Evaluation of factors influencing deep cryogenic treatment that affect the properties of tool steels

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) of tool steels is used as an additive process to conventional heat treatment and usually involves cooling the material to liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C). This kind of treatment has been reported to improve the wear resistance of tools. In this study, the Taguchi method was used to identify the main factors of DCT that influence the mechanical properties and the wear resistance of the powder metallurgically produced cold-work tool steel X153CrVMo12 (AISI D2). Factors investigated were the austenitizing temperature, cooling rate, holding time, heating rate, and tempering temperature. In order to study the significance of these factors and the effect of possible two-factor interactions L₂₇(3¹³), an orthogonal array (OA) was applied to conduct several heat treatments, including a single DCT cycle directly after quenching prior to tempering. The results show that the most significant factors influencing the properties of tool steels are the austenitizing and tempering temperatures. In contrast, the parameters of deep cryogenic treatment exhibit a lower level of significance. Further investigations identified a nearly constant wear rate for holding times of up to 24 h. The wear rate reaches a minimum for a longer holding time of 36 h and increases again with further holding.     

Ni9钢的热处理和焊接

在简述超低温用Ni9钢的发展应用状况基础上,结合项目研究结果和国内外有关资料着重对Ni9钢应用中涉及到的热处理方法及焊接工艺要点进行了述评。     

Ni9钢的热处理和焊接

在简述超低温用Ni9钢的发展应用状况基础上，结合项目研究结果和国内外有关资料着重对Ni9钢应用中涉及到的热处理方法及焊接工艺要点进行了述评。     

磁场深冷处理对42CrMo钢耐磨性的影响

基于深冷处理提供的温度场和永磁体提供的匀强磁场,对42CrMo合金钢进行磁场深冷处理,并与常规工艺和深冷处理工艺进行了对比分析.结果表明:磁冷工艺在深冷处理工艺的基础上进一步提高了42CrMo钢的耐磨性,磁冷工艺处理材料的耐磨性较常规工艺和深冷工艺分别提高约26.7％和22.2％.这是由于深冷处理使得残留奥氏体进一步转...     

Investigation on wear behaviour of cryogenically treated TiAlN coated tungsten carbide inserts in turning

Cryogenic treatment has been ascribed as a way of improving the cutting life of tungsten carbide turning inserts. Most of the research conducted till date has not reported any effort to excavate the effect of cryogenic treatment on the performance of coated tungsten carbide inserts in terms of adhesion strength of coatings deposited on tungsten carbide substrate. In order to understand the effect of cryogenic treatment on the adhesion strength of coatings, a comparative investigation of the wear behaviour and machining performance of cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts in orthogonal turning has been carried out in this study. The commercially available TiAlN coated square shaped tungsten carbide inserts (P25) were procured and subjected to cryogenic treatment at two levels −110 °C (shallow treatment) and −196 °C (deep treatment) of temperature independently. The criterion selected for determining the turning performance was based on the maximum flank wear (0.6 mm) as recommended in ISO 3685-1993. The results showed that shallow cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts performed significantly better as compared with deep cryogenically treated and untreated inserts. Major outcome of the present study includes a substantial decrease in tool life of deep cryogenically treated inserts as compared to untreated inserts indicating the destructive effect of deep cryogenic temperature (−196 °C) on TiAlN coated inserts which is further supported by VDI-3198 indentation test.     

热处理对高铬铸钢组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析热处理对高铬铸铁的微观组织的影响,通过硬度测试和耐磨性测试研究热处理对高铬铸铁的力学性能影响.结果表明:当固溶处理温度在920℃以下时,淬火+回火后的组织为铸态组织;当固溶处理温度920℃及以上时,淬火+回火后铸态组织消失,出现淬火组织;随着固溶处理温度的升高,高铬铸铁硬度与耐磨性先升高后下...     

热处理后9%Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的稳定性

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪以及显微硬度计等对热处理及深冷处理后9%Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,不稳定态逆转变奥氏体在深冷温度为-120℃时已基本转化完毕,且经深冷后的520℃回火稳定处理后,逆转变奥氏体含量变化较小,对9%Ni钢进行深冷处理是极为必要的。     

两相区热处理对9Ni低温钢组织和性能的影响

对9Ni低温钢进行了不同工艺的两相区热处理试验,分析了在Ac1和Ac3之间不同温度淬火对9Ni低温钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明:两相区淬火温度的选择对9Ni低温钢最终的性能起到了决定性作用.随着淬火温度的提高,组织中出现的板条马氏体增多,经600℃回火后屈服强度逐渐提高,但低温韧性呈降低趋势.     

热处理对高碳低合金磨球钢的组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对高碳低合金磨球钢的显微组织、硬度、冲击韧度和耐磨性的影响，并分析了钢的耐磨性与力学性能的关系。研究结果表明，该钢具有高淬透性，在水、油中冷却的临界淬透直径均大于１００ｍｍ，回火稳定性较高。该钢经８５０￣９００℃淬火及２００℃回火后，可获得具有高硬度和一定韧性的回火马氏体组织，并具有较高的耐磨性。     

冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响

在42CrMo钢常规处理的基础上增加了冷处理,研究浅冷处理和深冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经浅冷处理和深冷处理后,42CrMo钢中残留奥氏体向马氏体发生转变,且碳化物析出增多,致使钢的硬度和耐磨性均有提升,且深冷处理后硬度和耐磨性提升幅度高于浅冷处理。     

GCr15钢不同热处理后的磨损特征

研究了ＧＣｒ１５钢经过淬火回火、渗硼、渗钒等不同热处理工艺后的磨损特性,结合表面磨损形貌,探讨了磨损机理。     

耐磨管道用低合金耐磨钢的组织与性能

设计了4种不同成分的耐磨管道用低合金耐磨钢,通过轧态组织观察、力学性能、耐磨性能的测试,并对其热处理工艺进行研究。结果表明：性能最佳的成分为0.30%C、1.37% Mn、0.72% Si、0.92% Cr、0.31% Mo的耐磨钢试样轧态组织为板条状马氏体、少量贝氏体、部分珠光体的整合组织,其最佳热处理温度为淬火850 ℃,回火420 ℃,经该热处理工艺处理后,硬度达到47 HRC、冲击吸收能量64 J,符合产品性能要求,可批量生产。     

深冷处理对T12钢磨料磨损性能的影响

采用磨料磨损试验机和透射电镜研究了深冷处理对Ｔ１２钢耐磨性及显微组织的影响,用Ｘ－射线衍射仪对晶体结构作了定量分析,结果表明,深冷处理可提高Ｔ１２钢的耐磨性,残留奥氏体部分转变为马氏体,微细碳化物将在马氏体孪晶带及位错线处析出,碳化物类型为η－Ｆ２Ｃ。     

优化B+级铸钢力学性能的工艺实践

针对B+级铸钢(ZG25MnCrNi)力学性能的塑性指标中伸长率储备裕度不高、时常出现波动造成铸件重新热处理的现象,设计了多种旨在提高伸长率、优化铸件力学性能的工艺方案.通过对不同试验结果的对比分析表明,B+级铸钢正火后采用560～600℃回火保温3h,显著提高了塑性,使强度指标和塑性指标的匹配更趋于合理,优化了铸钢的力学性能.实践证明该工艺方案技术上合理,操作上可行.     

钢的深冷处理设备的开发与应用

钢的冷处理通常分为0 ～ -100℃的普通冷处理和低于-130℃的深冷处理两种.深冷处理设备的制冷有液氮浸泡制冷、辐射换热制冷及对流换热制冷.利用对流换热制冷的深冷处理设备的最低温度可达- 190℃,空载降温至- 190℃的时间≤30 min,最大装载量达1000 kg,温度均匀性≤±5℃,控温精度≤±2.5℃.此外,还具有能与密封箱式炉生产线配套、结构简单、操作简便、投资成本低等优点.     

STUDY ON CRYOGENIC PHASE CHANGE ＆ WEAR CHARACTERISTIC OF HIGH SPEED STEEL

The microscopic structure change rule in high speed steel (HSS) after an additional cryogenic treatment was studied in this paper. Highly dispersed nano-carbide (η-Fe2 C) separated from tempering martensite was found distributed on twin planes of marten-site and dislocation places. Retained austenite was found sheared into martensite and nano-carbide separated at the same time. In addition, the tempering martensite was fine-grained. The stated changes of HSS evidently improve the lifespan of HSS cutter and fully show the advantages of nano-structure. The cryogenic treatment of HSS also improves the roughness of HSS cutter (decrease Ra number by about 50%) and greatly increases the wear resistance of HSS cutter. Further experiments on the wear characteristic of HSS cutter supported the findings mentioned above. The stated HSS treatment technology would implement nano-structure of traditional tool steel through phase change. It could be a new method to improve the performance of HSS cutter.     

深冷处理对T10A钢力学性能和耐磨性能的影响

通过改变深冷处理温度和时间,研究了不同深冷处理工艺对T10A钢力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。研究表明:深冷处理对T8A钢的强度和冲击韧性影响较小,但能提高T8A的硬度和耐磨性;不同工艺处理后硬度均能提高1 HRC左右,提高耐磨性的最佳处理工艺为-150℃保温6 h,其处理后耐磨性比未深冷提高了86%。      

热处理工艺对含Nb低温钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理工艺对含Nb低温钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,铸态组织为细片状珠光体＋块状铁素体,热处理后均为回火索氏体。3种热处理工艺中淬火＋调质工艺的性能最优、正火＋调质的略有降低,退火＋调质的最差。含Nb低温钢淬火＋调质处理后-20℃、-40℃夏比冲击功AKV分别达到45.7 J和29.9 J,抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为1010 MPa、910 MPa和19.5%。     

深冷处理对M2Al高速钢高温耐磨性的影响

探究了不同深冷处理温度对M2Al高速钢高温耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经过深冷处理的M2Al高速钢试样微观组织发生了变化,残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,碳化物尺寸减小并且弥散分布在马氏体基体上。随着深冷温度的降低,碳化物的尺寸减小且分布均匀。M2Al高速钢经过深冷处理后高温摩擦因数比未深冷处理的减小,其中-160 ℃深冷处理试样的高温摩擦因数比未深冷处理的降低55.7%,经过深冷处理的M2Al高速钢磨损量比未深冷处理的减小,其中-160 ℃深冷处理后磨损量最小。未深冷处理的M2Al高速钢试样磨损形貌比较粗糙,发生严重的粘着磨损,经过-160 ℃深冷处理的试样,磨痕比较浅,磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损。当深冷处理温度为-160 ℃时,M2Al高速钢的高温耐磨性提升效果最好。     

深冷处理对Cr12钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了经不同工艺深冷处理的Cr12钢的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,深冷处理可以在一定程度上提高Cr12钢的硬度,明显提高其耐磨性,其中深冷处理6h后钢的磨损失重下降了45％。但淬火后进行深冷处理,再于180℃回火8h的Cr12钢的冲击韧度未能得到明显改善。