Transverse distortion of continuous-cast slab

At OAO Ural’skaya Stal’, the profile of 270 × 1200 mm continuous-cast slab is often distorted: the narrow faces become convex and the broad faces become concave near the edge. The dependence of the distortion on the length of the system supporting the billet’s narrow faces is investigated. Statistically significant relationships are established between the distortion parameters. A mechanism is proposed for the distortion of the billet with the existing supporting system for the slab’s narrow faces under the mold. Measures for preventing slab distortion are considered.     

Application of percolation theory in predicting shape distortion during liquid-phase sintering

This article shows how percolation theory provides a theoretical model for the onset of shape distortion in liquid-phase sintering. The model uses an equivalent bond number per grain, with bond strength depending on the relative intergrain bond size. Based on this study, shape distortion is resisted by a rigid compact, which depends on the solid grains forming an infinite chainlike structure that spreads throughout the system. A sufficient condition requires contiguity above a critical value to form an infinite chainlike structure. The critical value is near 0.38. This is in good agreement with experimental results obtained with the W-Ni-Fe system sintered both under microgravity and on Earth. The effect of the gravitational force on the sufficient condition to avoid shape distortion is not significant. The effect of gravitational field on shape distortion becomes apparent only after the start of distortion, determining the final profile of a distorted compact.     

Analytical Approach to Predicting Temperature Fields in Multilayered Pavement Systems

An accurate and rapid estimation of the pavement temperature field is desired to better predict pavement responses and for pavement system design. In this paper, an innovative method to derive the theoretical solution of an axisymmetric temperature field in a multilayered pavement system is presented. The multilayered pavement system was modeled as a two-dimensional heat transfer problem. The temperature at any location (r,z) and any time t in an N-layer pavement system can be calculated by using the derived analytical solution. The Hankel integral transform with respect to the radial coordinate is utilized in the derivation of the solution. The interpolatory trigonometric polynomials based on discrete Fourier transform are used to fit the measured air temperatures and solar radiation intensities during a day, which are essential components in the boundary condition for the underlying heat transfer problem. A FORTRAN program was coded to implement this analytical solution. Measured field temperature results from a rigid pavement system demonstrate that the derived analytical solution generates reasonable temperature profiles in the concrete slab.     

Case Study of Courtyard House Damaged by Expansive Soils

This paper presents a case study of a U-shaped, courtyard house damaged by expansive soils. The field investigation revealed that the damage was caused by edge heaving as a result of water ponding in the courtyard. A back-analysis procedure using finite-element analysis is presented that is based on the measured slab surface levels. The back-analysis provides a representation of the underlying ground movement. The results of the back-analysis compared reasonably well with the actual observations in the field. It was deduced that the slab cracking could have been prevented and the distortion of the house would have been significantly reduced if a strap beam had been added in the courtyard area.     

Band broadening during dc and field inversion capillary electrophoresis of lambda DNA in dilute hydroxyethylcellulose solutions

Capillary electrophoresis of lambda double-stranded (ds) DNA (48.5 kbp) in dilute hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions shows band spreading that cannot be explained by diffusion alone. Dispersion and asymmetry factors of lambda ds-DNA bands were measured as functions of capillary length, HEC concentration and field strength. Band spreading and asymmetry can be explained by a recently developed model in which the dominant contribution is assumed to be dispersion in DNA-HEC disentanglement times. Bandwidth reduction using square-wave field inversion was also investigated. It is proposed that correlation of DNA motion is the source of band narrowing during field inversion.     

Real-Time Slab Quality Diagnosis and Analysis System Based on Solidification Mechanism

According to the two types of slab defects (surface crack and internal crack), a real-time slab quality diagnosis and analysis system named CISDI_SQDS ONLINE R2011 was developed based on heat transfer and solidification simulation, stress and strain calculation as well as metallurgical process analysis about continuous casting, combined with expert knowledge database for specific casting events. The respective crack formation indexes were introduced as the theoretical reference data for slab quality level evaluation. Meanwhile, both the quality loss factors related to casting metallurgical rules and the adjusting factors related to casting events were taken into full consideration, which was integrated organically with theoretical analysis and expert system. The system can be widely used as an important theoretical tool for prediction and control of slab quality in slab continuous casting process.     

Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Field and Flow Pattern in a Continuous Slab Caster with In-roll Type Strand Electromagnetic Stirring

The electromagnetic field and flow analysis model were developed to simulate the electromagnetic field and the flow pattern in a vertical curved continuous slab caster with the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring.The transient electromagnetic field distribution and the induced electromagnetic force were numerically described.The effects of stirring current,stirring frequency,and different stirrer configurations on the electromagnetically driven flow field in the strand were investigated and the optimization of the stirring parameters was discussed by performing a relative comparison of numerical results.Results show that the in-roller type strand electromagnetic stirrer(SEMS)pair generates the fluctuating magnetic fields,penetrating through the cast slab and periodically parallel shifting along the slab wide face with time evolution.The transient induced electromagnetic forces travels toward the magnetic flux shifting direction.Different stirring parameters(i.e.current and frequency)and stirrer configurations affect the stirring strength and the flow recirculation pattern in the strand,which are closely related to metallurgical performances of the stirrers.There is an optimum frequency to obtain the maximum stirring.The present model provides a relatively theoretical insight into the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring system for best operating.     

3D Finite Element Analysis of Temperature‐Induced Stresses in Dowel Jointed Concrete Pavements

A detailed 3D finite element (3DFE) model is developed to investigate the applicability of Westergaard’s curling stress equations to doweled jointed concrete pavements. The model does not rely on any of Westergaard’s assumptions and is capable of handling nonlinear and/or time‐dependent temperature profiles. However, only linear gradient is applied to facilitate the comparison with Westergaard’s results. The transverse stress calculated using Westergaard’s formula was found to be within 10% of that computed using 3DFE. Westergaard’s longitudinal stress equation required a correction. The 3DFE results confirm Westergaard’s finding that the slab curling stresses are independent of slab length. Thus, curling stress does not explain the field‐observed dependency of mid‐slab cracking on the slab length. Through the examination of the mechanism of dowel‐concrete interaction, it is shown that uniform temperature changes play the major role in mid‐slab transverse cracking of relatively long slabs. Due to built‐in slab curling as well as temperature or moisture curling, the dowel bars bend restricting the slab from free contraction due to uniform temperature drop. This gives rise to a large component of stress that has not been considered in previous investigations. Application of a combined temperature gradient and uniform temperature drop to slabs of different lengths revealed the dependency of mid‐slab transverse cracking on slab length.     

中厚板组板及板坯设计的智能优化模型和系统

 针对中厚板生产订单具有的多品种、多规格、小批量等特点,致使其组板及板坯设计存在难度大的问题,充分利用非定尺生产订单及板坯规格的不确定性建立适应性组合优化模型,实现一维和二维、定尺与非定尺的中厚板组板及板坯集成优化设计,并构建相应的模型软件系统。利用某钢厂生产订单数据的应用测试表明,模型设计结果相比与人工设计、标准遗传算法具有成材率提高、余材率明显降低、设计效率显著提升的效果;改变生产订单规模和特征的仿真试验进一步显示出模型及系统的设计质量提升效果。     

Purity testing of recombinant proteins by capillary electrophoresis

Purity testing of recombinant DNA (rDNA) proteins using slab gel electrophoresis in conjunction with scanning densitometry is time consuming and labor intensive and is difficult to reproduce because the dyes used for visualizing proteins do not bind in a stoichiometric fashion for all proteins. The present report describes a micellar capillary zone electrophoresis (MCZE) procedure that overcomes these difficulties. The MCZE method was evaluated to estimate protein purity of hydrophobic cytomegalovirus proteins, expressed E. coli, and highly glycosylated hepatitis C virus proteins, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results obtained by the MCZE procedure correlated very well with the purity results quantitated by the conventional slab gel electrophoresis method using purified Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye to reduce anomalies. MCZE may serve as an alternative method for in-process and purity testing of rDNA proteins.     

板坯连铸结晶器液面的周期性瞬态特征

 采用1[∶]1水模型和工业试验研究了常规板坯连铸结晶器液面的瞬态特征。研究发现,常规板坯结晶器液面存在“周期性畸变”。该现象表现在液面每隔20～30 s出现约5 s的畸变。畸变期间窄面处液面凸起,宽度1/4处液面凹陷且表面流速达到极大值,易导致卷渣。定义上次液面畸变结束到本次畸变结束时间为畸变周期。水模型结果显示,提高拉速畸变周期减小,而提高水口浸入深度与倾角液面畸变周期增大,但改变这些参数不能消除周期性畸变。对液面畸变周期的影响程度为：水口倾角>拉速>水口浸入深度。工业试验也证实液面周期性畸变的确存在。适当增大水口倾角有利于减少液面周期性畸变导致的卷渣。     

正交磁场对电火花单脉冲放电中电蚀凹坑的影响规律

电火花放电通道在正交磁场的作用下向洛伦兹力方向偏转、延伸,进而导致电蚀凹坑形貌发生变化,研究磁场辅助电火花加工(MF-EDM)过程中电蚀凹坑的形貌变化规律及特点,对进一步明晰电火花加工机理具有重要意义. 基于MF-EDM气中单脉冲放电试验,使用表面轮廓仪观测电蚀凹坑延伸长度、深度、宽度及放电起始点偏移量,并得出磁场及放电参数对电蚀凹坑的影响规律. 结果表明:电蚀凹坑长度随着磁感应强度、开路电压的增大而增大;电极外伸长度的影响结果相反;电蚀凹坑深度随着磁感应强度、开路电压、电极外伸长度的增加没有明显的变化规律;电容与磁感应强度存在最优参数组合以使凹坑长度最大;随着磁感应强度及放电能量的增加放电起始点的偏移量增加.      

二冷电磁搅拌对无取向硅钢连铸坯质量的影响

研究了二冷电磁搅拌参数对无取向硅钢XG800 WR连铸板坯等轴晶率、中心偏析及白亮带的影响。结果表明,搅拌电流从0A增加到400 A,铸坯等轴晶率由19.6%增至26.5%;搅拌频率从0Hz增加到8 Hz,等轴晶率由21.7%增至26.1%。随搅拌电流增加,铸坯中心S、Si、Mn的偏析度先减小而后增加;搅拌强度过大,铸坯出现白亮带,白亮带处Si、Mn、S产生负偏析,S的负偏析最大,相应会导致铸坯中心S、Si、Mn元素的正偏析显著增加。综合考虑增加铸坯等轴晶率和减轻中心偏析以及避免产生白亮带,选取350 A/6 Hz的电磁搅拌参数为最佳。     

Analysis of Non-uniform Mechanical Behavior for a Continuous Casting Mold Based on Heat Flux from Inverse Problem

The distortion of mold plates plays an important role in the formation of surface cracks on continuously cast steel products.To investigate the non-uniform distortion of a mold,a full-scale stress model of the mold was de-veloped.An inverse algorithm was applied to calculate the heat flux using the temperatures measured by the thermo-couples buried inside the mold plates.Based on this,a full-scale,finite-element stress model,including four copper plates,a nickel layer and water slots in different depths,was built to determine the complex mechanical behavior of the continuous casting mold used to produce steel slabs.The heat flux calculated by the inverse algorithm was applied to the stress model to analyze the non-uniform mechanical behavior.The results showed that the stress and distortion distributions of the four copper plates were not symmetrical,which reflected the non-uniform distortion behaviors of copper plates,water slots,nickel layer and the corner region of the mold.The gap between the mold and the slab was increased because of the corner distortion,which was very important for the heat transfer of initial solidifying shell,and it may be a major reason for the slow cooling of the slab corner.     

Analysis of variable number of tandem repeats of human genome D1S80 locus using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detector

The conventional method of identifying individuals by DNA in the field of forensic medicine is slab gel electrophoresis, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and nonquantitative. Accordingly, the use of capillary electrophoresis with a laser-induced fluorescence detector (CE-LIF), human genome D1S80 locus, a DNA marker which has a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) on chromosome 1, was examined to improve DNA analysis for identification. Using an internal standard, fragment size of VNTR was accurately and rapidly determined.     

板坯连铸变频抑制电压凹陷治理解决方法分析

基于板坯连铸机控制系统的技术分析,讨论当公司电网故障时导致板坯连铸机生产电压凹陷中断的情况,产生板坯连铸机突然浇铸中断。结果表明,板坯铸坯出现严重的卧坯;铸机的振动、拉矫停止工作死锁重新启动,导致铸机处于过程瘫痪,造成严重的设备损坏损失。     

Electrical impedance tomography of complex conductivity distributions with noncircular boundary

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) uses low-frequency current and voltage measurements made on the boundary of a body to compute the conductivity distribution within the body. Since the permittivity distribution inside the body also contributes significantly to the measured voltages, the present reconstruction algorithm images complex conductivity distributions. A finite element model (FEM) is used to solve the forward problem, using a 6017-node mesh for a piecewise-linear potential distribution. The finite element solution using this mesh is compared with the analytical solution for a homogeneous field and a maximum error of 0.05% is observed in the voltage distribution. The boundary element method (BEM) is also used to generate the voltage data for inhomogeneous conductivity distributions inside regions with noncircular boundaries. An iterative reconstruction algorithm is described for approximating both the conductivity and permittivity distributions from this data. The results for an off-centered inhomogeneity showed a 35% improvement in contrast from that seen with only one iteration, for both the conductivity and the permittivity values. It is also shown that a significant improvement in images results from accurately modeling a noncircular boundary. Both static and difference images are distorted by assuming a circular boundary and the amount of distortion increases significantly as the boundary shape becomes more elliptical. For a homogeneous field in an elliptical body with axis ratio of 0.73, an image reconstructed assuming the boundary to be circular has an artifact at the center of the image with an error of 20%. This error increased to 37% when the axis ratio was 0.64. A reconstruction algorithm which used a mesh with the same axis ratio as the elliptical boundary reduced the error in the conductivity values to within 0.5% of the actual values.     

转炉托圈温度场有限元分析及内筋板结构改造

对某钢铁公司1号转炉托圈进行了现场温度测试,根据测试结果运用有限元数值仿真技术对该转炉托圈进行三维温度场仿真及热机耦合应力分析,结果发现内筋板应力水平过高,这与实际托圈内筋板的过早损坏是完全一致的。为降低托圈综合应力水平,应对筋板进行适当的结构改造,对比分析各方案,得到了合理的改造方案,为转炉托圈的设计与使用提供了依据。     

粉末冶金静电模壁润滑中润滑剂粉末的荷电影响因素

粉末冶金静电模壁润滑是一种新颖的润滑方式。本文通过试验研究了在粉末冶金静电模壁润滑技术中润滑剂粉末荷电情况的各种影响因素，包括润滑剂种类、电压和输粉管长度，并对其进行了初步理论分析。结果表明：硬脂酸锌荷电性能最好，不存在荷电阀门值(能使润滑剂粉末荷电的最低电压)，而EBS蜡、W-special蜡及硬脂酸锌和EBS蜡的各种混合粉均存在一荷电阀门值；另外，输粉管长度越短，EBS蜡的荷电阀门值越高，荷电性能越差。