A Multi-objective Optimal Task Scheduling in Cloud Environment Using Cuckoo Particle Swarm Optimization

In cloud computing, varied demands are placed on the constantly changing resources. The task scheduling place very vital role in cloud computing environments, this scheduling process needs to schedule the tasks to virtual machine while reducing the makespan and cost. The task scheduling problem comes under NP hard category. Efficient scheduling method makes cloud computing services better and faster. In general, optimization algorithms are used to solve the scheduling issues in cloud. So, in this paper we combined two optimization algorithms namely called as Cuckoo Search (CS) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).The new proposed hybrid algorithm is called as, CS and particle swarm optimization (CPSO). Our main purpose of the proposed paper is to reduce the makespan, cost and deadline violation rate. The performance of the proposed CPSO algorithm is evaluated using cloudsim toolkit. From the simulation results our proposed works minimize the makespan, cost, deadline violation rate, when compared to PBACO, ACO, MIN–MIN, and FCFS.

     

Energy-Aware Loop Scheduling and Assignment for Multi-Core,Multi-Functional-Unit Architecture

Switching activity and instruction cycles are two of the most important factors in power dissipation when the supply voltage is fixed. This paper studies the scheduling and assignment problems that minimize the total energy caused by both instruction processing and switching activities for applications with loops on multi-core, multi-Functional-Unit (multi-FU) architectures. An algorithm, EMPLS (Energy Minimization with Probability using Loop Scheduling), is proposed to minimize the total energy (E) while satisfying timing constraint (L) with guaranteed probability (P). We perform scheduling and assignment simultaneously. Our approach shows better performance than the approaches that consider scheduling and assignment in separate phases. Compared with previous work, our algorithm exhibits significant improvement in total energy reduction.     

Peak Temperature Minimization via Task Allocation and Splitting for Heterogeneous MPSoC Real-Time Systems

With the continued scaling of the CMOS devices, the exponential increase in power density has strikingly elevated the temperature of on-chip systems. Thus, thermal-aware design has become a pressing research issue in computing system, especially for real-time embedded systems with limited cooling techniques. In this paper, the authors formulate the thermal-aware real-time multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) task allocation and scheduling problem, present a task-to-processor assignment heuristics that improves the thermal profiles of tasks, and propose a task splitting policy that reduces the on-chip peak temperature. The thermal profiles of tasks are improved via task mapping by minimizing task steady state temperatures, and the task splitting technique is applied to reduce the peak temperature by enabling the alternation of hot task execution and slack time. The proposed algorithms explicitly exploits thermal characteristics of both tasks and processors to minimize the peak temperature without incurring significant overheads. Extensive simulations of benchmarking tasks were performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Experimental results have shown that the task steady state temperature achieved by the proposed algorithm is 3.57 °C lower on average as compared to the benchmarking schemes, and the peak temperature of the proposed algorithm can be up to 11.5 % lower than that of the benchmarking schemes     

Online task interleaving scheduling for the digital array radar

Aiming at the task scheduling problem in the DAR (digital array radar), an online task interleaving scheduling algorithm is proposed. The full structure of the DAR task is explicitly considered in a way that the waiting duration can be utilized to transmit or receive subtasks, which is called the task interleaving, as well as the receiving durations of different tasks can be overlapped. The algorithm decomposes the task interleaving analysis into the time resource constraint analysis and the energy resource constraint analysis, and online schedules all kinds of tasks that can be interleaved. Thereby the waiting durations and receiving durations can be fully utilized. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the successfully scheduling ratio by 73%, the high value ratio by 86% and the time utilization ratio by 55% compared with the HPEDF (highest priority and earliest deadline first) algorithm.     

最早截止期优先算法在CAN FD网络中的改进

针对应用于CAN FD网络中的调度算法,平均分区编码方式的最早截止期算法对报文进行非抢占调度时,其对大范围的截止期编码能力有限,报文易出现较大概率优先级反转以及总线负载较高等问题。通过分析造成报文传递延迟的各种原因并结合之前相关分区调度算法的不足,文中提出了基于指数–幂函数分区的最早截止期优先算法对报文进行调度的改进方式,即在对报文的截止期进行指数分区的基础上,进一步采用幂函数分区细分。文中对该算法的可调度性进行了分析,并使用CANoe进行了仿真验证。实验表明,与现有的平均分区调度算法相比,改进后的算法扩大了截止期的表示范围,降低了总线负载,优化了优先级反转问题,达到了更好的调度效果。     

Energy-efficient packet transmission over a wireless link

The paper considers the problem of minimizing the energy used to transmit packets over a wireless link via lazy schedules that judiciously vary packet transmission times. The problem is motivated by the following observation. With many channel coding schemes, the energy required to transmit a packet can be significantly reduced by lowering transmission power and code rate and therefore transmitting the packet over a longer period of time. However, information is often time-critical or delay-sensitive and transmission times cannot be made arbitrarily long. We therefore consider packet transmission schedules that minimize energy subject to a deadline or a delay constraint. Specifically, we obtain an optimal offline schedule for a node operating under a deadline constraint. An inspection of the form of this schedule naturally leads us to an online schedule which is shown, through simulations, to perform closely to the optimal offline schedule. Taking the deadline to infinity, we provide an exact probabilistic analysis of our offline scheduling algorithm. The results of this analysis enable us to devise a lazy online algorithm that varies transmission times according to backlog. We show that this lazy schedule is significantly more energy-efficient compared to a deterministic (fixed transmission time) schedule that guarantees queue stability for the same range of arrival rates.     

Optimal Dynamic Voltage Scaling in Energy-Limited Nonpreemptive Systems with Real-Time Constraints

Dynamic voltage scaling is used in energy-limited systems as a means of conserving energy and prolonging their life. We consider a setting in which the tasks performed by such a system are nonpreemptive and aperiodic. Our objective is to control the processing rate over different tasks so as to minimize energy subject to hard real-time processing constraints. Under any given task scheduling policy, we prove that the optimal solution to the offline version of the problem can be efficiently obtained by exploiting the structure of optimal sample paths, leading to a new dynamic voltage scaling algorithm termed the critical task decomposition algorithm (CTDA). The efficiency of the algorithm rests on the existence of a set of critical tasks that decompose the optimal sample path into decoupled segments within which optimal processing times are easily determined. The algorithm is readily extended to an online version of the problem as well. Its worst-case complexity of both offline and online problems is O(N²)     

Relax online resource allocation algorithms for D2D communication

Maximizing the system sumrate by sharing the resource blocks among the cellular user equipments and the D2D (device to device) pairs while maintaining the quality of service is an important research question in a D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. The problem can be optimally solved in offline by using the weighted bipartite matching algorithm. However, in long‐term evolution and beyond (4G and 5G) systems, scheduling algorithms should be very efficient where the optimal algorithm is quite complex to implement. Hence, a low complexity algorithm that returns almost the optimal solution can be an alternative to this research problem. In this paper, we propose 2 less complex stable matching–based relax online algorithms those exhibit very close to the optimal solution. Our proposed algorithms deal with fixed number of cellular user equipments and a variable number of D2D pairs those arrive in the system online. Unlike online matching algorithms, we consider that an assignment can be revoked if it improves the objective function (total system sumrate). However, we want to minimize the number of revocation (ie, the number of changes in the assignments) as a large number of changes can be expensive for the networks too. We consider various offline algorithms proposed for the same research problem as relaxed online algorithms. Through extensive simulations, we find that our proposed algorithms outperform all of the algorithms in terms of the number of changes in assignment between 2 successive allocations while maintaining the total system sumrate very close to the optimal algorithm.     

Optimal Semi-Partitioned Scheduling in Soft Real-Time Systems

Semi-partitioned real-time scheduling algorithms extend partitioned ones by allowing a (usually small) subset of tasks to migrate. The first such algorithm to be proposed was directed at soft real-time (SRT) sporadic task systems where bounded deadline tardiness is acceptable. That algorithm, called EDF-fm, has the desirable property that migrations are boundary-limited, i.e., they can only occur at job boundaries. However, it is not optimal because per-task utilization restrictions are required. In this paper, a new optimal semi-partitioned scheduling algorithm for SRT sporadic task systems is proposed that eliminates such restrictions. This algorithm, called EDF-os, preserves the boundary-limited property. In overhead-aware schedulability experiments presented herein, EDF-os proved to be better than all other tested alternatives in terms of schedulability in almost all considered scenarios. It also proved capable of ensuring very low tardiness bounds, which were near zero in most considered scenarios.     

A low power scheduling scheme with resources operating at multiplevoltages

This paper presents resource and latency constrained scheduling algorithms to minimize power/energy consumption when the resources operate at multiple voltages (5 V, 3.3 V, 2.4 V, and 1.5 V). The proposed algorithms are based on efficient distribution of slack among the nodes in the data-flow graph. The distribution procedure tries to implement the minimum energy relation derived using the Lagrange multiplier method in an iterative fashion. Two algorithms are proposed, 1) a low complexity O(n²) algorithm and 2) a high complexity O(n² log(L)) algorithm, where n is the number of nodes and L is the latency. Experiments with some HLS benchmark examples show that the proposed algorithms achieve significant power/energy reduction. For instance, when the latency constraint is 1.5 times the critical path delay, the average reduction is 39%     

动态优先级下防空相控阵雷达在线交错调度算法

针对防空相控阵雷达中时间资源分配主观性强、利用率低的问题,结合任务内部结构,提出一种新的在线交错调度算法.该算法在将任务的重要性和紧急性均置于动态优先级的基础上,使得雷达任务收、发波束之间的等待期可以用来执行其它任务的发射期或接收期.仿真结果表明,相比于任务模式优先级加截止期的调度算法,所提算法的调度成功率、时间利用率和执行威胁率均得到有效提升.     

Module replication and assignment for real-time distributed processing systems

Response time is an important design criterion for real-time systems. A new analytic model is developed to estimate task response time. It considers such factors as interprocessor communication, module precedence relationship, module scheduling, interconnection network delay, and assignment of modules and files to computers. Since module assignment as well as its replication have great impact on task response time, a new algorithm is developed to iteratively search for module assignments and replications that reduce task response time. An objective function is introduced that is based on the sum of task response time and delay penalty for the violations of thread response time requirements. With this objective function, good module allocations and replications, which minimize task response time and yet satisfy the thread response time requirements, can be determined by the proposed algorithm. To validate the algorithm, we compare the assignments generated by the algorithm for some sample distributed systems to the optimal module assignments obtained from exhaustive search. It shows that with a very small number of initial module assignments, our algorithm is able to generate the optimal or close-to-optimal assignments. The algorithm is also applied to a real-time distributed system for space defense applications where exhaustive search for the optimal assignment is not feasible. The generated module assignments (with replications) satisfy the specified thread response times, and compare closely with the simulation results. A series of experiments is also performed to characterize the behavior of the algorithm. In conclusion, the algorithm can serve as a valuable tool for assigning modules with replications for distributed systems.     

动态电压调整多处理器实时系统任务调度

动态电压调整DVS（Dynamic Voltage Scaling）是根据处理器电压（速度）降低之后，能量消耗平方级的减少这一原理提出的。文章通过DVS机制在多处理器实时系统中进行任务调度．通过对任务调度中的静态能量管理进行分析，在此基础上提出了一种新的基于DVS的适用于多处理器实时系统中的调度算法。这种新的调度算法是通过对贪婪法调度进行研究，发现其不足．并以此为基础进行改进。结合了动态电压调整的多处理器实时系统任务调度的能量消耗比普通的任务调度能量消耗有了很大的改善。     

基于多核处理器的节能任务调度方法

由于关系到系统的安全性及散热代价等方面,能耗问题已经成为嵌入式系统研究的重点。对于多核处理器上具有依赖关系的周期性硬实时任务,设计了一种基于动态电压调节的节能任务调度方法。该方法首先用RDAG算法将任务独立化,然后以功耗最低为原则,采用遗传算法确定任务映射。基于Intel PXA270功耗模型,采用了几个随机任务集进行仿真实验,结果表明该方法比现有的方法节省了20%～30%的能耗。     

计算经济模式下的动态网格资源调度算法研究

在计算经济模式下，为调节网格资源供需分配提出了一个基于用户服务需求的计算经济框架。这个框架通过经济学驱动截止期和预算约束根据用户的需求，分配资源到应用任务。提出了一种基于计算经济的网格资源动态调度算法，主要针对网格资源由于计算能力不同而花费代价不同而提出，利用启发式搜索技术，综合考虑了任务的截止期、预算约束、最早可能执行时间等不同因素，通过一个新的资源分配策略实现了时间一代价的最优化．提高了资源调度的成功率。     

Application-directed voltage scaling

Clock (and voltage) scheduling is an important technique to reduce the energy consumption of processors that support voltage scaling. It is difficult, however, to achieve good results using only statistics from the operating system level when applications show bursty (unpredictable) behavior. We take the approach that such applications must be made power-aware and specify their average execution time (AET) and the deadline to the scheduler controlling the clock speed and processor voltage. This paper describes our energy priority scheduling (EPS) algorithm supporting power-aware applications. EPS orders tasks according to how tight their deadlines are and how often tasks overlap. Low-priority tasks are scheduled first, since they can be easily preempted to accommodate for high-priority tasks later. The EPS algorithm does not always yield the optimal schedule, but has a low complexity. We have implemented EPS on a StrongARM-based variable-voltage platform. We conducted experiments with a modified video decoder that estimates the AET of each frame. Measurements show that application-directed voltage scaling reduces processor power consumption with 50% for the bursty video decoder without missing any frame deadlines.     

Energy-aware scheduling with probabilistic deadline constraints in wireless networks

In a shared-medium wireless network, an effective technique that allows for a tradeoff of message transmission time for energy savings is to transmit messages over multiple smaller hops as opposed to using the long direct source-destination hop. In this context, we address the problem of scheduling messages with probabilistic deadline constraints. Unlike most other works in this area, we consider the practical aspects of the erroneous channel condition and the receiver energy consumption while solving the scheduling problem. Our solution is three fold – first we prove that the problem is NP-hard. We then present an Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulation for the scheduling problem. Finally, we present efficient heuristic scheduling algorithms which minimize the energy consumption while providing the required guarantees. Our simulation studies show that the proposed heuristic algorithms achieve energy savings comparable to that obtained using the linear programming methodology under practical channel conditions.     

布谷鸟粒子群优化算法的多目标任务调度

高效的调度方法促使云计算更快更好地服务,一般采用优化算法来解决云计算中的调度问题。将布谷鸟搜索(CS)和粒子群优化(PSO)两种算法相结合,提出多目标布谷鸟粒子群优化算法(MO-CPSO),主要目的是提高云计算的服务质量。使用Cloudsim仿真工具对MO-CPSO算法的性能进行了评估。仿真结果表明,与CS、ACO和Min-Min算法相比,MO-CPSO算法使makespan、开销和截止时间违背率均最小。     

Energy Efficient Real-Time Task Scheduling for Embedded Systems with Hybrid Main Memory

Available energy becomes a critical design issue for the increasingly complex real-time embedded systems. Phase Change Memory (PCM), with high density and low idle power, has recently been extensively studied as a promising alternative of DRAM. Hybrid PCM-DRAM main memory architecture has been proposed to leverage the low power of PCM and high speed of DRAM. In this paper, we propose energy-aware real-time task scheduling strategies for hybrid PCM-DRAM based embedded systems. Given the execution time variation when a task is loaded into PCM or DRAM, we re-design the static table-driven scheduling for a set of fixed tasks, as well as the Rate-Monotonic (RM) and Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling policies for periodic task sets. Furthermore, since the actual execution time can be much shorter than the worst-case execution time in the actual execution, we propose online schedulers which migrates the tasks between PCM and DRAM to optimize the energy consumption by utilizing the slack time resulted from the completed tasks. All the proposed algorithms minimize the number of task migrations from PCM to DRAM by ensuring that aperiodic tasks are not migrated while each periodic task instance can be migrated at most once. Experimental results show our proposed scheduling algorithms satisfy the real-time constraints and significantly reduce the energy consumption.     

基于5G边缘计算的智能电网高性价比任务调度

针对智能电网环境中电力数据量庞大且对处理时效性要求高的问题,将5G边缘计算引入智能电网系统.研究了基于5G边缘计算的智能电网任务调度问题,在满足电网任务完成需求的同时,最大限度地降低成本.基于此提出了一种基于贪心策略的启发式任务调度算法,通过与两种算法在包括输入任务数、传输数据大小和延迟要求等参数下的比较,验证了所提算...