生物燃料的发展前景和展望

从富含淀粉、糖类的作物如甘蔗和谷物中生产的生物乙醇是当今发展中替代燃料的先行者,虽然生物乙醇的能量密度低于汽油,但己确认它甚至可用作赛车燃料。在美国和巴西,利用上述作物生产生物乙醇已工业化;在欧洲利用油料作物如向日葵生产生物柴油发展最快。2000-2005年间,全球燃料乙醇产量翻了2倍多,生物柴油增长了近4倍。据统计,2006年世界生物燃料产量增长了28％,     

生物燃料乙醇产业未来发展的新模式

燃料乙醇产业是我国重点培育和发展的战略性新兴产业之一,在国家推进工业化与信息化深度融合的背景下,利用我国在工业互联网和第五代移动通信(5G)技术上的优势,以大数据、数字孪生和区块链等新技术为支撑,推进生物燃料乙醇产业的智能化、安全化发展新模式,对于我国燃料乙醇产业高质量发展具有重要意义。本文梳理并总结了国内外生物燃料乙醇产业的发展现状,凝练产业智能化、安全化发展面临的问题,提出了生物燃料乙醇产业智能生产新模式、安全生产新模式和产业管理新模式的总体思路。研究表明,我国生物燃料乙醇产业发展应在国家、地方和企业的保障与积极配合下,从国家战略层面引导产业发展,推进生物燃料乙醇产业基地特色化、联合化、智能化发展;加大"产学研"合作力度,创新生产模式和生产技术,提升国际市场竞争力;进一步开展关键技术攻关,实现以纤维素类生物质为原料的生物燃料乙醇技术突破,为国家粮食安全问题提供战略储备。     

我国生物燃料产业发展瓶颈及对策

生物燃料作为新能源之一,属于国家战略性新兴产业范畴,将在2011年迎来发展新热潮。生物燃料是指通过生物资源生产的燃料乙醇和生物柴油,有利于石油和化学工业持续发展,不仅对保障我国能源安全具有战略意义,而且对缓解我国长期存在的液体燃油消费结构矛盾(柴/汽比偏高)、降     

我国生物柴油产业发展的探讨

介绍了美国、欧盟等和我国生物柴油产业发展的最新进展,包括产能、标准和政策等。从原料供应和生产经济性角度分析了我国生物柴油产业发展面临的困境,并建议采用废弃油脂作为起点,推动我国生物柴油产业发展,特别是要用生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)和甘油来生产高附加值的化工产品,大幅度提高利润。     

发展我国生物柴油产业的探讨

生物柴油来源于动植物油脂等可再生资源。作为矿物柴油的替代燃料，生物柴油具有空气污染物排放少、润滑性好、生物降解完全等优点，但生物柴油的成本高是制约其发展的瓶颈。结合我国具体国情，从原料（油料作物、油料林木果实、油藻和食用废油等）的综合利用，生物柴油的加工技术（酸碱催化、酶催化、无催化和副产高品质甘油的酯交换工艺），以及高附加值的后续产品（润滑添加剂、特种溶剂、表面活性剂等）的开发利用等方面，阐述了生物柴油作为环境友好的替代燃料和大宗有机化工原料的可行性。指出必须开发符合我国国情的生物柴油专有技术，才能使生物柴油产业成为真正具有竞争力的新兴产业。     

燃料乙醇生产中先进工艺的应用

在我国推行乙醇清洁燃料,对我国的农业、能源、环保、交通等诸方面都将起到积极的推动作用。我国的酒精工业已有近一个世纪的发展历程,在全球经济一体化的大背景下,提高燃料乙醇的使用范围和利用率急需先进的工艺作为技术支撑。以发酵法生产的燃料乙醇,具有和矿物燃料相似的燃料性能,而其生产原料为生物源,是一种可再生能源。浓醪发酵是一种可以提高酒精产量,提高设备利用率,降低能耗的酒精发酵新方法。     

我国生物柴油企业发展瓶颈和对策

在能源和生态双重危机下,世界上许多国家正大力开发生物柴油技术并推进其产业化进程,生物柴油产业近些年得到了快速的发展。本文分析我国生物柴油在发展中遇到政策支持力度不够、市场,原料、成本等问题,并提出解决瓶颈相应的对策。     

我国纤维素乙醇开发进展

我国<可再生能源中长期发展规划>指出,今后,将不再增加以粮食为原料的燃料乙醇生产能力,积极发展非粮生物液体燃料.从长远考虑,要积极发展以纤维素生物质为原料的生物液体燃料技术.到2010年,非粮原料燃料乙醇年利用量达200万t;到2020年,生物燃料乙醇年利用量达1000万t.     

美研制出多功能纳米粒子

正美国能源部下属的艾姆斯实验室的科研人员研制出了一种纳米粒子,能在制造绿色柴油的过程中身兼二职,且原料为日常生活中常见的铁,这能降低制造绿色柴油的成本并让得到的燃料更环保。最新的制造绿色柴油的方法从已有的制造生物柴油的过程衍生而来,生物柴油通过让脂肪、油和乙醇发生反应而生     

生物燃料的国内外发展现状及预测

石油和天然气的高价位己使世界各国对替代燃料产生浓厚兴趣。替代石油和其他化石燃料的新能源。包括生物燃料（主要是乙醇和生物柴油）、氢气以及从生物质和煤炭为来源衍生的合成气制取的合成燃料将迎来新的市场机遇。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.