微承压裂隙型抗浮锚杆锚孔涌水注浆治理

抗浮锚杆作为一种解决地下工程中的抗浮问题,主要用于抵抗地下水位较高而导致地下室底板承受的地下水浮力。但在施工过程中经常发生抗浮锚杆锚孔涌水难题。结合具体工程实例,分析破碎岩体条件下抗浮锚杆锚孔涌水特征,揭露锚孔涌水为微承压裂隙型,具有水压小、补给水源丰富、区域性强等特点。现场采用以堵为主的注浆方式进行治理。注浆工艺采用分段隔离注浆与少量间歇多次注浆相结合治理手段,同时结合信息化施工动态调整注浆参数,顺利封堵抗浮锚杆锚孔涌水,可为类似工程提供借鉴参考。     

灵山卫车站砂层涌水通道判定综合分析方法

富水砂层粘结力低,负载能力差,极易造成涌水溃沙现象发生。以灵山卫车站为依托,运用水文地质资料分析、区域划分、现场抽水试验和连通试验、渗透系数分层测试法对灵山卫车站基坑导水通道、涌水来源及涌水地层进行综合研究。将基坑划分为九块区域,根据抽水试验及示踪试验测试基坑渗透性,明确基坑含导水通道;采用原位渗透系数测定方法,获得基坑不同地层渗透系数,准确定位基坑治理区域。采用注浆配套工艺,取得了良好的治理效果。实践表明,该方法能有效减少注浆治理的盲目性,有利于减少工期、降低治理成本,对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

华蓥山隧道水文地质监测统计分析研究

介绍了水文地质地面观测点月累计流量、典型日流量对隧道涌水流量的相关关系;通过常规水质分析,研究隧道区域地下水的水文地球化学特征;通过同位素分析,研究隧道涌水的补给源及补给区域。     

河谷碳酸盐岩型铅锌矿深部矿坑涌水主控因素研究

西南金属矿区含水层空间结构复杂,多属水文地质条件复杂的河谷岩溶裂隙充水矿床,深部开采极易诱发岩溶涌突水问题,查明矿坑涌水主控因素是解决水患问题的关键。本文以位于云南某河谷的碳酸盐岩铅锌矿为例,基于水文地质勘察、钻孔水位监测、放水试验、涌水量动态观测,查明矿区岩溶发育强度及地下水流场特征,分析矿坑深部充水水源及通道,讨论帷幕注浆工程对矿坑涌水的影响。结果表明：矿坑涌水主控因素为北东—南西构造裂隙,以大气降雨入渗补给为主,地表河流因地下水位下降呈悬挂式河流,缓慢渗流补给地下水且不存在灌入式通道;受近南北向、北东向、北西向3组构造影响,空间上构成“Y”型充水通道,西北、北东、南北向导水能力强,以二叠系栖霞茅口组灰岩地下水侧向补给为主且水源充足;南侧导水性较差,上泥盆统宰格组地下水缓慢径流补给且水量小;帷幕注浆工程大幅减少矿坑涌水量,封堵效果显著。     

滨海岩溶发育石灰石矿区关键通道连通技术研究

广西合浦某石灰石矿山位于滨海岩溶区,矿区内水文地质条件复杂,随着对矿床的进一步开采,在采矿过程中存在海水倒灌、岩溶塌陷、矿坑涌水等一系列环境地质问题,对矿山安全生产和作业人员生命安全造成严重威胁,亟需采取针对性措施予以解决。通过采用区域地质调查、物探、钻探、连通试验等综合探查技术查明开采区周围地下水补给、径流,排泄关系和岩溶地下水主径流通道,并摸清其渗流场演化规律,切断涌水点与岩溶补给通道的水力联系,大幅减少矿坑排水量,为帷幕灌浆止水工程提供参考依据,对类似条件岩济矿山的涌水治理具有借鉴意义。     

高家坪隧道地下水系统识别及涌水量预测

以宜保高速高家坪隧道为研究对象,重点剖析高家坪隧道工程区的地质条件,在此基础上,综合采用地下水示踪试验、地下水化学组分测试、降雨量与地下水动态长期观测等多种技术手段对高家坪隧道区域岩溶发育特征、岩溶隧道突涌水条件进行了分析和探索,查明了各岩溶水系统的边界及之间的水力联系,分析了岩溶系统与隧道的空间关系及其对隧道安全的影响,揭示了岩溶系统的水文响应特征,并采用分布式TOPMODEL流域水文模型模拟流域的流量过程,预测了隧道的正常和最大涌水量。结果表明:隧道ZK45+500~ZK46+900段涌水最大峰值流量可达3.56 m³/s,滞后降雨3 h,最大涌水量47 984.7 m³/d,与实测值吻合较好。本文工作可为我国岩溶地区类似隧道工程的突涌水灾害预防提供参考和指导。     

地下工程涌突水注浆止水浆液扩散机制和封堵方法研究

 涌突水是地下工程的主要地质灾害之一。实践表明,注浆是治理涌突水的有效技术手段,但相关的动水注浆理论发展尚不成熟,尤其是裂隙动水条件下的浆液扩散和封堵机制研究不足。针对上述问题,研发准三维裂隙动水注浆模型试验台,进行裂隙岩体涌突水的动水注浆模型试验研究,通过对200余组试验数据进行分析,提出浆液的U形扩散规律和水泥浆液的分层分区扩散机制,得到浆液的快速析水沉积原理和沉积留核扩散规律,实现浆液扩散和封堵效果的定量评价。在此基础上,形成以浆水流量比为核心控制因素的裂隙涌水注浆封堵方法。室内涌水注浆封堵试验和龙固煤矿高压涌水现场注浆封堵试验进一步验证研究成果的正确性,这对发展动水注浆理论和指导工程实践有一定作用。     

龙潭隧道F2断层处涌水突泥机理及治理研究

在岩溶地区深埋长大隧道的施工过程中,当隧道穿越断层、岩溶发育地段和富含水区域时,容易发生涌水、突泥等事故,给施工安全带来极大威胁。龙潭隧道属于深埋特长岩溶隧道,施工期ZK72+205~ZK71+940段断层溶蚀带发生了四次涌水突泥事故,针对这四次事故,基于该段地层的岩溶发育规律,从地质学角度系统地分析了涌水突泥机理。分析得到:具有丰富补给来源的地下水、松散的岩溶洞穴堆积物给涌水突泥创造了必要条件,一经开挖扰动,事故一触即发。基于涌水突泥机理的分析结果,合理选择了超前小导管挤压劈裂注浆、负压排水、长管棚注浆、前进式分段高压注浆等治理措施,成功穿越了该段,完成了贯通,所得结论对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

关键孔注浆方法在高压裂隙水封堵中的应用研究

 在地下工程建设中,首次提出裂隙岩体高压涌水的关键孔注浆治理方法,并结合层次分析理论,研究关键孔的多因素层次优选方法。在龙固煤矿的辅2巷道高压涌水注浆治理的现场试验中,以地质分析和物理探测为指导,优化钻孔设计,以层次优选法对钻孔进行质量评价,筛选关键孔,参考连通试验结论对关键孔进行注浆设计,取得理想的治理效果,在类似工程治理中具有一定的推广价值。     

灰岩角砾岩破碎带涌水综合注浆治理

灰岩角砾岩破碎带涌水是岩溶隧道建设中经常遇到的地质灾害,由于破碎带围岩稳定性较差且具有较强的不均一性,与一般的裂隙岩体涌水相比,其治理难度较大。针对中梁山隧道角砾岩破碎带高压大流量涌水,进行涌水地质分析和含水区域的瞬变电磁探测,对地下水的来源和通道进行深入分析,在此基础上提出并实施先分流泄压后浅层加固、上下分区治理、深部帷幕和堵排结合的综合治理方案,通过选择适当的注浆材料和配套工艺,取得较好的治理效果。为避免注浆压力可能造成的破碎围岩变形和失稳,在注浆过程中进行围岩变形和涌水量的动态监测,结合注浆过程深入分析其变化规律,较好地解决注浆过程中的围岩稳定性控制难题,实现涌水治理的信息化施工。     

工程活动诱发的围岩结构变化对隧道突涌水的影响分析

随着深大交通、水利水电隧道(洞)的大量建设及地下矿产的不断延深开采,隧道突水灾害问题愈加严重。工程活动作为诱发突水的必要条件,其导致的围岩结构变化将对围岩力学、水力学性质及隧道附近渗流场产生重要影响。从工程扰动诱发的围岩损伤及其导致的渗透性演化入手,利用理论解析法研究了隧道围岩结构变化对涌水量及水压力分布的影响。结果表明:损伤区厚度对隧道涌水量和孔隙水压力分布具有较大影响,损伤区范围越大,发生突水的危险性越大;损伤区渗透系数对隧道涌水量的影响阈值约为2个数量级,之后其对涌水量的影响较弱;注浆圈厚度越大、渗透系数越低,隧道涌水量越小,但并不是注浆圈厚度越大、渗透性越低,涌水量的控制效果就越好,而是存在一个最优效果的设计值。     

超深部土体地面高压射孔注浆现场实测研究

根据鲍店煤矿井壁破裂灾害治理注浆工程的实践,对适合于超深部土体(超过100 m)的钻孔上行式聚能射孔注浆施工工艺进行了完整的描述,指出实际工程中容易发生的工程事故,并提出改进措施和注意事项;对整个注浆期间的压力变化情况进行了现场实测研究,并引入“水压致裂理论”对裸孔段注浆进行了理论对比分析;运用“裂隙扩展的能量分析原理”阐述了劈裂注浆的流量调节法。最后根据钻探取芯资料和实际工程中观察到的现象,从侧面对单孔注浆时浆液在深部地层的扩散方式与范围进行了推断。得出的实测数据与结论对今后类似超深部土体注浆工程的设计与施工有重要参考价值。     

Uncertainty analysis of groundwater inflow into underground excavations by stochastic discontinuum method: Case study of Siah Bisheh pumped storage project,Iran

This paper presents a framework for the near-field stochastic discontinuum modeling and uncertainty analysis of groundwater inflow into underground excavations by direct utilization of discrete fracture network (DFN) concept. The sources of uncertainty in the groundwater inflow into underground excavations in fractured rocks were classified into two different groups including the geometrical and hydraulic properties of fractures. The main input data for stochastic discontinuum modeling of groundwater inflow were captured from site investigations in Siah Bisheh pumped storage project in Iran. Detailed measurements of groundwater inflow into powerhouse and transformer caverns provided the possibility to determine the hydraulic aperture through back calibration. The validity of calibrated hydraulic aperture was explored by simulation results of the groundwater inflow into transformer cavern, and shows high accuracy when compared with data obtained from field measurements. The statistical results of these groundwater flow simulations with constant calibrated hydraulic aperture reflected the uncertainty associated with geometrical properties of fractures. Finally, the role of hydraulic properties of fractures on the uncertainty of groundwater inflow was investigated by the variation of standard deviation of hydraulic aperture through the sensitivity analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that the geometrical properties of fractures did much greater uncertainty in the groundwater inflow into underground excavations than hydraulic properties. Moreover, it was found that both the mean and standard deviation of simulated groundwater inflow into underground excavations decrease non-linearly by increasing the standard deviation of hydraulic aperture even though it is generally anticipated that the uncertainty of hydrogeological systems increases by increasing the variance of hydraulic parameters.     

Modeling and performance evaluation of shallow ground water heat pumps in Beijing plain, China

The use of groundwater for cooling and heating purposes is of interest from both the economical and the ecological perspective. The groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system utilizes groundwater as alternative renewable and clean energy source for space heating and/or cooling, withdraws water from a production well, passes it through a heat exchanger and discharges the water into an injection well. By utilizing the relatively stable temperature of groundwater, GWHP system can achieve a higher coefficient of performance. Due to the utilization of groundwater stored in the aquifer, the assessment of the hydraulic capacity of the aquifer based on numerical groundwater models is always needed for the optimum design and the efficient performance of GWHP. In this paper, numerical methods of underground heat-water transfer, energy balance method and thermal storage method were presented to calculate the capacity of unit area of shallow groundwater aquifer. The model results indicate that the numerical method, which is based on performance efficiency of GWHP, represents the behaviour of groundwater pumping/recharging processes, and serves better than energy balance method and thermal storage method, in addition it has been proven itself that this method has the advantages of energy saving and environmental protection. The calculated capacity is positively related to aquifer thickness. It is found that it is easy for ground water recharge in alluvial and pluvial fan located at the piedmont, while the calculated capacity is relatively smaller compared with that of south-east plain where it is not easy for groundwater recharge.     

上海某枢纽基坑工程浅层承压水回灌试验分析

随着上海城市建设进程的不断推进,深大基坑大量涌现,同时因城市立体空间设施的密集化,使得基坑周边环境趋于复杂,在此背景下因浅层承压水降水而引起的工程性地面沉降事故不断发生,给社会带来了巨大的经济损失。地下水人工回灌是控制因降水引起的工程性地面沉降的方法之一,目前地下水人工回灌系统主要应用于深层承压水的回灌。本文通过上海某地第一承压含水层的回灌试验,研究分析了浅层承压含水层回灌井的结构、回灌过程中地下水的流态变化规律、水土应力变化及对控制地面沉降作用的效率,证明了浅层承压水回灌在基坑环境保护中的可行性。试验研究对基坑建设中的地下水浅层承压水回灌系统的设计和施工有重要的指导意义。     

不考虑开挖扰动影响的隧道涌水量预测模型试验研究

 采用大型施工及运营期矿山法隧道渗流模型试验系统,在不同的注浆圈和初衬渗透系数下,不考虑隧道开挖的扰动影响进行涌水量预测,并以Visual-modflow软件进行数值建模分析,结果表明：两者涌水量结果和规律基本吻合,随注浆圈或初衬的渗透系数减小,其试验平均涌水量值均呈非线性下降,各工况单次试验测试值的离散性也逐渐减小,而降低注浆圈渗透系数对涌水量的影响更为明显;改变注浆圈渗透系数,各工况连续采集涌水量结果呈先减小后增大至逐渐平衡的趋势,而改变初衬渗透系数则呈现涌水量逐渐减小直至平衡的趋势;非扰动开挖使地下水向隧道内汇集,隧道周围水力坡度明显增大,等水位线分布密集,掌子面附近等水位线沿隧道开挖方向凹陷;完善的防水体系(初衬及注浆圈)对保持地下水稳定起到显著作用,可有效减弱局部水力联系,减小渗流影响范围,地下水降幅也明显减小。研究方法及成果对类似工程设计和施工具有一定的指导作用。     

Isotopenphysikalische Beiträge zur Beurteilung des Grundwasserschutzes im Buntsandstein

The complex application of isotope physical measuring methods together with model calculations for groundwater flow and hydrochemistry is helpful to estimate groundwater vulnerability. Thereby Tritium is used as a natural tracer of local groundwater input indicating a possible groundwater vulnerability, and the far-reaching, long-term groundwater migration is derived from Carbon-14 ages of dissolved inorganic carbon. For the case “double-porosity aquifer (Finne Bunter Sandstone, Saxonia-Anhalt)” the derivation of hydrogeological parameters as groundwater recharge, groundwater flow and the water exchange rate of an aquifer is demonstrated. Especially information on the groundwater vulnerability can be obtained without any real groundwater contamination.     

桩基空洞质量缺陷注浆补强技术分析

由于水下灌注桩属于地下隐蔽工程,其施工质量受制于多种因素。任何一个影响因素处理不好,都容易发生质量缺陷,其中混凝土不密实导致的桩基空洞是常见的质量缺陷问题。桩基局部空洞形成的原因有多种,其中最主要的原因是地下水流动冲刷造成的。而遇到这种质量缺陷常用而且是较为有效的处理方法是后期补强注浆,但是在岩土工程地基处理方面的注浆技术相比隧道初衬和箱梁预应力结构的注浆技术还尚未成熟,大多数情况下还是受制于注浆配合比和注浆压力等问题。基于此,本文以某桥梁桩基础空洞质量缺陷为研究对象,对补强注浆技术原理和补强施工方案进行了系统分析,并对水泥浆配合比和注浆设备进行了优化,为同类型项目的施工提供了参考依据。     

Modelling of recharge and pollutant fluxes to urban groundwaters

Urban groundwater resources are of considerable importance to the long-term viability of many cities world-wide, yet prediction of the quantity and quality of recharge is only rarely attempted at anything other than a very basic level. This paper describes the development of UGIf, a simple model written within a GIS, designed to provide estimates of spatially distributed recharge and recharge water quality in unconfined but covered aquifers. The following processes (with their calculation method indicated) are included: runoff and interception (curve number method); evapotranspiration (Penman-Grindley); interflow (empirical index approach); volatilization (Henry's law); sorption (distribution coefficient); and degradation (first order decay). The input data required are: meteorological data, landuse/cover map with event mean concentration attributes, geological maps with hydraulic and geochemical attributes, and topographic and water table elevation data in grid form. Standard outputs include distributions of: surface runoff, infiltration, potential recharge, ground level slope, interflow, actual recharge, pollutant fluxes in surface runoff, travel times of each pollutant through the unsaturated zone, and the pollutant fluxes and concentrations at the water table. The process of validation has commenced with a study of the Triassic Sandstone aquifer underlying Birmingham, UK. UGIf predicts a similar average recharge rate for the aquifer as previous groundwater flow modelling studies, but with significantly more spatial detail: in particular the results indicate that recharge through paved areas may be more important than previously thought. The results also highlight the need for more knowledge/data on the following: runoff estimation; interflow (including the effects of lateral flow and channelling on flow times and therefore chemistry); evapotranspiration in paved areas; the nature of unsaturated zone flow below paved areas; and the role of the pipe network. Although considerably more verification is needed, UGIf shows promise for use: in providing input for regional groundwater solute transport models; in identifying gaps in knowledge and data; in determining which processes are the most important influences on urban groundwater quantity and quality; in evaluating existing recharge models; in planning, for example in investigation of the effects of landuse or climate change; and in assessing groundwater vulnerability.