中国造船工业供应商评价指标体系与管理体制构建

对于中国造船企业，构建完整的供应商管理体系是其从分散型采购体系向一体化采购体系整合的关键步骤之一。本文主要针对中国造船工业供应商管理的特点以及所存在的不足，将质量、交付能力、价格、服务能力和持续改进这5个定量评价指标与供货商关系指标和供货商管理能力指标这2个定性评价指标相结合，运用AHP法，构建了造船行业的供应商评价指标体系，并依据这一指标体系，构建了与造船行业集中化采购体系相适应的供应商管理体制。     

Bootstrap approach for supplier selection based on production yield

Current manufacturing industries have increased their level of out-sourcing and relied more heavily on their supply chain as a source of competitive advantage. Supplier selection decisions have become an important component of production management. Those decisions have a significant impact on a firm's marketing competition, and suppliers may account for a large portion of the production cost. Production quality is one of the key factors in supplier evaluation. The manual of supplier certification includes a discussion of process capability analysis, which recommends a procedure for evaluating the most prevalent process capability index C _pk. However, the recommended procedure is applicable only when evaluating an individual supplier's performance. In this paper, we apply the bootstrap method to the supplier selection problem. We construct lower confidence intervals for the capability difference and ratio between two given suppliers. Performance comparisons are made among various bootstrap methods in terms of error probability and selection power. For convenience of applications, the sample sizes required for various designated selection power are also tabulated.     

基于SPSS的自适应供应链节点配置

摘要： 在简化的二阶供应链基础上,使用SPSS Clementine构建了自适应供应链节点配置的数据流模型,把历史订单数据的有效信息（采购量、提前期、价格等）作为训练数据,使用C5.0算法模型进行学习与训练,得到最佳供应商选择的规则集。并使用收益图和提升图对C5.0决策模型进行评价,结果表明该模型质量较好。然后使用模拟订单数据进行验证,并得到了最优的供应商选择结果,且置信度达到了满意水平。     

Employing dynamic fuzzy membership functions to assess environmental performance in the supplier selection process

The proposed system illustrates that logic fuzzy can be used to aid management in assessing a supplier's environmental performance in the supplier selection process. A user-centred hierarchical system employing scalable fuzzy membership functions implement human priorities in the supplier selection process, with particular focus on a supplier's environmental performance. Traditionally, when evaluating supplier performance, companies have considered criteria such as price, quality, flexibility, etc. These criteria are of varying importance to individual companies pertaining to their own specific objectives. However, with environmental pressures increasing, many companies have begun to give more attention to environmental issues and, in particular, to their suppliers’ environmental performance. The framework presented here was developed to introduce efficiently environmental criteria into the existing supplier selection process and to reflect on its relevant importance to individual companies. The system presented attempts to simulate the human preference given to particular supplier selection criteria with particular focus on environmental issues when considering supplier selection. The system considers environmental data from multiple aspects of a suppliers business, and based on the relevant impact this will have on a Buying Organization, a decision is reached on the suitability of the supplier. This enables a particular supplier's strengths and weaknesses to be considered as well as considering their significance and relevance to the Buying Organization.     

Procedure for supplier selection based on Cpm applied to super twisted nematic liquid crystal display processes

The loss-based process capability index C _pm , sometimes called the Taguchi index, has been proposed to the manufacturing industry as a method to measure process performance. The index C _pm takes into account the targeting degree of the process, which essentially measures process performance based on average process loss. Based on the C _pm index, a mathematically complicated approximation method was developed previously for selecting a subset of processes containing the best supplier from a given set of processes. The present paper implements this method and develops a practical step-by-step procedure to aid supplier selection decisions. The accuracy of the selection method is investigated using a simulation technique. The accuracy study provides useful information about the sample size required for a designated selection power. A two-phase selection procedure is developed to select a better supplier and to examine the magnitude of the difference between the two suppliers. Also investigated is a real-world case on the super twisted nematic liquid crystal display manufacturing process, and it is applied to the selection procedure using actual data collected from the factories to reach a decision in supplier selection.     

Sustainable Supplier Selection Model in Supply Chains During the COVID-19 Pandemic

As global supply chains become more developed and complicated, supplier quality has become increasingly influential on the competitiveness of businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Consequently, supplier selection is an increasingly important process for any business around the globe. Choosing a supplier is a complex decision that can result in lower procurement costs and increased profits without increasing the cost or lowering the quality of the product. However, these decision-making problems can be complicated in cases with multiple potential suppliers. Vietnam's textile and garment industry, for example, has made rapid progress in recent years but is still facing great difficulties as the supply of raw materials and machinery depends heavily on foreign countries. Therefore, it is extremely important for textile and garment manufacturing companies in Vietnam to implement an effective supplier evaluation and selection process. While multicriteria decision-making models are frequently employed to assist with supplier evaluation and selection problems, few of these models consider the problem under the condition of a fuzzy decision-making environment. The aim of this paper is to create a hybrid MCDM model using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) model and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to assist the supplier selection process in the garment industry in a fuzzy decision-making environment. In this study, the FAHP method is used to evaluate the performance and the weight of each criterion. TOPSIS is then used to rank all potential suppliers. The proposed model is then applied to a real-world case study to demonstrate both the process of calculation as well as its real-world applicability. The results from the case study provide empirical evidence that the model is feasible. The proposed approach can also be used in combination with other MCDM models to better support decision makers and can be modified to be applied in similar supplier selection processes for different industries.     

Supplier selection by testing the process incapability index

In the competitive global business environment of the 21st century, enterprises must respond effectively to customer demands. The selection of suppliers and the evaluation of their performance are becoming major challenges that face manufacturing managers. Assessing a group of suppliers and selecting one or more of them is a complex task because various criteria must be considered in the decision making process. Quality is an essential factor in qualifying a corporation to enter the marketplace. In fact, the quality of parts obtained from suppliers determines the quality of the finished product. Hence, quality is the fundamental factor for supplier evaluation among various criteria. This study applies the process incapability index C_pp to develop an evaluation model that assesses the quality performance of suppliers. The model simplifies the evaluation of suppliers, facilitates their effective selection, and provides insights into the process situation of suppliers who may enter into a long-term partnership with a company.     

供应链管理中对供方的评价与选择

供应链管理是企业价值链上的重要环节,对供方的选择评价是供应链管理中的一项重要内容。讨论了建立供方评价指标体系应遵循的原则,对供方的评价选择进行了分析,提出了选择评价供方时应注意的几个问题。     

Two-phase selection framework that considers production costs of suppliers and quality requirements of buyers

Buyers are faced with selecting the optimal supplier, while suppliers are left to consider production costs. In this study, we developed a two-phase selection framework that allows buyers to evaluate the performance of suppliers while taking production costs into account for value maximisation. This scheme is a win-win solution capable of promoting long-term relationships between buyers and suppliers. Under the assumption of normality, the first phase involves constructing a new Six Sigma quality capability analysis chart (SSQCAC) which takes production costs into account. The objective is to evaluate all potential suppliers using the 100?×?(1–α)% upper confidence limit (UCL) of an integrated Six Sigma quality index (SSQI) Q_PIh when dealing with products with smaller-the-better (STB), larger-the-better (LTB), or nominal-the-best (NTB) quality characteristics. According to interval estimation theory, this method can have a significant impact on the consumption of resources; i.e. the production costs of the supplier can be decreased by reducing the production quality to below that required by the buyer. The proposed method also filters out unsuitable suppliers in order to simplify the decision problem and reduce computational demands and operational risks/costs without compromising the quality of the final product. In the second phase, a detailed analysis is conducted using Euclidean distance measure to select the optimal supplier from among the remaining candidates. We conducted a real-world case study to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method. We also conducted comparisons with existing methods to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method and its managerial implications. Suggestions for future study are also provided.     

Performance measurement for a manufacturing system based on quality,cost and time

Product quality, manufacturing cost and manufacturing time are three of the major concerns in a manufacturing system. This study proposes a product capability index to evaluate the quality of a multi-process product and addresses the relationship between process yield and the product capability index. In addition, this paper develops a time–cost index to assess manufacturing cost and manufacturing time. The quality index and time–cost index are simultaneously used to monitor product quality and manufacturing time on a quality and time–cost analysis chart. The quality and time–cost analysis chart, providing accurate information on the quality status and time–cost status for each process, helps to initiate, effectively and efficiently, quality improvement plans to elevate product quality and manufacturing time and manufacturing cost control for a manufacturing system.     

Efficient methods for comparing two process yields – strategies on supplier selection

Selecting an appropriate supplier can substantially reduce purchasing costs, decrease production lead time, increase customer satisfaction, and strengthen corporate competitiveness. Thus, an effective approach to alleviate the problem of supplier selection is essential. Numerous studies have indicated that quality is the most critical and fundamental factor for supplier selection and evaluation, among various criteria. This study provides several methods for selecting the superior supplier based on the commonly used quality criterion, process yield. Four tests for comparing two yield-measure indices, based on the normal approximation and generalised confidence intervals method, are presented and compared. This paper provides recommendations for selecting efficient methods, based on the simulation results of test size and selection power. An example is also presented to illustrate the applicability of these methods.     

A model for performance monitoring of suppliers

The purchasing function is central to the strategic operations of effective supply chain management. This centrality is mainly due to the significant impact of material costs on profits, increased investments in inter-organizational advanced manufacturing and information technologies, and a growing emphasis on the just-in-time operations philosophy. The critical business processes of the purchasing function include supplier selection, negotiation of supply contracts, monitoring supplier performance, and acting as an interface between an organization and its suppliers. Within these core processes of purchasing, this paper narrows its scope to focus upon the supplier performance evaluation and monitoring process, which assists in maintaining effective customer-supplier linkages. While price has been traditionally considered as the single most important factor in evaluating suppliers, it has been agreed upon that value performance emphasis needs to include other important factors such as quality, delivery and flexibility. Given this evolving business competitiveness environment, the contribution of this research is threefold. First, it applies a new multi-criteria evaluation model for supplier performance evaluation by considering various performance criteria. Second, a proposed application extension of this model serves as a monitoring and control mechanism for the performance of suppliers, thus supporting continuous process improvement to achieve efficient customer-supplier relationships. Third, the paper presents this technique as a new methodological extension to data envelopment analysis research by improving the discriminatory power of an existing variable returns to scale model. The model and its application are demonstrated through a previously published illustrative case example.     

Select better suppliers based on manufacturing precision for processes with multivariate data

Process capability indices have been widely used in the manufacturing industry for measuring process reproduction capability according to manufacturing specifications. Processes with univariate data have been investigated extensively, but are comparatively neglected for processes with multivariate data. Chou (Chou, Y.M., 1994. Selecting a better supplier by testing process capability indices. Quality Engineering, 6, 427–438) developed a procedure using univariate C_p to determine whether or not two processes are equally capable, which allows one to select the supplier with better quality. However, for processes with multiple characteristics, no methods are available for comparing two processes with multivariate data. In this paper, we consider the supplier selection problem based on manufacturing precision in which the processes involve multiple quality characteristics. We derive the distribution of the corresponding test statistic, and calculate critical values required for the comparison purpose. A real-world application is presented for justification.     

Global supplier selection: a fuzzy-AHP approach

Global supplier selection has a critical effect on the competitiveness of the entire supply chain network. Research results indicate that the supplier selection process appears to be the most significant variable in deciding the success of the supply chain. It helps in achieving high quality products at lower cost with higher customer satisfaction. Apart from the common criteria such as cost and quality, this paper also discusses some of the important decision variables which can play a critical role in case of the international sourcing. The importance of the political-economic situation, geographical location, infrastructure, financial background, performance history, risk factors, etc., have also been pointed out in particularly in the case of global supplier selection. Supplier selection problem related to the global sourcing is more complex than the general domestic sourcing and as a result it needs more critical analysis, which could not be found properly in past available literatures. This paper discusses the fuzzy based Analytic Hierarchy Process (fuzzy-AHP) to efficiently tackle both quantitative and qualitative decision factors involved in selection of global supplier in current business scenario. The fuzzy-AHP is an efficient tool to tackle the fuzziness of the data involved in deciding the preferences of the different decision variables involved in the process of global supplier selection. The triangular fuzzy numbers are used to transform the linguistic comparison of the different decision criteria, sub-criteria and performance of the alternative suppliers. The pairwise comparison matrices help in deciding the synthetic extent value of each comparison and finally, the priority weights of one alternative over another are decided in this paper. An example from a manufacturing industry searching for the global supplier for a critical component is used to demonstrate the effective implementation procedure of proposed fuzzy-AHP technique. The proposed model can provide the guidelines and directions for the decision makers to effectively select their global suppliers in the current competitive business scenario.     

确定供应商评价指标权重的一种方法

首先分析了供应链管理中供应商选择和评价的重要意义，然后对选择供应商的评价指标及权重的确定问题进行了分析；根据已有的评价方法中确定指标权重方法的某些不足，提出一个灰关联分析模型，试图从灰色系统理论角度来探讨这个问题，最后，选择了质量、成本、交货期3个常用指标，建立起了供应商选择和评价的指标权重灰关联分析模型，给出了一个数据计算过程示例，并对计算结果进行了分析和讨论。     

Implementing of a three-phase integrated decision support model for parts machining outsourcing

Parts machining outsourcing (PMO) can be regarded as a strategic weapon to increase product quality and productivity as well as cost cutting in many manufacturing enterprises. However, making an outsourcing decision based on accumulated experience is neither effective nor scientific due to subjective judgement and lack of systematic analysis. Therefore, to systematically help the decision-maker survey and select suppliers to outsource and also to timely achieve the most beneficial portfolio among suppliers in a non-cooperative game structure, this paper proposes an integrated decision support model for PMO using ontology, constraint-based reasoning, fuzzy VIKOR and game theory in three phases, namely supplier prequalification, ultimate selection and order coordination. In the decision-making process, decision factors such as quality, cost and production capability are categorised and put into different phases, respectively, by their characteristics for being measured at a more reasonable method. Finally, a case from a leading printing machinery enterprise is analysed to validate the proposed model. This research is expected to improve the quality and effectiveness of decision-making in PMO.     

Testing and analysing capability performance for products with multiple characteristics

Process capability analysis is a vital part of an overall quality improvement programme. Numerous techniques and tools have been proposed for process capability analysis. Among these, indices and charts of process capability are simple and effective tools and widely used in the manufacturing industry. Many scholars have revealed numerous valuable aspects of previously developed tools and methods. Due to the rising demands of product quality, the current tools and methods are insufficient for enabling managers to make informed decisions. To address this gap, this study proposes a hypothesis testing procedure which determines whether the process capabilities satisfy the target level. Furthermore, this study proposes an integrated quality test chart (IQTC), which can display the process potential and performance for an entire product with smaller-the-better, larger-the-better and nominal-the-best specifications. The proposed procedure and IQTC incorporate the quality-level concept of the Six Sigma model and can be used to quantitate the relationships among the quality level, capability indices and process yield. They can be applied to assist managers in measuring, monitoring, analysing and improving process performance in a timely manner which will help ensure that the quality levels of their products meet customer demands. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate how to use the proposed procedure and IQTC.     

Joint pricing and inventory strategies in a supply chain subject to inventory inaccuracy

This paper focuses on pricing strategies, inventory policies for a supply chain when Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is adopted to cope with inventory inaccuracy. The supply chain consists of one supplier and one retailer, in which the RFID tag price is shared between the supplier and the retailer. We present and compare the performance differences between a wholesale price contract and a consignment contract when the retailer is the Stackelberg leader and the supplier is the follower. Based on the optimal pricing and inventory decisions, an interesting observation of contract selection is that there are two critical values of inventory available rate such that when the inventory availability is less than the lower value, both the supplier and the retailer prefer a consignment contract; when the inventory availability is greater than the upper value, a wholesale price contract is their best choice; when the inventory availability is between the two values, the supplier prefers a wholesale price contract and the retailer prefers a consignment contract. Additionally, there exist threshold values of RFID tag price and sharing rate to determine the contract preference for the retailer. Furthermore, the profits of both the supplier and the retailer are independent of the RFID tag price sharing rate in a wholesale price contract, and the supplier has the incentive to invest in RFID tag cost in a consignment contract.     

军品包装供应商评价指标体系和方法研究

目的 为了实现快速响应、可靠高效的装备（器材）和物资保障,提高军事物流整体质量,对军品包装供应商进行科学管理。方法 构建军品包装供应商的筛选模型,确立评价指标体系,提出一种集历史、现状和未来为一体的新的综合评价方法,并进行算例验证。结果 通过采用科学的评价方法,对军品包装供应商进行综合评价和遴选,解决了军品包装产品筹措和采购环节由于供应商引起的不确定性问题,使军品包装产品质量得到了有效保证。结论 建立军品包装供应商选择和评价体系,是加强供应商管理的重要基础,也是现代军事物流的重要内容,对推动军品包装发展有重要意义。     

A lots-dependent variables sampling plan considering supplier’s process loss and buyer’s stipulated specifications requirement

A well-established scheme and mechanism for deciding product acceptance is perceived as a win-win situation for the long-term supplier–buyer relationship. In this paper, we develop a lots-dependent variables sampling scheme for product acceptance determination. The dependent state is based on the sample information of the process capability index that incorporates the supplier’s process loss and the buyer’s demanded specifications requirement. This main scheme is implemented by a three-rule process that accepts or rejects a related lot conditional on the sample results of past lots. The plan-operational parameters satisfying the desired quality levels and constraining the supplier–buyer risks are determined by a non-linear optimisation model. In performance comparisons, our proposed plan demonstrated higher cost effectiveness and discriminatory power than the traditional variables single sampling plan. Finally, industrial applicability of our recommended sampling plans was investigated in a case study.