进出口食品中金黄色葡萄球菌spa基因的分型

目的对我国进出口食品中分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌进行spa基因分型。方法对36株金黄色葡萄球菌的spa基因进行PCR扩增,并对产物进行测序分析,测序结果通过数据库进行spa基因分型。结果共分出16个基因型,分别为t189、t091、t164、t002、t899、t197、t1044、t034、t156、t7400、t2592、t4209、t127、t437和两株新发现的基因型。其中t189型共有13株,t091型共4株,t164和t002型分别为3株,其余型分别为1株。结论 食品中分离出的36株金黄色葡萄球菌spa分型以t189居多,t091型次之,其他14型相对较少。     

Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from white-brined Urfa cheese

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes in Urfa cheese samples and to characterize the enterotoxigenic potential of these isolates. From a total of 127 Urfa cheese samples, 53 isolates (from 41.7% of the samples) were identified by a species-specific PCR assay as S. aureus. Of these isolates, 40 (75.5%) gave positive PCR results for the 3' end of the coa gene. The coa-positive S. aureus strains were characterized for their population levels and enterotoxigenic properties, including slime factor, β-lactamase, antibiotic susceptibilities, production of the classical SEs (SEA through SEE), in both cheese and liquid cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for the presence of specific genes, including classical SE genes (sea through see), mecA, femA, and spa, by PCR. The genetic relatedness among the coa-positive S. aureus isolates was investigated by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and the 23S rRNA gene spacer. The 23S rRNA gene spacer and coa RFLP analysis using AluI and Hin6I revealed 14 different patterns. SEB, SEC, and SEA and SEE were detected by ELISA in three cheese samples. Fourteen S. aureus strains harbored enterotoxin genes sea through see, and three strains carried multiple toxin genes. The most commonly detected toxin gene was sec (25% of tested strains). Of the 40 analyzed S. aureus strains, 3 (7.5%) were mecA positive. Based on tandem repeats, four coa and spa types were identified. The results of this study indicate that S. aureus and SEs are present at significant levels in Urfa cheese. These toxins can cause staphylococcal food poisoning, creating a serious hazard for public health.     

牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因的克隆及序列分析

根据Genbank上公布的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A的全序列,利用生物学软件Primer 5.0和oligo 6.0设计了一对特异性引物来扩增靶序列片段,经克隆预测序,结果表明扩增片段长度为101 bp,锦州分离株与标准菌株的基因片段序列相似性为100%,与Genbank上公布的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株(EF520720.1)SEA基因相似性达到99.14%。高度相似性结果为进一步研究建立分子检测技术奠定了实验基础。     

Genotype analysis of enterotoxin H-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food samples in the Czech Republic

Twenty-eight enterotoxin H-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food samples collected in eleven districts of the Czech Republic between 2000 and 2005 were genotypically characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiling, spa gene polymorphism analysis, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based PCR (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting and prophage carriage detection. These strains accounted for about 21% of the food-derived, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)-positive isolates. One strain, detected in feta cheese, was implicated in a case of enterotoxinosis. Sixteen of the twenty-eight isolates carried the seh gene alone. The remaining twelve strains harbored the seh gene in combination with other enterotoxin genes, most often the seg and sei genes, followed by the sea, seb, sec and sed genes. Comparison of various genomic profiles resulted in the determination of twenty genotypes designated G-1 to G-20. Two new, to date not defined, spa types (t2000 and t2002) were identified in one strain isolated from raw meat and two strains obtained from prepacked pizza. Evidence has been given that the seh-positive S. aureus isolates from foodstuffs did not originate from a single source or a common ancestor.     

辅助蛋白基因的剪接对磷脂酶A1酶活的影响

为探究磷脂酶A1辅助蛋白（phospholipase A1 accessory protein，PlaS）对磷脂酶A1（phospholipase A1，PlaA1）酶活关键调控区域，根据PlaS的结构特点，设计出截短突变体，利用聚合酶链式反应技术将PlaA1与PlaS共表达基因plaB中编码辅助蛋白的基因plaS进行了剪接，并对各截短菌株进行酶活检测和酶学性质分析。结果表明：PlaS属于锚蛋白（ankyrin，ANK）家族，主要由N端域、ANK结构域、C端域三部分组成，其中ANK结构域包含4 个典型的ANK重复序列（ANK repeat）。从构建的5 株截短菌株中筛选出了2 株胞外酶活相对较高的菌株AN-3与AN-4，与未截短菌株BP28相比，比酶活分别提高了73%和78%，催化效率（Kcat/Km）分别提高了216%和211%，而最适温度（45 ℃）和最适pH值（6.0）没有发生变化。Kcat/Km的结果显示，在所有的截短菌株中AN菌株的催化效率最低。plaS剪接结果表明，PlaS的ANK结构域至少需要3 个ANK repeat才会对PlaA1酶活表现为胞外促进作用，PlaS的C端域对维持PlaA1的结构稳定性起到重要的作用，研究为揭示PlaS对PlaA1的调控机制提供了理论基础。     

野生型金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因的克隆与分析

根据A、B、C和D肠毒素基因的序列设计特异引物,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌进行检测和鉴定肠毒素基因型,并进一步克隆肠毒素基因。结果表明,待检食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌的肠毒素基因为A型,序列长为774bp,编码257个氨基酸残基,同其他肠毒素A高度相似,等电点为8.85,是一种膜结合蛋白,功能结构域和三位结构预测分析发现此蛋白含有肠毒素家族结构域和肠毒素C家族结构域。     

Cellulose production from glucose using a glucose dehydrogenase gene (gdh)-deficient mutant of Gluconacetobacter xylinus and its use for bioconversion of sweet potato pulp

A gene fragment encoding a putative pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ GDH) was cloned from a bacterial cellulose (BC)-forming acetic acid bacterium, Gluconacetobacter xylinus (=Acetobacter xylinum) strain BPR 2001, which was isolated as a high BC producer when using fructose as the carbon source. A GDH-deficient mutant of strain BPR 2001, namely GD-I, was then generated via gene disruption using the cloned gene fragment. Strain GD-I produced no gluconic acid but produced 4.1 g.l(-1) of BC aerobically in medium containing glucose as the carbon source. The ability of strain GD-I to convert glucose to BC was approximately 1.7-fold higher than that of the wild type. Strain GD-I was also able to produce 5.0 g.l(-1) of BC from a saccharified solution, which was derived from sweet potato pulp by enzymatic saccharification. Supplementation of ethanol during aerobic cultivation further increased the concentration of BC produced by strain GD-I to 7.0 g.l(-1). The rate of conversion from glucose to BC under these cultivation conditions was equivalent to that of strain BPR 2001 cultivated with fructose as the carbon source.     

黑龙江耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及分子分型研究

目的了解黑龙江省健康人与屠宰场猪耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)携带情况,及其耐药和分子分型情况。方法参照黑龙江省金黄色葡萄球菌专项监测方案,对分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药物敏感性检测筛选MRSA,对MRSA进行spa、MLST和SCCmec基因分型,同时检测pvl基因。结果 1500份健康人样本分离出257株金黄色葡萄球菌(17.13%, 257/1500), 500份猪样本分离出149株金黄色葡萄球菌(29.8%, 149/500)。所有菌株对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑烷均敏感,对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率较高。MLST分型结果为ST9型, 1株未鉴定出型别。spa分型为t899和t2922, t899为主要型别(83%, 29/35)。SCCmec分型结果为IVb型, pvl基因均为阴性。结论黑龙江省健康人MRSA携带率比例较低,屠宰场猪携带一定程度MRSA,且猪源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况较重,应控制养殖动物抗生素的使用。     

利用简并引物检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因

通过设计简并引物建立一种PCR技术同步快速检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B基因的方法。根据金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因编码序列,设计一对特异性简并引物SEAB来扩增靶基因片段,长度分别为105bp和135bp,通过对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B菌株和4株对照菌株进行PCR检测,评价该引物的特异性;对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B的DNA系列10倍稀释,对其灵敏性进行PCR检测。结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B菌株的DNA检测结果呈阳性,4株对照菌株的检测结果呈阴性,通过基因测序证实了PCR产物的特异性,SEB的DNA最低检测浓度为3.58ng,整个检测过程不超过20h。建立了一个特异、快速灵敏的在同一条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B基因的PCR检测方法。     

Characterization of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA of Enterobacter sakazakii and development of a species-specific PCR method

The gene encoding the 16S rRNA of Enterobacter (E.) sakazakii (ATCC 29544, plus four strains isolated from powdered infant formula) was studied, and the sequence compared with those of other Enterobacteriaceae in aspects of genetic variability. Sequence differences between E. sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae within the hypervariable regions V1, V2, and V3, respectively, were used to develop two PCR methods for E. sakazakii. PCR1 employed a primer pair located in V1/V2, while PCR2 utilized a primer pair located in V1/V3, respectively. The two PCR methods were tested against a set of 57 E. sakazakii and 148 non-E. sakazakii isolates. PCR1 gave an amplicon with a size of 406 bp and resulted in 100% positive results for E. sakazakii, but also detected Citrobacter koseri/amalonaticus and all nine tested Salmonella enterica serovars. In contrast, PCR2 (amplicon size of 952 bp) gave positive results only for E. sakazakii, thus allowing specific identification of this species.     

猪源金黄色葡萄球菌lsa(E)基因的流行性研究

多重耐药菌的传播对食品安全和人们健康造成严重威胁。为研究介导细菌对林可胺类、截短侧耳素类及链阳菌素A类耐药的lsa(E)基因及其基因簇在猪源金黄色葡萄球菌中的流行情况,对厦门三个猪场分离得到的29株金黄色葡萄球菌进行lsa(E)基因检测,用overlapping PCR对lsa(E)基因阳性菌株进行耐药基因簇的扩增,并用药敏纸片法检测菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,29株金葡菌全部携带lsa(E)基因,且aad E-spc-lsa(E)-lnu(B)-tnp基因簇检出率为96.6%(28/29)。药物敏感实验结果显示,29株lsa(E)基因阳性的金葡菌对克林霉素、克拉霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为100.0%、100.0%、72.4%,对复方新诺明、四环素、环丙沙星的耐药率均为96.6%。未发现有对苯唑西林、喹奴普汀/达福普汀和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株。细菌多重耐药率为100.0%,且耐药谱主要为PEN-GEN-TET-CLA-SXT-CLI-CIP-MXF。研究旨在为临床治疗食源性致病菌引起的食品安全问题和控制多重耐药菌随食品链的传播提供一定的科学依据。     

Occurrence of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat food in Korea

Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The phenotypic result of the strain isolated from food showed that 48% of the strains produced one or more toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). At least one SEA was produced by over 90% of the toxigenic strains. Other toxins, such as SEB, SEC, SED, SEA+SEC, and SEC+SED, were each detected. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a causative agent of toxic shock syndrome, was detected in 13 strains of the toxigenic isolates from the food. As the result of genotyping, 22 strains with a toxin gene that was not detected in the phenotypic analysis were also detected. Sixty-nine percent of the toxigenic strains had at least one sea gene, and the most prevalent genotype was sea+seh (34.4%), followed by sea (18.8%) and sea+seg+sei (15.6%). The tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in 13 strains (13.5%). The genes (eta and etb) encoding exfoliative toxins A and B were not detected in any of the samples.     

Distribution of newly described enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus from food

Extensive analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus genome has allowed the identification of new genes encoding enterotoxin-like superantigens (SEls). Some of these are thought to be involved in staphylococcal food poisoning, while others do not elicit any emetic effect. The potential impact of these members of the enterotoxin-like family on the human organism seems to rely mainly on their superantigenic activity. In this paper the distribution of the genes coding for enterotoxin-like superantigens in S. aureus isolated from food was studied. Fifty isolates of S. aureus were examined and 27 were shown to be enterotoxigenic. Only 9 of the 27 strains carried genes encoding enterotoxins SEA-SEE. In 18 SEA-SEE-negative strains the presence of newly described enterotoxin genes was detected. All SEA-SEE-positive strains simultaneously carried genes of new SEls. We show that the gene encoding SElH (staphylococcal enterotoxin-like enterotoxin H) was the most frequently detected (n=14), while genes encoding SElI together with SElG accompanied by the other genes of the egc locus were detected in three strains. We also detected the presence of three less investigated genes: sep, sel, and sek. These genes were present in eight, two, and one isolate, respectively. In one strain, sep was accompanied by genes of other SEls, while in the remaining seven it was the only enterotoxin-like gene detected. The high prevalence of newly discovered enterotoxin genes, including the genes encoding emetic toxins, was demonstrated in food-derived strains. This supports the need for additional work on its role in food poisoning and, alternatively, to monitor its presence in S. aureus isolated from food. Our results suggest that yet unknown genetic elements encoding enterotoxin genes may exist.     

Maltotriose utilization in lager yeast strains: MTT1 encodes a maltotriose transporter

Maltotriose is the second most abundant fermentable sugar in wort and, due to incomplete fermentation, residual maltotriose in beer causes both quality and economic problems in the brewing industry. To identify genes that might improve utilization of maltotriose, we developed a library containing genomic DNA from four lager strains and a laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and isolated transformants that could grow on YP/2% maltotriose in the presence of 3 mg/l of the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A. In this way we found a gene which shared 74% similarity with MPH2 and MPH3, 62% similarity with AGT1 and 91% similarity with MAL61 and MAL31, all encoding known maltose transporters. Moreover, the gene shared an even higher similarity (98%) with the uncharacterized Saccharomyces pastorianus mty1 gene (M. Salema-Oom, unpublished; NCBI Accession No. AJ491328). Therefore, we named the gene MTT1 (mty1-like transporter). We showed that the gene was present in four different lager strains but was absent from the laboratory strain CEN.PK113-7D. The ORF in the plasmid isolated from the library lacks 66 base pairs from the 3'-end of MTT1 but instead contains 54 bp of the vector. We named this ORF MTT1alt (NCBI Accession No. DQ010174). 14C-Maltose and repurified 14C-maltotriose were used to show that MTT1 and, especially, MTT1alt, encode maltose transporters for which the ratio between activities to maltotriose and maltose is higher than for most known maltose transporters. Introduction of MTT1 or MTT1alt into lager strain A15 raised maltotriose uptake by about 17% or 105%, respectively.     

传统牦牛酸奶中产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

采用溶钙圈法对来自青海海南藏族自治区、四川阿坝、甘孜理塘的牦牛酸奶样品的菌株进行分离筛选，采用形态学观察和16S rRNA序列分析进行鉴定；测定筛选菌株上清液对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）抑菌活性；考察筛选菌株上清液对蛋白酶的耐受性及对抗生素的敏感性，并确定细菌素种类。结果表明，共分离筛选出6株菌（编号为A1～A2及G1～G4），其中菌株A1～A2被鉴定为嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus），菌株G1～G4被鉴定为屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）；菌株G3对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径＞20 mm，且对蛋白酶不耐受，表明该菌株产细菌素，对常见抗生素敏感，经细菌素基因鉴定证实，该菌株产肠球菌素A和肠球菌素P。综上，菌株G3可作为产细菌素益生菌的候选菌株。     

甘蓝型油菜BnADC基因的克隆及原核表达

利用同源克隆和RACE（Rapid amplification of cDNA ends）技术从甘蓝型油菜中克隆到精氨酸脱羧酶（Arginine decarboxylase,ADC）基因cDNA全长序列,命名为BnADC。BnADC全长为2 649bp,包含344bp的5＇非翻译区（5＇Untranslated region,5＇-UTR）、226bp的3＇非翻译区（3＇Untranslated region,3＇-UTR）和2 079bp的完整开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）,编码75.1kD的蛋白质。5＇-UTR中含有12bp的uORF（Upstream open readingframe）,编码MIRE 4个氨基酸。氨基酸同源性比对表明,BnADC蛋白与其他植物ADC蛋白具有很高的相似性,与芥菜的同源性高达93%;系统进化树分析表明,BnADC与芥菜、拟南芥的ADC亲缘关系较近。在获得全长cDNA的基础上,构建融合表达载体pET30a（＋）-BnADC,转化大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达菌株BL21（DE3）,SDS-PAGE检测到一个约81.1kD的融合蛋白被E.coil表达,且融合蛋白主要存在于菌体沉淀中。     

大肠杆菌O157志贺毒素1胶乳凝集试剂的研制

根据大肠杆菌933W志贺毒素1(STX1)基因的序列,设计合成寡核苷酸引物,以国内分离的大肠杆菌O157菌株94H的DNA为摸板,经PCR扩增志贺毒素1A亚基基因,扩增的基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a,在E.coliBL21中进行表达。用表达的STX1A产物免疫兔子,制备STX1A抗血清,从中提取IgG。合成胶乳,用提取的IgG与胶乳交连反应,研制出了敏感和简便的检测大肠杆菌O157STX1产生的胶乳检测试剂。     

Cloning and expression of the gene encoding thermostable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase

The gene encoding extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a thermophilic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading bacterium, strain HS, was cloned and intracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene was found to consist of 1485-bp nucleotide sequence coding for a 22-amino-acid signal peptide and a 473-amino-acid mature protein. Phylogenetic analysis and domain structure showed that the enzyme was clustered with type II PHB depolymerases. The gene was expressed in E. coli under the control of the tac promoter. A 46-kDa protein was detected in the cell extract by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal sequence of the protein agreed with that of the original enzyme. The crude enzyme was able to degrade PHB particles at 70 degrees C.     

应用通用引物PCR法检测葡萄球菌A、D和E型肠毒素基因

本实验采用20bp通用引物P3和P4的PCR方法对产A、D和E肠毒素的葡萄球菌进行了检测。结果表明,产SEE菌株能产生666bp的特异扩增片段,产SEA菌株产生666bp和约400bp两条扩增带,产SED菌株产生400bp片段;SEE菌株的扩增产物经EcoRV酶切能产生251和415bp两个片段。扩增敏感性实验表明,该方法可检出10~6个细菌。