添加剂对柴油机润滑油油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响

测定了柴油机油模拟油/蒸馏水体系的界面张力、界面剪切粘度和乳状液稳定性。结果表明,含有添加剂T154的柴油机油模拟油与蒸馏水间的界面张力明显低于无添加剂的体系的界面张力,界面剪切粘度增加,乳状液特性值比模拟油/蒸馏水体系稍大,乳状液稳定性增加;添加剂T109却使模拟油与蒸馏水体系的界面张力增大,界面剪切粘度降低,乳状液特性值比模拟油/蒸馏水体系小,乳状液稳定性降低,有一定的破乳作用。     

乳化方式及助乳化剂对蓖麻油乳化液性能的影响

分别采用恒速搅拌乳化、高剪切乳化及超声波乳化3种方式,以非离子型表面活性剂失水山梨醇单脂肪酸酯(Span)与聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单脂肪酸酯(Tween)为复合乳化剂对蓖麻油进行乳化,考察了助乳化剂正辛醇、异辛醇、十二醇对乳化体系稳定性的影响。结果表明,随助乳化剂脂肪醇碳链长度的增加,蓖麻油的乳化稳定性提高;采用超声波乳化方式可制得稳定的蓖麻油乳化液,且稀释稳定性良好。     

无机盐对新疆油田三元复合驱界面性能影响研究

界面性能对复合驱提高采收率有重大的影响,界面张力越低,洗油效率越高;Zeta电位越高,油水乳状液越稳定。研究了各类无机盐对新疆油田复合驱界面性能的影响。结果显示,Zeta电位的绝对值随着无机盐浓度的增高而增大;无机碱中,碳酸根离子降低界面张力效果最好,氢氧根次之,碳酸氢根最差;阳离子中,钾离子降低界面张力效果最好,其次是钠离子,镁离子会略微提高界面张力,钙离子则会大幅度提高界面张力;阴离子中,与硫酸根相比,氯离子能更好地降低界面张力。通过以上研究,确定了Q站污水处理站外排水更适合三元复合驱配液。     

居贝特甜菜碱对克拉玛依原油的动态界面张力行为

考察了5种含聚氧乙烯链的居贝特甜菜碱溶液与克拉玛依原油在40℃下的动态界面张力与质量分数间的关系。结果表明,对于质量分数为0.01%～0.2%的GC16(3),GC16(5)和GC16(7)体系及GC20(5)和GC20(9)体系,当碳链长度相同时,随着聚氧乙烯链的增长,界面张力逐渐升高;当聚氧乙烯数相同时,随着碳链长度的增加,界面张力降低。     

胜利坨一聚合物驱采出液油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性研究

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪测定了胜利坨一原油模拟油与采出水间的界面特性,并研究了聚合物3530S浓度对这些界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,由于采出水中含有固体悬浮物,使得过滤后采出水与原油模拟油间的界面张力和界面剪切粘度降低;模拟水中加入聚合物后,模拟水与原油模拟油间的界面张力和界面剪切粘度及油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值均增大,原油与含聚合物溶液的模拟水间所形成的W/O乳状液稳定性随聚合物浓度增加先增强后减弱,存在一个使乳状液最稳定的聚合物浓度。     

固体颗粒对油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响

采用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪,研究了固体颗粒对胜利原油油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,固体颗粒的存在使得油水界面张力及界面剪切粘度增加,O/W型乳状液的稳定性增加,而且随固体颗粒浓度增加,乳状液稳定性增强;在0.21~500μm范围内,固体颗粒粒径减小,其与原油形成的O/W乳状液稳定性增强,乳状液内部油珠表面Zeta电位负值增加。     

假酸浆子胶质的乳化性评价

评价了假酸浆子胶质的乳化性。结果表明,假酸浆子胶质能降低油水界面张力;乳状液稳定性随胶质质量浓度增加而增强,加油量增多而下降。乳化温度和贮存温度越高,乳状液越不稳定。胶质溶液pH改变胶质溶液的黏度进而影响乳状液稳定性。pH=3时,胶质溶液乳化活性(emulsion ability,EA)和乳化稳定性(emulsionstability index,ESI)达最高值,分别为1.247和63.353 h。乳状液粒径随质量浓度和均质压力增大而减小。均质压力过大会导致乳状液放置后易聚集而不稳定,合适的均质压力为5 MPa。     

Studies on petroleum sulphonates: Correlation between their chemical structure and the oil—Water emulsion stability characteristics

The average molecular weight distribution, emulsion stability of oil—water emulsion, the chemical structure of the hydrocarbon portions of petroleum sulphonates, and surface active properties have been determined with a view to establishing a correlation between the chemical structure of petroleum sulphonates and their emulsion stability characteristics. It has been found that the emulsion stability of oil—water emulsions imparted by sodium petroleum sulphonates depends on: (i) average molecular weight of sodium petroleum sulphonates; (ii) their molecular weight distribution; (iii) oil—water interfacial tension; (iv) hydrophile—lipophile balance values. The structural parameters which predominantly effect the emulsion stability are the ratio of the percentage distribution of carbon atoms in paraffin side chains to the percentage distribution of carbon atoms, the aromatic rings (C_P/C_A), the relative proportions of long chain mono-aromatics and the orientation of the sulphonate group relative to the paraffin alkyl chains in the molecules.     

Interfacial tension and density measurement of the system corn germ oil – carbon dioxide at low temperatures

In this article, the physical properties of corn germ oil at high pressures of up to 30 MPa and at low temperatures from ?10 °C to 22 °C are presented. We measured the interfacial tension of the commercially available corn germ oil Mazola® and of unrefined corn germ oil in contact with carbon dioxide, as well as the density of carbon dioxide‐saturated corn germ oil. The interfacial tension of refined and unrefined corn germ oil in contact with gaseous carbon dioxide at temperatures above ?10 °C depends on time, while at higher pressures the equilibrium value of the interfacial tension is reached immediately after the formation of the drops or bubbles. The interfacial tension of unrefined corn germ oil in contact with carbon dioxide is higher than the interfacial tension of refined corn germ oil. This fact is explained in this article. The interfacial tension of refined and of unrefined corn germ oil in contact with carbon dioxide decrease with rising pressure and can be described as a function of the carbon dioxide density for the examined temperature range. The density of carbon dioxide‐saturated corn germ oil is linearly dependent on pressure, with a high slope if carbon dioxide is gaseous and with a low slope if carbon dioxide is liquid.     

胜利坨11南交联聚合物驱采出液油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性研究

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪测定了胜利坨11南原油模拟油与采出水间的界面特性,研究了聚合物、交联剂及弱凝胶对这些界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,模拟水中加入聚合物、弱凝胶后,模拟水与原油模拟油间的界面张力、界面剪切粘度和油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值增加,原油与含聚合物和弱凝胶的模拟水间所形成的W/O和O/W乳状液稳定性随聚合物、弱凝胶浓度增加而增强;交联剂对原油模拟油与模拟水间的界面性质及所形成的乳状液稳定性影响很小。     

Factors affecting oil/water interfacial tension in detergent systems: Nonionic surfactants and nonpolar oils

Because earlier model detergency studies have shown that oil/water interfacial tension is critically important in oil removal processes, factors affecting the interfacial tension between detergent-range nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil have been examined. For a given hydrophobe, equilibrium interfacial tension values increase with the length of the ethylene oxide chain in the hydrophile, because of the attendant decrease in overall surface activity. For a given degree of ethoxylation, commercial nonlphenol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than their secondary alcohol-based counterparts, and these in turn are more effective than commercial primary alcohol ethoxylates. Furthermore, monodisperse primary alcohol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than broad-range ethoxylates with similar cloud points. This observed order of effectiveness is attributed in part to variations in the extent of fractionation that occur as nonionic surfactants divide between the oil and water phases. Equilibrium interfacial tension values produced by commercial nonionic surfactants are significantly more dependent on concentration and temperature than those obtained with monodisperse ethoxylates. However, the time-course for lowering interfacial tension exhibited by monodisperse ethoxylates varies with concentration and temperature to a greater extent than that displayed by commercial products. These findings are accounted for by the combined effects of the changes in relative surface activity and partitioning that occur as the concentration and temperature are varied. An imidazoline-based quaternary fabric softener markedly increases the interfacial tension immediately following phase contact, whereas equilibrium values are only slightly higher in the presence of the softener. Appatently, preferential adsorption of the softener occurs at the interface, followed by adsorption of the nonionic surfactant at the new softener/water interface. Builders and electrolytes have no significant effect on the interfacial tension between aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil. Terg-O-Tometer results demonstrate the correlation between oil/water interfacial tension and detergency.     

石油磺酸盐对原油界面性质及其乳状液稳定性的影响

The influence of petroleum sulphonate （TRS） on interfacial properties and stability of the emulsions formed by formation water and asphaltene, resin and crude model oils from Gudong crude oil was investigated by measurement of interfacial shear viscosity, interfacial tension （IFT） and emulsion stability. With increasing petroleum sulphonate concentration, IFT between the formation water and the asphaltene, resin and crude model oils decreases significantly. The interfacial shear viscosity and emulsion stability of asphaltene and crude model oil system increase for the petroleum sulphonate concentration in the range 0.1% to 0.3%, and decrease slightly when the concentration of the surfactant is 0.5%. There exists a close correlation between the interfacial shear viscosity and the stability of the emulsions formed by asphaltene or crude model oils and petroleum sulphonate solution. The stability of the emulsions is determined by the strength of the interfacial film formed of petroleum sulphonate molecules and the natural interfacial active components in the asphaltene fraction and the crude oil. The asphaltene in the crude oil plays a major role in determining the interfacial properties and the stability of the emulsions.     

Tuning Interfacial Activity of Polymeric Resin–Surfactant/<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alcohol Solution Interactions

Measurements of surface tension were carried out for several aqueous solutions of different amphiphilic systems. This research studied the interaction between two polymeric resins (more structure definition) (PR) and nonyl phenol ethoxylates (NP) with degrees of ethoxylation varying from 10 to 20 ethylene oxide groups. The results show that in mixtures of PR and NP₂₀EO, the adsorption on the surface was lower, with the molecules tending to remain within the liquid. On the other hand, mixtures of PR and NP₁₀EO have resulted in greater surface adsorption. The effect of the added alcohols was to tune the interfacial activity of the PR as function of the PR and alcohol concentrations. The general tendency of the surface tension curves to decrease with increasing PR/alcohol concentration in solutions was not significantly modified with the addition of alcohols; however, the surface tension values changed due to the addition of alcohols and a model is proposed to explain these changes, as they depend on both alcohol chain length and the PR/alcohol concentration. An emulsion stability test was performed on polymeric resins–surfactant systems to determine the correlation between their surface properties. Nonionic surfactants present in these mixtures are mainly responsible for the emulsion stability. It was concluded that mixtures of the less hydrophilic PR (PR_B) with NP₁₀EO have good interfacial properties, including a high interfacial concentration and a low critical micellar concentration.     

丙烯酰胺聚合物与发泡剂对油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响

用界面张力仪、表面黏弹性仪和Zeta电位仪研究了胜利埕东油田聚合物强化泡沫复合驱中聚合物和/或发泡剂质量浓度对油水界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响.结果表明,随聚合物质量浓度增加,模拟水与原油模拟油间油水界面张力、界面剪切黏度和油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值增大;而随发泡剂质量浓度增加,模拟水与原油模拟油间的界面张力降低,界面剪切黏度有所增加,但变化幅度很小,油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值增大;原油模拟油与含聚合物和发泡剂的模拟水间所形成的W/O乳状液稳定性随聚合物和/或发泡剂质量浓度增加而增强.     

Preparation and properties of sodium alkyl sulfoacetates

The preparation and properties for a homologous series of sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates, containing 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms are described. The sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates were prepared from monochloroacetic acid, sodium sulfite and corresponding higher alcohol. The Krafft point, c.m.c. value, surface tension, solubilizing power, emulsifying power, foaming power, and calcium ion stability and resistance to acid hydrolysis were measured as the properties of these compounds. The c.m.c. values at 40 C obtained by electrical conductivity were related to the alkyl carbon number (N) of the compounds by log c.m.c.=4.852–0.301 N. Solubilizing power, emulsifying power and foaming power increased with the number of carbon atoms of alkyl chain in the surfactant. But the calcium ion stability and resistance to the acid hydrolysis decreased with an increase in the length of the hydrophobic portion.     

三次采油用烷基苯磺酸盐弱碱体系的研究

通过对抚顺洗涤剂化学厂的烷基苯进行切割处理,合成了平均烷基碳链长度为C14、C17、C20、C23的烷基苯磺酸钠。经过复配,在弱碱(Na2CO3)条件下研究了大庆三厂油/水的界面张力、稳定性和驱油效率。结果表明:以平均烷基碳链长度在17左右的烷基苯磺酸盐为主剂进行复配后,得到的样品可以在弱碱条件下,使大庆三厂的油/水界面张力在较宽的碱质量分数〔w(Na2CO3)=0.2%~0.8%〕及表面活性剂质量分数〔w(表面活性剂)=0.025%~0.2%〕条件下维持在超低水平(10-3mN/m),并能保持长期稳定,驱油效率比水驱提高20%以上。     

聚合物3530S对坨一原油各组分油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性影响

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪研究了聚合物3530S对胜利坨一原油各组分模型油与模拟水间的界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,沥青质及胶质模型油与模拟水间的界面张力低于蜡组分模型油,原油中的界面活性组分主要为沥青质和胶质。聚合物加入模拟水后,含有聚合物的模拟水与沥青质、胶质及蜡组分模型油之间的界面剪切粘度与界面张力均上升,油滴表面的Zeta电位降低。沥青质和胶质模型油与含聚合物3530S的模拟水所形成的W/O乳状液较蜡组分模型油所形成的W/O乳状液更稳定。     

Interfacial Tensions of Ethoxylated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Solutions Against Crude Oil

The dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of ethoxylated fatty acid methyl ester solutions against n‐alkanes, kerosene, and diluted heavy oil have been investigated by spinning drop interfacial tensiometry. The influences of ethylene oxide (EO) groups and alkyl chain length on IFT were investigated. The experiment results show that the water solubility decreases with an increase in alkyl chain length or a decrease in EO groups. The ability to lower the interfacial tension against hydrocarbons improves with both increasing alkyl chain length and EO group at the best hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, which can be attributed to the enhancement of the interfacial hydrophobic interactions and the rearrangement of interfacial surfactant molecules. The mixed adsorption of surfactant molecules and surface‐active components may reduce IFT to a lower value. C₁₈=E₃ shows the best synergism with surface‐active components. However, the IFT values against pure crude oil are obviously higher than those against hydrocarbons, which may be caused by the nature of heavy oil.     

Effect of mixing protocol on formation of fine emulsions

Emulsions are usually stabilised with a mixture of surfactants with different hydrophilicity. The initial partitioning of surfactants between the dispersed phase and continuous phase, and how these phases are brought into contact, can significantly affect the emulsification processes. Dynamic-phase behaviour maps were prepared to allow for a systematic investigation of the effects of emulsification routes on emulsion properties. Six semibatch modes of additions with constant surfactant concentration across the routes were selected. For a target cyclohexane-in-water emulsion using a pair of polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether surfactants with a specified HLB and water volume fraction, fine droplets could form only if water dissolving the water-soluble surfactant was added to the oil dissolving the oil-soluble surfactant. This route allowed the transitional inversion to occur and as a result fine droplets were formed due to an ultra-low interfacial tension. The addition of water dissolving the water-soluble surfactant to oil dissolving the oil-soluble surfactant, direct emulsification method, produced by far large droplets because of a rather high interfacial tension. In a series of experiment, the semibatch direct and phase-inversion emulsification method, were assimilated in situ. The impeller location was used as a variable that controls which phase is added as the dispersed phase. The location of impeller in relation to the interface did not affect the emulsion drop size at a high agitation rate, but it did at a low agitation rate. Under low agitation speed and when the impeller was placed in the oil phase, the oil layer progressively, but slowly, dragged the water phase and eventually inverted to an oil-in-water emulsion, indicating that transitional-phase inversion has locally occurred in the oil layer. At a high agitation speed the mechanical energy provided by the impeller homogenised the emulsion instantaneously and did not allow the optimum formulation and the associated ultra-low interfacial tension to be reached regardless of location of the impeller. A high impeller speed increased drop size by transforming the transition inversion mechanism to a catastrophic mechanism under which the size of drops is mainly determined by the mechanical energy provided. This paper aims to show how some of the complexities involved in emulsification processes can be explained by consulting with dynamic-phase maps.     

The Phase Inversion Properties of a Non-ionic Surfactant and its Performance for Treatment of Oily Wastewater Produced from Polymer Flooding

The treatment of oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding (OWPF) is a big problem for offshore oilfields. A non-ionic surfactant named poloxyproylenated-poloxyethyleneated hydrogenated tallow alkyl secondary amine (PPHTA) was prepared. The relationship between its interfacial tension and temperature and the result of conductivity measurement showed that its phase inversion temperature (PIT) was about 60°C and it had good interfacial activity. Then, OWPF was treated by PPHTA. It was interesting that the PPHTA had a good performance for treatment of OWPF at the temperature which was higher than its PIT. At 63°C, after the treatment by PPHTA at dosage of 800 mg/L, the oil content in OWPF changed from 4724 mg/L to 72 mg/L. The reason was discussed and it was proposed that the PPHTA can displace the natural active agents in OWPF and form a new oil-PPHTA-water emulsion. When the temperature increased, the hydrophilic- lipophilic deviation (HLD) of oil-PPHTA-water moved to zero and the emulsion stability decreased. At the PIT, the most unstable emulsion was formed and it was destroyed after stirring. In addition, it is important to note that the floc of PPHTA was composed of oil drops and was not viscous. The result was different from the viscous floc caused by the cationic polymer.