钛合金表面离子束增强沉积膜层的环境适应性和接触相容性

利用离子束增强沉积技术在钛合金表面制备CrN硬质抗磨层和CuNiln固体润滑膜层。通过电化学测试技术对比研究了膜层和钛合金基材在含Cl介质中的抗蚀性能和接触腐蚀敏感性，利用高温静态氧化方法评价了膜层的抗氧化性能。结果表明：(1)CuNiln膜层耐电化学腐蚀性能和抗氧化性能显著优于Cu，在含Cl介质中与钛合金接触相容。(2)在含Cl水溶液中，CrN膜层耐蚀性好，与钛合金接触相容；在HCl HF混合酸中，CrN膜耐蚀性能远优于钛合金；抗氧化性能优于Ti。     

基体偏压对高功率脉冲磁控溅射制备CrAlN薄膜性能的影响

为了防止氢扩散导致金属材料的失效,通常在其表面制备一层CrN阻氢薄膜。但是CrN涂层的热稳定性较差,抗氧化温度低于600℃。采用高功率脉冲磁控溅射技术,利用Cr和Al双靶共沉积CrAlN薄膜来提高其高温抗氧化性能。试验变量为基体负偏压的大小,分别为-100 V、-200 V、-300 V和-400 V。结果表明,四组CrAlN薄膜均为柱状晶结构,随着基体偏压提高,膜层的致密度提高,但同时薄膜沉积速率下降;CrAlN薄膜的择优生长方向为Cr(200)晶面法线方向。四组CrAlN薄膜的氢抑制率均超过70%,氢原子扩散系数最低比316L不锈钢基体低3个数量级。当基体偏压为-300 V时,可以同时获得最优的氢抑制率(87.4%)和最低的氢原子扩散系数(6.188×10^-10 cm²/s)。600℃、氧气气氛下保温60 min,CrAlN膜基结合面处氧含量仅为表面处的30%左右。相比于CrN薄膜,在相同基体偏压下,CrAlN薄膜的氢原子扩散系数更小;高偏压下制备的CrAlN薄膜氧增重量仅为316L不锈钢基体的10%,抗氧化性能更好。     

表面纳米化对304不锈钢/CrN薄膜力学性能的影响

表面纳米化可以显著改善金属材料的表面力学性能,并促进氮、铬等原子的热扩散,文中尝试采用表面纳米化技术改善金属基体/硬质薄膜的力学性能.对304不锈钢采用表面机械研磨处理获得纳米晶粒表层,采用多弧离子镀镀方法在表面纳米化和粗晶粒的304不锈钢基体上沉积CrN薄膜.对两种膜基体系采用X射线衍射、显微硬度测试、压入法和划痕法膜基结合性能评价.结果表明,表面纳米化影响了CrN膜层的组织结构,明显提高了膜基体系的硬度和承载能力,还改善了膜层的韧性,膜基结合性能也得到提高.     

偏压对镁合金表面磁控溅射CrAlTiN膜层的影响

使用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀体系于镁合金表面制备了CrAlTiN膜层,检测了膜层厚度和硬度,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察了膜层的表面形貌和截面形貌,使用了X衍射仪分析了膜层的相组成.结果表明薄膜组织为纤维状柱状晶组织,随着偏压增大,膜层表面致密性增强,颗粒头部平滑,颗粒间孔洞减少;CrAlTiN薄膜具有与CrN相同的晶体结构,在偏压为40V时出现了(111)晶面的择优取向,在60V时出现了(220)晶面的择优取向.     

TiN/CrN多层薄膜微观结构与力学性能的研究

近些年来,TiN/CrN多层薄膜由于其优良的力学性能被广泛应用于表面防护,提高零部件性能和使用寿命等方面。为了研究TiN/CrN多层薄膜微观结构与力学性能的关系,本文采用磁控溅射技术制备了TiN、CrN单层薄膜和三种不同调制周期的TiN/CrN多层薄膜。通过原子力显微镜和X射线衍射分析了膜的表面形貌和相结构。使用纳米压痕仪测试薄膜的硬度和压入塑性,曲率法测定薄膜的残余应力。结果表明,TiN/CrN的多层薄膜是由TiN和Cr2N两相组成,随着调制周期的增大TiN层与CrN层之间的界面区域变小,界面平滑且明显。力学性能方面,多层薄膜的硬度和压入塑性比单层膜好,并且多层薄膜随调制周期的减小硬度和压入塑性越大,残余应力随周期性的增加而逐渐增大。综上可见,TiN/CrN多层薄膜的力学性能的改善取决于界面区域的大小和形貌,即调制周期,该结论与Hall–Petch理论相吻合。     

不同黏度合成油下CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学特性研究

目的 探究在不同黏度合成酯润滑油的作用下,CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学性能及协同润滑机制。方法 选用聚α烯烃(PAO)与三羟甲基丙烷辛癸酸酯(TME)复配,得到不同黏度梯度的合成油。利用全自动黏度测定仪、倾点测试仪、开口闪点测定器和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分别对合成油的运动黏度(40、100 ℃)、倾点、闪点和表面官能团进行表征。利用反应磁控溅射技术在316不锈钢和单晶硅片基底表面制备CrN/TiN多层薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪和FIB-TEM表征手段对薄膜的微观结构进行分析,并用纳米压痕仪和划痕仪测试了薄膜的力学性能。利用球–盘式摩擦试验机表征薄膜在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,利用XPS对摩擦实验后的磨痕元素价态进行表征。结果 CrN/TiN薄膜具有典型的面心立方结构(FCC)、异质多层结构,且其硬度可达32.2 GPa。在干摩擦条件下,与裸316基体相比,经表面镀制CrN/TiN薄膜后平均摩擦因数由0.95降至0.71,磨损深度由25.0 μm降至16.8 μm。在合成油作用下,316不锈钢-GCr15钢球(钢–钢摩擦副)、CrN/TiN多层薄膜-GCr15钢球(CrN/TiN多层薄膜–钢摩擦副)2种摩擦配副的摩擦因数和磨损率随着合成油黏度的增加均呈现降低趋势,且在同一黏度条件下薄膜试样的磨损率更低。结论 CrN/TiN多层薄膜在PAO与TME复配获得的一系列不同黏度合成油的作用下,随着合成油黏度的增加,薄膜的磨损率和磨损深度逐渐下降,其减摩抗磨性能得到显著提升。通过磨痕表面的XPS分析可知,合成油中极性的酯基吸附在滑动界面,增强了油膜的承载性能,从而减缓了对偶间的摩擦阻力。     

调制比对Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN多层膜结构及性能的影响

目的 探究Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN多层膜的最佳调制比.方法 利用电弧离子镀技术,在TC4钛合金上制备了不同调制比的Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN多层膜.利用扫描电子显微镜观察膜层表面和截面形貌;用Image-Pro分析软件对表面的大颗粒进行定量分析;利用X射线衍射法表征膜层的晶体结构;采用维氏硬度计测量膜层的显微硬度;采用划痕试验仪测量膜层与基体之间的结合力(临界载荷);通过基片弯曲法测量并计算得到膜层的残余应力;利用根据ASTM G76-05标准特制的AS600-喷砂试验机进行了抗冲蚀性能测试;采用三维表面轮廓仪测量冲蚀坑深度.结果 膜层表面质量和生长取向与LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN调制比密切相关,随着Cr/CrN比例的增加,膜层表面质量越来越好,择优取向由(111)晶面转为(200)晶面.多层膜的硬度随Cr/CrN比例的增加,呈下降趋势,结合力、残余应力和韧性则随之呈先升后降的趋势,并在LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN为1:2时,达到最佳.多层膜的抗砂粒冲蚀性能变化与力学性能变化一致,在LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN为1:2时达到最佳,其抗冲蚀能力是TC4基材的3倍以上,多层膜呈典型的脆性断裂失效形式.结论 在调制比LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN=1:2时,膜层获得最佳的抗冲蚀性能.     

高引燃脉冲新HiPIMS模式对TiN/CrN多层膜结构和性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

多层TiN/CrN薄膜能显著改善复杂环境下部件的性能和寿命,为获得性能良好的TiN/CrN多膜层,提出一种高引燃脉冲新HiPIMS模式(高功率脉冲磁控溅射技术)的新放电技术,在一到四引燃脉冲个数条件下制备TiN/CrN多层薄膜。结果表明,随着引燃脉冲个数的增加,TiN/CrN薄膜膜基结合力增加,三引燃脉冲条件下结合力达到HF1(压痕法结合力指标,HF1为性能良好)压痕边缘膜层出现碎裂但膜层并未崩裂,在四引燃脉冲条件下膜基结合力也为HF1,且相较三引燃脉冲膜层碎裂也消失,膜基结合力最佳。同时,随着引燃脉冲个数的增加,膜层的粗糙度下降,磨痕变窄,硬度增强,硬度的波动范围减小,薄膜摩擦因数逐渐降低,四引燃脉冲条件下摩擦因数为0.25,膜层厚度呈先增加后减小的趋势,在三引燃脉冲个数条件下达到最大值332.1 nm试验结果表明引燃脉冲能够强化膜层与基体之间的结合力,硬度以及摩擦磨损的性能,细化晶粒。     

调制周期对磁控溅射WB2/CrN多层薄膜力学性能的影响

目的研究调制周期对磁控溅射WB_2/CrN多层膜结构及性能的影响。方法通过双靶直流磁控溅射法,在硅片、石英玻璃片及不锈钢上,制备Al B_2型WB_2薄膜与CrN薄膜及其多层复合薄膜,采用X射线衍射及扫描电子显微镜对其相结构及形貌进行观察和分析,使用维氏显微硬度仪及划痕仪对多层膜的硬度及膜基结合力进行研究。结果磁控溅射WB_2/CrN多层薄膜呈现出柱状生长趋势,且层状结构明显,仅当调制周期大于317 nm时,多层膜中才出现WB_2晶体的衍射峰。结论多层膜中的WB_2薄膜在本实验条件下的临界结晶厚度大于150 nm。随着调制周期的减小,CrN层生长取向发生由(200)晶面向多晶面的转变,WB_2层生长取向由(101)晶面向(001)晶面转变。多层膜硬度随调制周期的减小大体呈下降趋势,在调制周期为317 nm时达到最大值。结合力变化趋势与硬度相反,CrN层及多层界面有助于复合薄膜膜基结合强度的提高。     

HiPIMS技术低温沉积CrN薄膜结构及性能研究

目的 实现性能优异的CrN薄膜在低温沉积条件下的可控制备。方法 利用高功率脉冲磁控溅射技术(HiPIMS),通过调控脉冲放电波形(可调控脉冲放电模式-MPP、双极脉冲放电模式-BPH)制备了系列低温沉积工艺下的CrN薄膜。选用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、纳米硬度测试仪及球盘摩擦试验仪表征了CrN薄膜的组织结构、微观形貌、摩擦学性能。结果 相对于传统的直流磁控溅射技术(DCMS),HiPIMS具备高溅射材料离化率,偏压作用下产生的荷能离子对成膜表面的持续轰击作用,有效提升了低温沉积条件下成膜粒子的表面迁移能,显著抑制了贯穿柱状晶的连续生长,达到了细化晶粒,改善薄膜致密性的目的。BPH模式下沉积的薄膜表面光滑致密,表面粗糙度可达4.6 nm。细晶强化作用及薄膜致密性提升使得BPH模式下制备的CrN薄膜硬度最高,可达(15.6±0.8) GPa。此外,BPH模式下沉积的CrN薄膜具备最为优异的摩擦学性能,摩擦系数低(~0.3)且运行平稳,并且在高速及重载作用下,仍能表现出优异的摩擦磨损性能。结论 HiPIMS技术中的双极脉冲放电模式可显著提升沉积粒子表面迁移能,提升CrN薄膜沉积反应动力学过程,实现低温条件下性能优异的CrN薄膜的可控制备。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。