双轴压缩试验中砂土剪切带形成的离散元模拟分析

采用离散单元法软件PFC2D模拟了大量砂土试样双轴试验,分析了砂土剪切带形成机理及发展过程,并通过研究试样剪切带内外应力-应变关系及孔隙比、平均接触数及配位数等参数的变化情况,研究了带内外宏微观性质的差异。研究表明:砂土剪切带的形成过程即为试样内部应变局部化过程,也为试样内部平均转动率(averaged pure rotation rate, APR)的局部化;剪切带开始形成点也为试样剪缩、剪胀分界点;剪切带内外各宏微观参数变化规律上存在明显的差异,主要表现为近剪切带位置土体及带内土表现为应变软化现象,而距带中心较远土体应力应变关系曲线出现‘回滞圈’现象;带内变形量明显大于带外,且带内较带外松散。     

人工制备土的结构性及其对应变局部化的影响

采用人工制备土方法和固结不排水(CU)剪三轴试验开展研究. 通过在宁波滨海粉质黏土中加入少量水泥和盐粒构造多组结构性强弱不同的人工结构性土,固结不排水剪三轴试验结果表明：水泥掺量为2%的试样的结构性与宁波原状粉质黏土最为接近,达到了利用人工制备结构性土来模拟原状土的效果. 随着水泥掺量的增加,人工结构性土的有效黏聚力近似呈指数形式增长,有效内摩擦角没有明显变化,初始变形模量增大. 在相同围压下,随着土体结构性的增强,试样更易发生应变局部化并出现剪切带破坏;应力-应变曲线出现软化,峰值点应力增大且对应轴向应变呈减小趋势. 对于同一种土体,结构性差异对剪切带倾角值影响不大,Mohr-Coulomb理论对剪切带倾角的预估值与实测值较为吻合.     

高应变率压缩载荷下钨合金变形与失效研究

本文借助于扫描电镜和光学显微镜，研究了９３Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ合金圆柱试样在高应变率压缩载荷下的变形与失效特征．研究表明，圆柱试样的变形过程经历了３个阶段：①均匀变形阶段；②对称不均匀变形阶段；③非对称不均匀变形阶段．其中不均匀变形是区域性的．绝热剪切带协调了上述不均匀变形区域的界面．失效时在拉应力最大的区域首先形成裂纹，这些裂纹扩展到一定深度后通过剪切带聚合     

高应变率压缩载荷下钨合金变形与失效研究

本文借助于扫描电镜和光学显微镜，研究了９３Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ合金圆柱试样在高应变率压缩载荷下的变形与失效特征，研究表明，圆柱试样的变形过程经历了３个阶段；（１）均匀变形阶段；（２）对称不均匀变形阶段；（３）非对称不均匀变形阶段，其中不均匀变形是区域性的，绝热剪切带协调上述不均匀变形区域的界面，失效时在拉应力最大的区域首先形成裂纹，这些裂纹扩展到一定深度后通过剪切带聚合。     

粒状土与结构接触面多重剪切边界面模型

针对工程中存在大量的土与结构物相互作用,使接触面的力学特性对土体和结构物的受力变形及其相互作用产生重要影响的问题,利用塑性滑移理论,将粗粒土与结构接触面的宏观变形分解为一个宏观法向变形和剪切面内一系列不同方向分布的相互独立虚拟微观剪切变形;通过虚功原理,在粒状土的状态相关和边界面弹塑性理论框架内建立一个粗粒土与结构接触面的多重剪切边界面模型.每个微观剪切变形包含一个微观剪应力-应变关系和一个微观应力-剪胀关系.引入一个与接触面土体密度和法向应力相关的状态参数,用以描述不同状态下土与结构接触面的变形和强度特性.对不同粗粒土与结构接触面在二维或三维应力条件下的单调和循环剪切试验进行模拟计算,模型预测与试验结果吻合良好,说明模型能够合理地描述粗粒土与结构接触面的非线性力学行为.     

907A钢绝热剪切行为研究

利用压剪试样 ,采用Hopkinson压杆试验技术 ,研究了船用 90 7A钢在应变率 γ 2 .0 × 1 0 5s-1的条件下的绝热剪切行为 ,结果表明压剪试样韧带的变形是一个两端向中间传播的剪切变形过程 ;在该应变率条件下 ,该钢的绝热剪切带属于相变剪切带 .     

缺陷岩样的变形局部化及剪切面的反射与折射

平面应变岩样在单方向施加栽荷条件下,采用拉格朗日元法(FLAC)模拟了端面约束对具有初始随机材料缺陷的岩样破坏过程及应力-应变曲线的影响.对于粗糙端面试样,可在试样中部观测到剪切带;靠近试样两端面的弹性区域的形状类似三角形,其高度随着轴向应变的增加而降低,直到达到常数.对于光滑端面情形,未观测到剪切带的停滞及折射现象,而反射现象较常见.对于粗糙端面试样,剪切带不能贯穿试样的两端面;很少观测到反射现象;可见到剪切带的停滞现象;剪切带的折射现象较常见;通常,一条较长的剪切带可以贯通试样;剪切带发生折射之后,其倾角有所降低.粗糙端面时的应力峰值比光滑端面时高.端面约束不同时的峰后刚度及应力峰值所对应的轴向应变没有明确的规律.不同端面条件下,试样中部剪切带花样既有一定的类似性(由于微弱的端面约束与相同的初始随机材料缺陷分布),又有不同的一面(端面约束的不同及两端面附近的剪切带传播至试样中部).     

论土体应力应变关系曲线类型和临界状态

为探讨应力历史对土体本构关系的影响,进行了一系列正常固结土和超固结土的排水剪切常规三轴压缩试验,对比具有不同应力历史的土体应力应变关系曲线发现,对于体应变,超固结比是决定性因素,而体应变对固结压力不太敏感。对于抗剪能力,固结压力是决定性因素,超固结比的影响也不可忽略,超固结比决定了是应变强化还是应变软化,且决定了应变软化的程度,但试样最终会达到一个统一的临界状态,具有大体相同的残余强度。根据塑性体应变与塑性剪应变之间的相互作用原理阐明,土体变形过程中,塑性体应变的变化控制了剪切抗力的升降,从而决定了土体应力应变关系曲线的类型;临界状态实际上是一个纯粹剪切变形过程,其中不发生塑性体应变与塑性剪应变之间的相互作用,压硬性、剪胀性、应力路径相关性统统消失,它与以前所经历的应力历史无关。     

应用强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性

为深入研究土体采用的本构模型以及安全系数的控制标准．讨论了土体采用邓肯E—B模型和理想弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型时,强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性．发现邓肯E—B模型的适应性较差,土坡内应变发展不均匀,不能形成明显的剪切带．而弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型则形成剪切带,剪切带两侧土体具有明显的相对滑移趋势．因此,弹塑性模型更适合干强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定性．     

PIV测量技术在锚板板周土体变形场研究中的应用

采用粒子图像测速技术对锚板在上拔过程中板周土体的变形进行了研究.首先将图像进行网格划分,利用相关联匹配技术得到了锚板周围土体在峰值点处的位移场,锚板在上拔过程中,锚板上部的土体位移中心部分大,周边小,最大位移与实测位移一致.通过位移场计算得到剪切应变场,锚板两侧形成对称并贯通到地面的剪切带,该剪切带与竖直方向的夹角约为18°,与实际结果一致.测量结果表明:粒子图像测速技术能较好地测定锚板在上拔过程中任意点在任意时刻的位移,从而得到锚板周边的剪切带以及剪切应变的大小分布,对量化分析锚板的变形破坏机理具有重要的研究意义.     

Ti6Al4V切削锯齿形切屑绝热剪切带变形的表征

为了研究锯齿形切屑绝热剪切带带内的变形,通过分析锯齿形切屑的形成机理,以绝热剪切带带内剪切应变和剪切应变率来表征绝热剪切带的变形程度,建立绝热剪切带变形的解析模型并进行切削Ti6Al4V实验,收集切削实验获得的切屑.运用建立的绝热剪切带变形解析模型,分析不同切削速度下Ti6Al4V锯齿形切屑绝热剪切带的变形情况,结果表明:在实验条件切削速度范围内(30~200 m/min),随着切削速度的提高,切屑绝热剪切带的变形程度增加,绝热剪切带宽度及间距减小.     

Analysis of adiabatic shearing failure mechanism for aluminum matrix composites based on experimental and numerical simulation

Adiabatic shear behavior and the corresponding mechanism of TiB2/Al composites were researched by split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB).Results show that the flow stresses of the TiB2/Al composites exhibit softening tendency with the increasing of strain rates. All the composites fail in splitting and cutting with a 45 degree, and the phase transformed bands of molten aluminum are found on the adiabatic shear layers. The deformation behavior and shear localization of the TiB2/Al composites specimens were simulated by finite element code MSC.Marc. The Johnson-Cook model was used to describe the thermo-viscoplastic response of the specimen material. There was unanimous between the numerical result and the experimental result on the location of the adiabatic shear band. From the numerical simulation and experiment, it was concluded that the instantaneous failure of the composite was ascribed due to the local low strength area where the formation of adiabatic shear band was, and the stress condition had significant effect on the initiation and propagation of adiabatic shear band (ASB).     

Mechanical analysis of temperature impact on stability during superplastic tensile deformation

Based on state equation that stress is the function of strain, strain-rate and temperature, the paper establishes the differential constitutive equation used for analyzing load-stability and the variational constitutive equation used for analyzing geometry-stability during superplastic tensile deformation, which contain strain hardening index, strain-rate sensitivity index, temperature sensitivity index introducted for the first time and temperature undulation index introducted for the first time in the paper. And then, based on the universal condition of plastic elementary theory, the paper analyzes load-stability and geometry-stability under continuously rising temperature and under the non-uniform temperature along the axes of specimen respectively. The results prove the impact of continuously rising speed and non-uniform value of temperature on deformation stability is that the faster temperature rises and the more non-uniform temperature is, the smaller the corresponding uniform strain of load-stability and geometry-stability are; strain hardening index is the necessary condition of stability during superplastic tensile deformation, and geometry-instability will not happen when load-instability occurs, but happen when uniform deformation has lasted after load-instability; in the superplastic temperature field, constant temperature is not necessary condition of superplasticitiy, but during the deformation, the slower temperature rises and the more uniform temperature is, the more stable deformation is.     

Adiabatic shear localization evolution for steel based on the Johnson-Cook model and gradient-dependent plasticity

Gradient-dependent plasticity is introduced into the phenomenological Johnson-Cook model to study the effects of strainhardening, strain rate sensitivity, thermal-softening, and microstructure. The microstructural effect （interactions and interplay among microstructures） due to heterogeneity of texture plays an important role in the process of development or evolution of an adiabatic shear band with a certain thickness depending on the grain diameter. The distributed plastic shear strain and deformation in the shear band are derived and depend on the critical plastic shear strain corresponding to the peak flow shear stress, the coordinate or position, the internal length parameter, and the average plastic shear strain or the flow shear stress. The critical plastic shear strain, the distributed plastic shear strain, and deformation in the shear band are numerically predicted for a kind of steel deformed at a constant shear strain rate. Beyond the peak shear stress, the local plastic shear strain in the shear band is highly nonuniform and the local plastic shear deformation in the band is highly nonlinear. Shear localization is more apparent with the increase of the average plastic shear strain. The calculated distributions of the local plastic shear strain and deformation agree with the previous numerical and experimental results.     

基于Voigt与Reuss模型的岩土二元介质破损规律

在破损力学的理论框架下,非均质岩土材料被抽象为由胶结元和摩擦元组成的二元介质。本文基于Voigt和Reuss模型推导出满足变形协调和应力连续条件的岩土破损力学本构方程,通过算例分析三轴复杂应力状态下岩土二元介质的破损规律、荷载及变形的分担情况。结果表明:岩土二元介质的破损行为与胶结元、摩擦元的物理力学特性、围压和应力水平等有关,随着应力水平的增大,胶结元在抵抗轴向压力中发挥的作用逐渐减小,而在抵抗轴向变形中发挥的作用则先减小后增大;随着围压的增大,胶结元在抵抗轴向压力和剪切力中发挥的作用均逐渐减小,而在抵抗轴向变形和剪切变形中发挥的作用均逐渐增大。     

Constitutive equations and finite element implementation of strain localization in sand deformation

A recently proposed model coupling with the solid-fluid of the saturated sand was utilized to study the deformation band. Based on the critical state plasticity model by Borja and Andrade, the hydraulic conductivity tensor was naturally treated as a function of the spatial discretization matrix about the displacement and the stress field, allowing a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The fully Lagrangian form of the Darcy law was resolved by Piola algorithm, and then the flow law was gained, leading to the implementation of a modified model of the saturated sand. Then the criterion for the onset of localization was derived and utilized to detect instability. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element program coded by FORTRAN, which was used to predict the formation and development of shear bands in plane strain compression of saturated sand. At last, the formation mechanism of the shear band was discussed. It is shown that the model works well, and the simulation sample bifurcates at 1.18% axial strain, which is in a good qualitative agreement with the experiment. The pore pressure greatly affects the onset and development of the deformation band, and it obviously increases around the localization-prone regions with the direction toward the outer side of the normal of the shear band, while the pore stress flows nearly horizontally and is distributed equally far away the shear band region. Foundation item: Project(2006G007-C) supported by the Foundation of the Science and Technology Section of Ministry of Railway of China; Project(77206) supported by the Excellent PhD Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University, China     

Quantitative calculation for the dissipated energy of fault rock burst based on gradient-dependent plasticity

The capacity of energy absorption by fault bands after rock burst was calculated quantitatively according to shear stressshear deformation curves considering the interactions and interplaying among microstructures due to the heterogeneity of strain softening rock materials. The post~peak stiffness of rock specimens subjected to direct shear was derived strictly based on gradientdependent plasticity, which can not be obtained from the classical elastoplastic theory. Analytical solutions for the dissipated energy of rock burst were proposed whether the slope of the post-peak shear stress-shear deformation curve is positive or not. The analytical solutions show that shear stress level, confining pressure, shear strength, brittleness, strain rate and heterogeneity of rock materials have important influence on the dissipated energy. The larger value of the dissipated energy means that the capacity of energy dissipation in the form of shear bands is superior and a lower magnitude of rock burst is expected under the condition of the same work done by external shear force. The possibility of rock burst is reduced for a lower softening modulus or a larger thickness of shear bands.     

Energy dissipation of cavity expansion based on generalized non-linear failure criterion under high stresses

Based on the compression mechanism for analyzing the cavity expansion problem in soil under high stresses, generalized non-linear failure criterion and large strain and energy conservation in plastic region during the cavity expanding were adopted. The energy conservation equation was established and the limited pressure of cavity expansion under high stresses was given based on the energy dissipation analysis method, in which the energy generated from cavity expansion is absorbed by the volume change and shear strain caused in soil. The factors of large strain and dilatation were considered by the proposed method. The analysis shows that the limited pressure is determined by failure criterion, stress state, large deformation characteristic, dilatation and strength of soil. It is shown from the comparison that the results with the proposed method approximate to those of the in-situ method. The cavity expansion pressure first decreases and then increases nonlinearly with both of shear modulus and dilatation increasing.     

AZ31B镁合金和6065铝合金动态压缩行为数值模拟

为了研究帽状试样AZ31B镁合金和6065铝合金在动态压缩变形过程中的温度、应力与应变演变规律,采用Johnson-Cook本构方程和累积塑性损伤方程进行了数值模拟,运用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟了AZ31B镁合金和6065铝合金帽状试样的动态变形过程.结果表明,两种合金的裂纹萌生和扩展过程相似,局域化变形带内塑性应变由内向外对称分布.相比于AZ31B镁合金,6065铝合金的塑性应变影响区域更为狭小,其应变和应变率硬化效果更强.6065铝合金的变形温度能够达到其动态再结晶临界点,因而易于绝热剪切带的形成.