关注城市公共场所中的儿童活动空间

着重分析我国现阶段城市公共开放空间中儿童游戏场所的建设状况,调查儿童活动地点的区位分布及活动方式,综合其分布与特点,提出城市公共场所中儿童活动空间的营造原则.     

Collusion in two models of spatial competition with quantity-setting firms

We use the linear city model and the circular city model to investigate the relationship between collusion sustainability and firms’ distance, and between collusion sustainability and transportation costs when firms can sell different quantities at each location. We find that when transportation costs are low, collusion sustainability monotonically increases with firms’ distance, while when transportation costs are high, the relationship is non-monotonic. Higher transportation costs increase collusion sustainability. Finally, in the circular city model, welfare is higher under collusion than under competition when transportation costs are high and firms are distant enough.     

Tariff policy and transport costs under reciprocal dumping*

This paper proposes a framework, based on a reciprocal dumping model, that assesses the effects of tariff competition for mobile firms on the location patterns of the industry as well as welfare implications. While high transport costs encourage geographic dispersion in the industry, sufficiently low transport costs result in a core‐periphery location where nobody bears tariff burdens. We show that the world economy would be in a much better position under an international co‐ordination scheme, which differs from models proposed in previous studies.     

Micro‐geographies of creative industries clusters in Europe: From hot spots to assemblages

The aim of this paper is to provide basic stylized facts about the spatial patterns of location and co‐location of clusters of creative industries in Europe. The research proposes a novel methodology for detailing the spatial delimitation of clusters, based on a geo‐statistical algorithm and firm‐based micro‐data. The procedure is applied to a continuous space of 16 European countries and 15 creative industries in 2009. The investigation reveals that creative firms are highly clustered, and that clusters are concentrated in a ‘creative belt’ stretching from the South of England to the South‐east of Germany. These clusters are predominantly metropolitan, heterogeneous, cross borders, and may co‐locate to form assemblages.     

Optimal zoning in the unconstrained Hotelling game

This paper studies a zoning mechanism that gives the optimal locations of two firms in a linear city under mill prices. A regulator biased towards consumers allows a central area of the city to be shared by firms and consumers and thus firms are not allowed to locate outside the city limits. A regulator more concerned about firms extends this central zone outside the city limits and the city has a residential use only if the firms so decide. Finally, a regulator highly biased towards firms allows them to locate only beyond a set distance from the city, so there is a strip of land outside the city but close to its boundaries, for alternative uses.     

Foreign direct investment,industrial location and capital taxation

This paper demonstrates from a theoretical point of view that governments can affect the location decision of firms using tax rate on capital income as a policy instrument. We find that, in general, countries with a lower tax burden are net receivers of foreign direct investment. Furthermore, fiscal pressure interacts with the quality of infrastructures to exert a combined influence on the equilibrium location of the firms. Financial support from FEDER and project BEC2003-02271 is gratefully acknowledged.     

Optimal time for implementing cordon toll pricing scheme in a monocentric city

This paper proposes an analytical model to address the timing issue of cordon toll pricing in a monocentric city. The proposed model allows an explicit consideration of the interactions among three types of agents in the urban system: (i) the local authority who aims to jointly determine the optimal time for introducing cordon toll pricing scheme, cordon toll location and toll level to maximize social welfare of the urban system; (ii) property developers who seek to determine the intensity of their capital investment in the land market to maximize their own net profit generated from the housing supply; and (iii) households who choose residential locations that maximize their own utility within a budget constraint. The effects of the cordon toll pricing scheme on household's residential location choice and housing market structure in terms of housing price and space are explicitly considered. A comparison of the toll pricing schemes with a fixed and a mobile cordon location over time and the no toll case is carried out. The proposed model is also illustrated in several Chinese cities. Insightful findings are reported on the interactions among cordon toll pricing scheme, urban population size, household income level, toll collection cost, and urban development.     

The effects of Seoul’s greenbelt on the spatial distribution of population and employment, and on the real estate market

This paper examines the effects of Seoul’s greenbelt on the distribution of population and employment, and on the real estate market, under the assumption of the complete relaxation of the greenbelt using the random utility-based metropolitan input–output model with an endogenous land market for the Seoul metropolitan area. Simulation results show two important consequences of the greenbelt release. First, the greenbelt release would attract more residents and jobs into greenbelt zones and reduce the population and number of firms in both the central city and outer sides of the greenbelt, thereby implying the reduction of inner city densification and of development beyond the greenbelt. Second, both residential and nonresidential space rents would have declined for the whole metropolitan area from 0.4 to 13.7% had the greenbelt been completely released in 2006, thereby indicating that Seoul’s greenbelt made a contribution to raising space rents by limiting land supply.     

A combined distribution and assignment model for continuous facility location problem

Consider a general, heterogeneous geographical space with a set of competitive facilities, where the customers' demand locations from each of the facilities are continuously dispersed over the area. The total demand generated from a particular location in the space is fixed, but the demands from this location to the set of competitive facilities are subject to a distribution function with respect to the relative transportation costs to these facilities. Furthermore, we take into account congested transportation cost in characterizing customer choices. Congestion effect is explicitly built into our model by using a flow-dependent and location-dependent transportation cost function. The routing behavior of customers over the space and the user equilibrium choices of facilities are modeled by constructing a spatial user equilibrium flow pattern. The problem is formulated as a combined distribution and assignment model. An iterative algorithm between the distribution function for the choice of facilities and a mixed finite element method for route choices is proposed to solve the resulting continuous facility location problem. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Received: May 1999/Accepted: May 2000     

基于多源数据的城市公园时空活力与影响因素测度——以南京为例

公园绿地是城市中重要的公共活动场所,其使用会受到公园自身及其所处城市空间等多种因素的影响.利用手机大数据,通过对城市个体活动轨迹的识别,提取人们到访城市公园的交通出行方式,从而探寻公园出行的时空差异性.同时,通过对网络开源数据的获取,将公园的城市区位、周边环境、业态布局、自身条件和交通可达性等特征进行量化处理,并构建一...     

Location, agglomeration and infrastructure

Abstract. In this article we discuss the relationships between transportation infrastructure, firm location, agglomeration and regional development. We will argue that the spatial transaction costs faced by modern firms have changed over recent decades, and that this has changed the ways in which transportation infrastructure contributes to form location behaviour and regional economic development. Therefore, in order to analyse these issues, it is necessary to consider the spatial transaction costs faced by modern firms and to investigate the conditions under which reductions in these costs due to infrastructure improvements will allow firms to move. These complex relationships are seen to be mediated via different geography-firm-organisation structures and consideration of these is essential for any realistic evaluation of the role of transportation infrastructure.     

The world city network: Evaluating top-down versus bottom-up approaches

The growth of the knowledge economy has led to new forms of business networks linking cities and towns across different spatial scales. Various attempts have been made to analyse these networks empirically using the interlocking network model of the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) research network. Two approaches can be distinguished from a spatial perspective: a global ‘top-down’ approach that studies the world city network from the perspective of the largest advanced producer service firms, and a macro-regional ‘bottom-up’ approach that starts with the most important knowledge-intensive firms located within specific territorial boundaries. This paper compares and critically assesses the methodological implications and empirical outcomes of both approaches with reference to case studies of the German space economy. Both approaches pursue similar objectives: to investigate external relations of cities, both transnationally and on the national scale. Differences exist in the theoretical argumentation: the top-down approach is grounded in world city research; the bottom-up approach is anchored in debates in regional science and economic geography. In this paper, we argue for the need of scale-sensitive interpretations of connectivity patterns resulting from different approaches to the interlocking network model and conclude with some tentative recommendations for the methodological direction of future research in world city network studies.     

Firm relocation decisions in The Netherlands: An ordered logit approach

This article explores the determinants of firm migration in The Netherlands. First, based on the existing literature a theoretical framework is developed. Second, based on aggregate data firm relocation processes in The Netherlands are discussed in terms of numbers, sectoral composition, origins and destinations (regions), distance moved and employments effects. In the third part a formal model will be tested using individual data of firms. The relocation decisions of individual firms will be related to firm and location characteristics by means of an ordered logit model. The results indicate that the decision to relocate is mainly determined by firm internal factors and to a lesser extent by site related factors. Received 1 July 1999 / Accepted 28 November 1999     

Firm and household mobility in the presence of variations in regional characteristics

This paper examines the behavior of households and firms in the presence of variations in regional characteristics that affect their location decisions. It then determines relevant equilibrium conditions. Based on the implications of these equilibrium conditions, firm and household locations can be explained either by the dominance of firms or by the dominance of households. The results of this theory are applied to the case of 17 Arab countries. Received: November 1998/Accepted: June 2000     

城市区域规划与开放空间

城市通俗的说是一种聚落形态。我国经济飞速增长,城市人口也迅速增加。城市人口增多,建筑群越来越密集,城市的开发受到成本和空间的限制。如何合理的规划城市区域,开放城市空间是城市建设者主要思考的对象。     

Public policy,locational choice and the innovation capability of high-tech firms: A comparison between Israel and Ireland

Using survey data from Irish and Israeli firms we examine the influence of public policy on the characteristics, location and innovation capability of high-tech firms. The innovation activities of Israeli firms in Israel are found to be much more locationally sensitive than that of Irish companies. Regional policy incentives, involving the dispersal of high-tech firms to peripheral areas of Ireland are therefore likely to have had little negative effect on firms' innovation capabilities. In Israel, however, inducing highly R&D intensive firms to locate away from the main metropolitan areas may be counter-productive. Received: 28 November 2000 / Accepted: 26 September 2002     

Spatial activity and labour market patterns: A connectivity analysis of commuting flows in Germany

The spatial activity patterns of firms in a multi-regional system are closely connected with the structure and evolution of regional labour markets. Based on an extensive data set (cross-section) on commuting flows in Germany, this paper aims to identify the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and spatial labour markets, by employing in particular the concept of ‘entrepreneurial city’. A network connectivity model is adopted to assess connectivity patterns, using the power-law and exponential law as a statistical test framework, in order to detect the presence of economic activity hubs that may resemble the concept of entrepreneurial cities. Various results are presented and interpreted in the final part of the paper.     

Entrepreneurship and spatial externalities: Theory and measurement

The paper presents an empirical analysis on the role played by urbanisation and localisation economies on factor productivity of firms. A vast literature exists on this issue, conceptually presenting reasons supporting either industry size or city size as sources of external advantages. In general, the empirical analyses are based on the estimates of aggregate city or industry production functions; the limited hypotheses characterising these studies have suggested to test another methodology, based on the estimate of a production function at the firm level, and calculate how factor productivity changes according to different degrees of urbanisation and localisation economies. The methodology is applied to firms chosen in the high-tech sector, which demonstrates a high spatial concentration in particular areas of the Metropolitan Area of Milan. The result is that factor productivity is influenced by both urbanisation and localisation economies, but the latter show an increasing positive effect on factor productivity. Moreover, the size of firms plays an important role in defining the impact of urbanisation and localisation economies on firms' outcome.     

Gravitational perspectives in garbage dump siting

The purpose of this paper is to present how the gravitational model in conjunction with behavioral patterns could lead to very different collective dynamics of garbage dump locations as well as to demonstrate how existing dump locations are contingent on dwellers’ behaviors. A gravitational model that uses diverse decision making processes based on physics concepts is used to investigate potential dumping sites. The spatial interaction of this model is characterized by attractive and repulsive forces. With these concepts we developed a dynamic simulation model to demonstrate that spatial interaction processes can predict the location of current dump sites. We also show that this model is able to generate situations such as barycentric solutions or central place systems.     

京城滨水新景观——北京通州运河城市景观设计

通州运河城市景观以自然的生态理念、丰富的景观形态,在体现人文关怀的功能性主题城市开放空间中,通过设置媒体制作、国际生态住居、休闲娱乐等多种产业形态,将生态、文化等景观要素有机地穿插在城市肌理中,创造出北京地区独一无二的大尺度滨水都市空间。以“岛影、塔影、楼影、树影”为总体设计理念,规划形成“河源文化、历史人文、运河风情、运动健康、商务休闲、生态教育”六大功能主题板块。