微细电解线切割加工的基础研究

基于电化学原理，讨论了纳秒脉冲电流微细电解线切割加工的机理，建立了微细电解线切割加工数学模型；采用电化学腐蚀原理对微米尺度线电极进行在线制作，建立了微细电解线切割加工试验系统，并进行了微细电解线切割加工试验，切割出带90°直角的微结构，其切缝宽度为30μm。     

微米尺度线电极的电化学腐蚀法制备

微细电化学线切割加工是最近出现的一种微细加工新方法。本文基于电化学腐蚀原理,制备微细电化学线切割加工中使用的微米尺度线电极。建立了腐蚀过程理论模型,通过测量线电极的电阻变化来实时监测线电极腐蚀过程中的直径大小,并基于虚拟仪器技术建立了线电极制备监控系统。通过试验对钨线电极的腐蚀过程进行分析,得出监控系统的直径计算值与实际值误差低于10%。最后,利用此方法制备出直径5μm的钨线电极。     

微细电解加工实验研究

采用基于电化学腐蚀法制作直径80μm、长度3000μm的微细电极,分别使用微细圆柱电极和微细螺旋电极进行了加工实验,实验研究丧明微细螺旋电极在孔和槽的加工中比微细圆柱电极具有更快的加工速度以及更小的加工间隙.螺旋结构在加工中有助于排出加工间隙内电解产物,显著地提高了加工效率、加工精度及加工过程的稳定性.     

微米级电化学加工关键技术研究

针对微米级电化学加工的关键技术问题，研制了用于微米级电化学加工的纳秒脉冲电源，并利用电化学腐蚀方法，在自制的电化学加工机床上连续实现了微细工具电极的制作和工件的加工。基于试验提出了微细电化学加工间隙的检测控制方法，提高了加工过程的稳定性，增强了定域蚀除能力。在低浓度酸性电解液中实现了微米级的电化学加工，利用研制的纳秒脉冲电源，根据加工电流将极间间隙控制在5μm左右，加工出了“NUAA”字形，每个字母高90μm，宽60μm，字母线条的宽度只有20μm。     

纳秒脉冲微细电化学加工的理论及试验

根据电化学反应原理,探讨纳秒脉冲电化学加工的特点及其实现微细加工的机理.建立纳秒脉冲微细电化学加工的理论模型,并分析电解液浓度、加工间隙、脉冲参数和加工电压等因素对微细电解加工的影响作用.构建微细电化学加工系统,包括微细加工机床、纳秒脉冲电源、电解液循环系统、运动控制部分和加工检测部分.试验研究了超短脉冲的电压幅值和脉冲宽度对侧面加工间隙的影响,结果表明减小脉冲宽度和降低加工电压可以提高微细电解加工的精度.在自制的微细电化学机床上,实现工具电极和工件微结构的连续加工.将加工间隙控制在5 μm以内,加工出中间有20 μm×30 μm×30 μm棱台的微型腔和30 μm槽宽的十字形孔,分析加工起始点对成形精度的影响,并提出解决方法.试验证明纳秒脉冲微细电解加工可以很好地满足微机电系统(Micro electromechanical system,MEMS)微器件的加工要求.     

电化学腐蚀法制备微细群圆柱

提出了微细群圆柱结构电化学腐蚀加工法及其形状和尺寸控制方式。根据电化学腐蚀基本原理,通过有限元分析计算群圆柱电化学腐蚀加工过程中的电场分布,优化设计阴极形状。开展了电化学腐蚀法制备微细群圆柱结构的工艺试验,获得了良好的试验结果。     

微细电化学加工纳秒脉冲电源的研制

根据微细电化学加工的工艺特点,采用CPLD器件EPM7160与8位单片机STC12C5A60S2,设计了微细电化学加工纳秒脉冲电源。脉冲参数设置通过专用键盘或RS232实现,参数显示采用国显电子的12864液晶模块实现,人机界面友好。通过RS232,电源可以接受主控计算机的实时参数调整。测试表明,脉宽、脉间等脉冲参数可调,且调节方便,通用性强。输出脉宽、脉间可以调至20ns以下,适于微细电化学加工。     

微细机械加工技术

随着微型机械的应用领域进一步拓展,微细机械制造加工技术得到了快速发展.在介绍了微细切削加工、微细电火花加工、微细蚀刻以及微细电解加工的基础上,对其加工特点和性能进行了比较,讨论了微细机械加工发展的方向与关键问题.     

电解加工在微细制造技术中的应用研究

电解加工是利用阳极金属电化学溶解原理来去除材料的制造技术,这种微去除方式使得电解具有微细加工的可能,这里着重探讨了高频窄脉冲微细电解加工技术、电液束微细电解加工技术和利用电解制备微细电极的工作原理,技术特点,应用领域和加工精度,并详细的讨论了目前微细电解加工脉冲电源和加工设备的研制和发展。     

纳秒脉冲电流提高微细电化学加工精度的研究

分析了电极反应的暂态过程,探讨了超短脉冲电流提高电化学加工精度的机理,并根据法拉第定律和巴特勒伏尔摩方程建立了电化学暂态加工的数学模型。在微细电化学加工系统中,采用纳秒级的超短脉冲电流,通过加工试验验证了理论分析,加工出了直径为20μm的微小孔。     

Fabrication of multiple electrodes and their application for micro-holes array in ECM

In this study, a two-step composite processing technology combining the EDM process and electrochemical etching is introduced to fabricate a micro-electrodes array. Firstly, rectangular columns measuring 0.2×0.2 mm are machined by the wire-EDM (electrical discharge machining) machine tool, then electrochemical etching is used to erode the microelectrodes array into cylindrical columns. Results show that microelectrodes ranging from hundreds of micrometers to several millimeters could be prepared. Then the machined microelectrodes are used as a cathode tool for electrochemical drilling of micro-hole arrays in electrochemical micromachining (EMM). Furthermore, various parameters affecting the performance of EMM are discussed in detail. Results indicate that the production of EMM improves by using multiple microelectrodes. The pulse current shows strong localization in micro-hole drilling and improves the machining accuracy.     

Investigation into fabrication of microslot arrays by electrochemical micromachining

Maskless electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is a prominent and unique surface texturing method to fabricate the arrays of microslots. This article investigates the generation of microslot arrays using maskless EMM method. The developed prototype maskless EMM setup consists of EMM cell, power supply connections, electrode holding devices and constricted vertical cross flow electrolyte system for the fabrication of microslot arrays economically. One textured cathode tool with SU-8 2150 mask is used to produce 22 microslot arrays. Influences of EMM process parameters including voltage, electrolyte concentration, inter electrode gap, flow rate and machining time on the machining performance that is, width overcut, depth and surface roughness (R_a) of microslot arrays are investigated. For lower width overcut, controlled depth, and lower surface roughness, machining with lower voltage, lower electrolyte concentration, lower inter electrode gap, higher flow rate and lower machining time are recommended. From the analysis, it is observed that the best machining conditions including inter electrode gap of 50?μm, applied voltage of 6 V, electrolyte concentration of 20?g L^?1, flow rate of 5.35 m³ hr^?1 and machining time of 1?min fabricate regular microslot array with mean width overcut of 24.321?μm, mean machining depth of 10.7?μm and mean surface roughness of 0.0101?μm.     

高频窄脉冲电流微细电解加工

微细电解加工是微细加工领域很有发展前景的微细加工技术之一。适合于微细电解加工的装置被研制出来, 它包括机床进给机构、线电极电火花磨削在线制作微细电极装置、短路检测模块、脉冲电源及其他一些辅助装置, 其中,高频窄脉冲电源是微细电解加工最重要的核心技术之一。根据微细电解加工的特点,设计了微细电解加工 MOSFET脉冲电源,该微能脉冲电源能很好地满足微细电解加工的要求。运用该微细电解加工装置进行加工试验, 在低的加工电压和低的钝化电解液浓度条件下,利用高速旋转的微细电极加工微小孔和像小铣刀一样进行微细电解铣削加工微结构,得到了满意的工艺效果,因而进一步说明电解加工在微细加工领域很有发展潜力。     

Vibration assisted electrochemical micromachining of high aspect ratio micro features

The most used processes for generation of high aspect ratio microchannels are Nd: YAG laser technology on silica substrate and ultra violate lithography (UV-LIGA) process on metals. There are a few micromachining technologies such as micro mechanical milling, micro electro discharge machining (EDM) and electrochemical micromachining (EMM) for production of high-aspect-ratio micro features on highly stressed and anticorrosive metal like stainless steel. This paper discusses the micro fabrication of high aspect ratio micro features at the intended location on high strength stainless steel sheet of very small thickness to high thickness with highest average aspect ratio 14.33 achieved during microchannel generation by EMM with the help of coated microtool. Mathematical model relating aspect ratio with various parameters and machining conditions is derived to explore the ways to increase the aspect ratio of micro features. Experimental investigations were carried out to know the effect of vibration of microtool, frequency of pulsed voltage, microtool tip shape, thickness of work piece and non-conducting layer coated microtool on high aspect ratio micro features. Vibration of microtool with very small amplitude improved the stability of micromachining due to improved flow of electrolyte.     

Development of microelectrodes for electrochemical micromachining

Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) has become more and more important in micro machining in recent years. Microelectrode as the tool of EMM is an essential cell in the machining process. In this study, microelectrodes with various end shapes are fabricated by different processing techniques. First, the different end shape forming methods for microelectrode, such as electrochemical etching, single electric discharge, and electrochemical micromachining are investigated. Second, microelectrodes with various end shapes fabricated above are simulated, analyzed, and then used in EMM process. At last, micro holes array with diameter of less than 10???m, three micro holes with no taper and a 3D microstructure are machined on metallic materials by above three types of microelectrodes.     

微细孔电解加工控制方法及试验研究

基于微细电解加工的特点，介绍了一种微细电解加工系统。该系统能够将加工间隙控制到几微米到几十微米的范围内。根据电解加工以离子形式对材料去除的特性，进行微细电极、微细群电极的制备研究，并将其用于微细孔、群孔的加工中。试验分析了各工艺参数如电压、溶液浓度、加工间隙、进给速度等对微细孔电解加工精度的影响。结果表明，微细电解加工的侧面间隙随着加工电压的降低、溶液浓度的减小、脉宽变窄和初始加工间隙的减小而减小，改善了加工的定域性，加工精度得到提高。     

A study of the characteristics for electrochemical micromachining with ultrashort voltage pulses

Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) has traditionally been used in highly specialized fields, such as those of the aerospace and defense industries. It is now increasingly being applied in other industries, where parts with difficult-to-cut material, complex geometry and tribology, and devices of microscopic-scale are required. EMM, which is not normally considered as a precision process, is presented in this paper. The application of voltage pulses between a tool electrode and a workpiece in an electrochemical environment allows the three-dimensional machining of conducting materials with micrometer precision. In this paper, tool electrodes (5 μm in diameter, 1 mm in length) are developed by EMM and microholes are manufactured using these tool electrodes. Microholes with a size of below 50 μm in diameter can be accurately achieved by using ultrashort voltage pulses (1–5 μs).     

Electrochemical micro-machining of high aspect ratio micro-tools using quasi-solid electrolyte

With the outbreak of product miniaturization, there is an increasing demand for the fabrication of micro-tools in recent years. However, fabrication of accurate micro-tools with high aspect ratio is a great challenge for traditional processes due to their mechanical-thermal effects. Electrochemical micro-machining (EMM) has many advantages over other machining processes, which makes it a potential method to manufacture micro-tools. This paper proposes a novel EMM fabrication method of micro-tools with high aspect ratio, in which an agarose hydrogel of high intensity is employed as quasi-solid electrolyte. During the machining process, a tungsten rod is inserted into the quasi-solid electrolyte which is partially immersed into working electrolyte (2 mol/L NaOH solution) to maintain mass balance. The shapes of micro-tools fabricated in liquid electrolyte and quasi-solid electrolyte under same machining conditions are analyzed. Compared to liquid electrolyte, quasi-solid electrolyte has the advantages of improved precision and ability to manufacture high aspect ratio micro-tools. Besides, effects of main parameters, including vertical distance, duty factor, and pulse peak voltage, on the machining accuracy and efficiency are investigated experimentally. Finally, optimum parameters of 12 mm vertical distance, 50% duty factor, and 5 V pulse peak voltage are selected based on experiments. Using these parameters, a cylindrical micro-tool with an average diameter of 12 μm and aspect ratio of 408.33 is successfully fabricated.     

基于电容模型的脉冲电解、电化学光整、蚀刻加工机理分析

用一个动态变化的电容模型来描述电化学加工过程,从一个全新的角度———电容,来解释电化学加工的机理。利用电极体系的等效阻抗的变化来解释脉冲电解中线性电解液非线性化的现象;通过界面双电层电容值的变化来解释脉冲电化学光整加工提高精度的根本原因;在脉冲电化学蚀刻中由于保护膜产生的类似电解电容效应,使该处的电容值显著变化,从而解决了在纯化学蚀刻中出现的侧向腐蚀问题。