulphur compounds, aromatics, and polar material, many of which are potential lubricity agents. This paper describes the development of bench test methods to evaluate diesel fuel lubricity and thus enable the identification of appropriate ‘solutions’. It has been found that the key to obtaining good correlation between field experience and bench tests is (1) to reproduce the thermal conditions present in operating pump contacts and (2) to ensure that the same mechanisms of wear operate in the bench test as in the pump environment. The physical and chemical processes involved in the lubrication of fuel pumps and the influence of temperature on these processes are outlined. As a result of the work described in this paper, effective additive solutions have been discovered for controlling the failure of diesel fuel pumps in the field and a provisional ISO (ISO/TC 22 / SC 7 M595: ‘Diesel engines - diesel fuel - performance requirement and test method for assessing fuel lubricity’) and CEC test method for assessing diesel fuel lubricity has also been developed.     

Wear with low-lubricity fuels II. Correlation between wear maps and pump components

Increasingly severe refinery processes remove many of the compounds necessary for effective lubrication with diesel fuels. No widely recognized lubricity test or standard currently exists relating to the needs of the fuel injection system on compression ignition equipment. The Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE) is commonly used by the US Air Force to measure aviation turbine fuel lubricity. However, the tribological requirements of fuel-lubricated components in aviation may not coincide with the needs of ground vehicles. This study uses the wear-mapping technique developed in the preceding paper (“Development of a wear mapping technique”) to indicate the significance of the BOCLE test methodology in this context. In particular, the work highlights the effects of various contact parameters on fuel-lubricated wear that are not revealed by the BOCLE results.

Where possible, both the BOCLE and wear map data are compared with the results of full-scale pump stand tests detailed in the previous paper. Additional nonstandard bench wear tests were performed to further evaluate the contact conditions present within the operating pump. The wear mechanisms of each fluid were determined to be strong functions of both metallurgy and contact stress. Moreover, the onset and severity of each wear mechanism appear to be controlled by different fuel properties. As a result, the relative lubricity observed between fuels depends on the test conditions chosen so it is unlikely that fuel lubricity may be uniquely defined by a single bench wear test procedure.