Effect of large amounts of natural pozzolan addition on properties of blended cements

In this study, the effects of 35, 45, and 55 wt.% natural pozzolan addition on the properties of blended cement pastes and mortars were investigated. Blended cements with 450 m²/kg Blaine fineness were produced from a Turkish volcanic tuff in a laboratory mill by intergrinding portland cement clinker, natural pozzolan, and gypsum. The cements were tested for particle size distribution, setting time, heat of hydration, compressive strength, alkali-silica activity, and sulfate resistance. Cement pastes were tested by TGA for Ca(OH)₂ content and by XRD for the crystalline hydration products. The compressive strength of the mortars made with blended cements containing large amounts of natural pozzolan was lower than that of the portland cement at all tested ages up to 91 days. Blended cements containing large amounts of pozzolan exhibited much less expansion with respect to portland cement in accelerated alkali-silica test and in a 36-week sulfate immersion test.     

Differential comminution of gypsum in cements ground in different mills

Identical mixes containing fixed amounts of ordinary Portland cement clinker and gypsum were ground in two types of industrial cement mills—viz. ball mill (BM) and vertical roller mill (VRM)—to identical Blaine fineness to examine the effect of any possible differential comminution of gypsum on cement setting times. The present investigation demonstrates that during comminution of cements, the degree of crystallinity of gypsum, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), changes with used grinding mills and this causes changes in setting times of similar cements even when ground to identical Blaine fineness.     

Effect of material characteristics on the properties of blended cements containing high volumes of natural pozzolans

The effect of three different natural pozzolans from Turkish deposits on the properties of blended cements produced by intergrinding cement clinker with a high volume of natural pozzolan (55 wt.% of the cementitious material) was investigated. The particle size distribution of blended cements, setting time, heat of hydration, and compressive strength of blended cement mortars were determined. Experimental results showed that the hardness of the pozzolanic material strongly influenced the particle size distribution and the related properties of the blended cements by affecting the fineness of the components of the blended product. The early strength of the mortars was strongly affected by the particle size distribution of blended cements, whereas the strength development performance of the mortars was more related to the pozzolanic activity of the natural pozzolan present in the blended cement.     

Grindability of some additions and its significance in the production of mixed cements

Grinding tests were conducted in a laboratory steel ball mill, to investigate the grind-ability of some natural and artificial materials as “additions” for incorporation in Portland cement. Strength tests were performed on mixed cements composed of 71% Portland cement clinker, 25% addition and 4% gypsum. In one series of experiments, the components of the mixed cement were separately ground and in another one they were simultaneously ground. It was found from surface production curves and from compressive strength data that when materials which are harder to grind than clinker such as sand are interground with clinker, the resulting cement develops higher early strength than a corresponding cement in which the pozzolanic addition is softer than clinker. For materials which are softer to grind than clinker, separate grinding of the cement components is better than combined grinding, particularly for the development of early strength.     

The permeability of Portland limestone cement concrete

The effect of limestone addition on the air permeability, water permeability, sorptivity, and porosity of limestone cement concrete has been investigated. Six Portland limestone cements (PLCs) with different limestone content (10-35% w/w) were produced by intergrinding clinker, gypsum, and limestone. A water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.70-0.62—depending on the cement strength class—was used to prepare concrete of the compressive strength class C20/25 of EN 206-1. A modified commercial triaxial cell for 100-mm-diameter samples was used for the determination of the gas (N₂) and the water permeability of concretes. In addition, the sorptivity and porosity of the samples were measured, while thin sections of the concrete specimens were examined by means of optical microscopy. It is concluded that the PLC concrete indicates competitive properties with the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Furthermore, the limestone addition has a positive effect on the water permeability and the sorptivity of concrete.     

Studies on high-performance blended/multiblended cements and their durability characteristics

Number of blends were prepared by intergrinding clinker, gypsum, fly ash, calcined clay, microsilica and limestone in laboratory ball mill in varying percentages, and their physical properties such as fineness, consistency, setting time and compressive strength have been determined. The durability tests on selected compositions were also conducted by exposing the mortar cubes separately in 5% Na₂SO₄ and 5% NaCl solutions till the age of 90 and 180 days. The performance was observed by compressive strength development criteria after various length of exposure. Results have been discussed and found that the durability of blended cement is higher than the ordinary Portland cement.     

The effect of particle size distribution on the properties of blended cements incorporating GGBFS and natural pozzolan (NP)

This paper investigates the effect of particle size distribution on the properties of blended cements incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and natural pozzolan (NP). Pure Portland cement (PPC), NP and GGBFS were used to obtain blended cements that contain 10, 20, 30% additives. The cements were produced by intergrinding and separate grinding and then blending. Each group had two different Blaine fineness of 280 m²/g and 480 m²/g. According to the particle size distribution (PSD) curves, 46% of the coarser specimens and 69% of the finer specimens passed through the 20 μm sieve. It was observed that the separately ground specimens were relatively finer than the interground ones and had higher compressive strength and sulfate resistance. The separately ground coarser specimens had the lowest heat of hydration. The separately ground finer specimens, which had the highest compressive strength and sulfate resistance, had the highest percent passing for each sieve size. For these specimens 34, 69, 81 and 99% passed through 5, 20, 30 and 55 μm sieves, respectively. For the interground specimens, which had the same fineness, the respective values for the same sieves were 32, 68, 75 and 94%.     

Properties of alite cements

For carrying out a comprehensive investigation on physical and mechanical properties of alite mortars and concretes, large quantities of monoclinic alite were produced at the University of California at Berkeley. Laboratory-size specimens were employed to determine strength, drying shrinkage, and sulfate resisting characteristics of mortars and concretes made with alite cements. Small amounts of gypsum (3%) addition accelerated the setting and hardening of the alite cements, however, large amounts (6%) resulted in strength deterioration. Drying shrinkage of alite concretes was significantly lower than portland cement concretes of the same fineness. Long term sulfate immersion of concrete specimens made with an alite cement caused serious spalling and strength loss.     

Mechanical behaviour of various mortars made by combined fly ash and limestone in Moroccan Portland cement

Physico-chemical properties and mechanical behaviour of ternary cements made by Portland cement, fly ash and limestone are studied. The mixtures at various compositions of clinker, gypsum fly ash and limestone are intimately ground and compared to other compositions without fly ash. Blended fly ash cements are also studied. The results show that fly ash acts as grinding agent by reducing the required time to obtain the same percentage of particles retained on a 80-μm sieve as the standard cement. Fly ash cements lead to an important extension of setting time than limestone cements. The replacement of clinker by limestone gives better mechanical strengths than the mixtures containing fly ash at early days; after 28 days, the cements prepared by incorporation of fly ash gain an important strength. From mechanical point of view, an optima dosage was obtained at 77% clinker, 2% gypsum, 7.5% fly ash and 13% limestone composition.     

助磨介质作用下旋窑熟料微细化过程及其效果评价

通过对助磨介质作用下不同粉磨细度的旋窑熟料所配制的硅酸盐水泥的物理性能检测,对助磨介质作用下旋窑熟料的微细化效果进行了评价。结果表明,对水泥熟料来说,早期的快速水化不一定能得到高强度的水泥,因此熟料微细化的评价要从水化性能和粉磨能耗上综合考虑,在实验中,旋窑熟料的最佳粉磨细度为5 000m2/g,而加入助磨剂可显著降低粉磨能耗,在达到同样效果时缩短25％的粉磨时间。     

On the role of free calcium oxide in expansive cements

Results of research, tending to elucidate the effect of free CaO content in portland cement clinker upon the expansion of specimens of expansive cements, prepared in semi-commercial scale by intergrinding of portland cement clinker, C₄A₃$\text{S}$-phase containing special clinker and gypsum, by means of examination of liquid phase composition and porosity of mortars, have been presented. Special clinker was obtained by burning a mix of limestone, fly ash with high Al₂O₃ content and gypsum. Obtained results confirm the advantageous effect of free lime upon the hydration process and properties of expansive cements. The concentration of CaO in the liquid phase seems to influence rather the rate of ettringite formation than the size of its crystals.     

Thermal analysis of borogypsum and its effects on the physical properties of Portland cement

Borogypsum, which consists mainly of gypsum crystals, B₂O₃ and some impurities, is formed during the production of boric acid from colemanite, which is an important borate ore. In this study, the effect of borogypsum and calcined borogypsum on the physical properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been investigated. The calcination temperature and transformations in the structures of borogypsum and natural gypsum were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Thermal experiments were carried out between ambient temperature and 500 °C in an air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. After calculation of enthalpy and determination of conversion temperatures, borogypsum (5% and 7%), hemihydrate borogypsum (5%) and natural gypsum (5%) were added separately to Portland cement clinker and cements were ground in the laboratory. The final products were tested for chemical analysis, compressive strength, setting time, Le Chatelier expansion and fineness properties according to the European Standard (EN 196). The results show that increasing the borogypsum level in Portland cement from 5% to 7% caused an increase in setting time and a decrease in soundness expansion and compressive strength. The cement prepared with borogypsum (5%) was found to have similar strength properties to those obtained with natural gypsum, whereas a mixture containing 5% of hemihydrate borogypsum was found to develop 25% higher compressive strength than the OPC control mixtures at 28 days. For this reason, utilization of calcined borogypsum in cement applications is expected to give better results than untreated borogypsum. It is concluded that hemihydrate borogypsum could be used as a retarder for Portland cement as an industrial side. This would play an important role in reducing environmental pollution.     

硅酸盐水泥熟料的易磨性及其影响因素

如何经济有效地增加水泥粉磨细度，是水泥生产企业关注的问题。目前普遍使用的方法是改进粉磨工艺和使用外加剂。从硅酸盐水泥熟料的组成与结构入手，研究探讨了硅酸盐水泥熟料的易磨性及其影响因素，以期从熟料制备工艺的角度，改善硅酸盐水泥熟料的易磨性。结果表明，通过调整熟料组成，改进水泥生产工艺，来生产容易粉磨的硅酸盐水泥熟料，可较经济地达到增加硅酸盐水泥熟料粉磨细度的目的。     

不同窑型水泥熟料共同粉磨对水泥性能的影响

实验室测试了共同粉磨不同窑型熟的水泥物理性能、颗粒级配和水化放热速率。结果表明,回转窑和立窑熟料混合,改善了水泥熟料的易磨性,水泥的标准稠度用水量随着立窑熟料掺入量和粉磨时间的延长而增大。泌水性得到明显改善,颗粒级配更加合理,水泥强度提高,特别是３ｄ的抗压、抗折强度,它并不是两种水泥强度的简单加权,而是表现出增强作用,混合水泥熟料放热量、放热速率界于两者之间。     

助磨剂在钢渣复合水泥中的应用

研究通过掺加助磨剂粉磨钢渣的方法,提高钢渣微粉的细度和活性,达到高效利用钢渣目的.结果表明,随着钢渣掺量的增加,钢渣复合水泥的抗折强度呈先上升后下降趋势,掺量为30％时抗折强度最高.钢渣复合水泥的28 d抗压强度直线下降,3 d抗压强度先增加后再下降,30％掺量时强度最高,达4.75 MPa.结合实际经济效益,最终确定钢渣复合水泥的配比为熟料-65％、钢渣-30％、石膏-5％,助磨剂A掺量为0.1％时效果最好,相比无助磨剂的钢渣复合水泥,细度降低了49.0％,且28 d抗压强度提高了6 MPa.     

水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性的影响(英文)

水泥水化热与比表面积和化学组成有关,但是相对于调整水泥的化学组成来说,通过减小水泥的比表面积来降低水泥水化热要容易得多。为了探索水泥比表面积与碾压混凝土抗裂性能的关系,采用相同熟料磨制了3种细度的水泥,研究了水泥细度对水化热、胶砂强度的影响,以及对混凝土的工作性、力学性能(抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗拉弹性模量)、极限拉伸值、绝热温升等性能的影响;同时,采用温度–应力试验机,评估了在100%约束和近似绝热条件下水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性能的影响。结果表明:水化热与比表面积成线性关系,降低水泥比表面积是降低混凝土温升的有效、便捷的措施;粗磨水泥提高了碾压混凝土的工作性,降低了混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量,但混凝土极限拉伸值没有明显变化;温度–应力试验表明,随着水泥比表面积的降低,混凝土第二零应力温度更低,粗磨水泥碾压混凝土综合抗裂风险更低。     

The system ground clinker-polyphenol sulphonate-alkali metal salts (the Gypsum-Free portland cement)

The sulphonated product of condensation of phenols with formaldehyde (polyphenol sulphonate) reacts synergistically with the alkali metal carbonate (bicarbonate, silicate) as a strong liquefying system in suspension of ground clinker of Portland cement. The liquefying effect of the polyphenol sulphonate-carbonate system enables the preparation of suspensions that possess practically Newtonian behavior without yield value under low water-to-cement ratio (as high as 0.20). The synergistic influence of the polyphenol sulphonate-carbonate (bicarbonate) system substitutes for the regulation reaction of gypsum in pastes or concretes.

The ground clinker (without gypsum) with a specific surface of 250–700 m²/kg--polyphenol sulphonate--alkali metal carbonate (bicarbonate) represents a new type of binding agent that differs from the conventional Portland cement by good rheological qualities of pastes under low water--cement ratios, by short and long term strength (compressive strength 20–40 MPa after 4–5 hours, 60–100 MPa at 24 hours), by the ability of setting and hardening under low and below zero temperatures, by a quick strength rise at short time with elevated external temperature (steam curing), and high resistance to aggressive media and high temperatures. The microstructure of hardened pastes made of gypsum-free Portland cements differs from the classic Portland cements by a high compactness and by the absence of characteristic portlandite crystals.     

分别粉磨对矿渣水泥颗粒分布以及性能的影响

本文从矿渣和熟料的易磨性和粉磨动力学方面,解释了共同粉磨和分别粉磨的矿渣水泥颗粒分布产生差异的原因,总结并分析了两种不同工艺对矿渣水泥和混凝土性能的影响。     

高性能粒度调配水泥及其在混凝土中的应用研究

通过设计和调配水泥组分的细度和颗粒分布,制备了一种高性能粒度调配水泥,并测试了该水泥及其配制的混凝土的物理力学性能。试验结果表明:粒度调配水泥的标准稠度用水量与普通球磨水泥相当;在相同熟料含量条件下,粒度调配水泥比对比水泥的抗压强度提高3～4MPa;在混凝土应用中,粒度调配水泥和普通球磨水泥相比具有更为明显的性能优势,利用粒度调配水泥配制的C60高强混凝土不但工作性能良好,而且力学性能优异,28d抗压强度达到了96.1MPa。