智利纪行

智利以铜著称,是中国铜业关注的地方.尽管北京与智利首都圣地亚哥的距离是全球各国首都之间最远的两个点,但还是有一批又一批的考察团远渡重洋来到这个神秘的国度. 2008年4月,我随山东方圆集团组成的考察组从北京启程,经过两次转机与航行到达地球另一面的圣地亚哥.这是一次行程长达两万多公里,历时近36个小时,横跨了欧亚大陆、穿越非洲大陆、掠过大西洋、赤道线和南美洲的漫长旅行,再加上智利境内的考察航程,往返的行程累计起来可以绕地球一周了!     

专用曲轴铣削系统数控改造

分析了原有工程机械柴油发动机的曲轴专用铣削系统的工作特点以及存在的主要问题,给出了相应的理论算法依据,并在基于开放式体系的数控系统上提出了可移植的解决方案,提高了曲轴铣削加工的精度和效率.     

世界钢铁业的重组与今后展望(上)

前言 2006年1月27日,世界钢铁业最大的公司米塔尔(Mittal Steel本部:荷兰)发表了出资186亿欧元(约2兆6000亿日元)收购排在第二位的阿塞洛(Arcelor本部:卢森堡)的提案.米塔尔公司的名誉董事长提出了"实现两公司的联合是世界钢铁业的一大进步,对于稳定企业效益的重组的动向有推动作用".但是,阿塞洛公司的执行总裁却说"这是敌对性的收买(指未得到被收买方的同意),我们与米塔尔公司擅长的区域不同,企业文化也不同,为了我们的成长根本没有必要合并,我们要阻止这一收买".     

灰铸铁主要元素变量三角试片白口宽度与抗拉强度数学模型的研究

在进行灰铸铁铸造生产时,通过不断采集同一浇包中铁液所浇注的三角试片白口宽度、主要化学成分及所浇注试棒的抗拉强度,在大量试验数据的基础上,逐渐摸索出三角试片白口的宽度和C、Si、Mn含量与其抗拉强度内在数量关系,用数学归纳法得出一个灰铸铁的主要元素C、Si、Mn三因素变量与三角试片白口宽度和抗拉强度的一次回归方程。借助回归方程能迅速地预测强度,指导配料,最大限度的降低铸件的成本。     

基于DSP的焊缝位置实时检测技术

提出基于TMS320DM642高速数字信号处理芯片的焊缝位置实时检测系统,对系统的工作过程和各模块的实现方法作了详细的描述,并基于此探索出利用TI提供的图像处理函数库对焊缝图像进行处理的方法.通过DSP对CCD摄取的焊缝图像进行处理,得到了焊缝的相关位置信息,满足了实际焊接过程的需要.     

压头粗糙度对金刚石抗压强度及单颗粒测量值离散性的影响

本文通过多方面的实验比对,探讨压头粗糙度对人造金刚石抗压强度检测结果的大小和重复性以及单颗粒测量值离散性的影响,运用数理统计的方法对检测数据进行了分析研究,找出了较为合理的样本容量.提出样本容量取80粒为宜;采用"标样"定期检验压头状况;在给出抗压强度检测值的同时,应给出单颗粒强度值的离散性.本文研究成果为相关标准的修订提供了理论依据.     

基于数据挖掘的实验设计中因素筛选方法研究

传统的实验设计中因素的选择主要依赖于定性的判断，缺少定量数据分析的支持；文章介绍了应用数据挖掘技术，针对实验设计中因素的选择问题，有效地利用企业中的历史数据，为因素的选择提供支持，从而达到有效的削减实验的复杂程度，节约实验成本的目的。     

基于CAXA的压力中心计算

根据力学和材料冲压成形的理论,用解析法推导冲裁模具压力中心的计算公式,将压力中心坐标的计算转换为重心的计算,在常用的CAXA绘图软件中进行模具压力中心的确定.通过把凸模刃口轮廓线转化为一个无限小的封闭环,解决了CAXA不能直接计算模具刃口轮廓封闭线的重心问题,并详细叙述了利用CAXA确定模具压力中心的方法和步骤.     

汽车涂料的研究现状及发展动向

0 引言 世界工业发达的国家中,汽车涂料的用量在涂料产量中占有极其重要的部分,一般仅次于建筑用量,但它在涂料的销售额中所占的比例高于建筑涂料.因此,各国涂料生产厂家非常重视汽车涂料的发展动向及开发,汽车涂料的生产和技术开发有集团化、国际化的倾向.在近10多年里,汽车涂料在其耐候性、耐石击性、外观装饰性、高艺术观赏性等方面都取得了很大的进步.但是,随着人们环保意识的增强,汽车涂料又面临种种新的课题.下面针对汽车涂料的需要,介绍一些最近开发以及正在开发的汽车涂料.     

五轴数控系统RTCP和RPCP技术应用

文章在参考了多种当前流行的五轴数控系统功能的前提下,着重分析了五轴数控系统中的RTCP功能,同时联带分析了文献中介绍较少的RPCP功能。在分析的基础上,推导了五轴数控系统的RTCP功能和RPCP功能的数学公式。为了验证推导的数学模型的正确性,开发了基于OpenGL技术的仿真软件,用来进行仿真试验。算法推导和仿真试验的成功,为后续开放式数控系统添加相应功能提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。