黄河下游实现报险现代化

１９９９年６月３０日，黄河下游堤防查险报险专用移动通信网全线开通。黄河下游堤防查险报险专用移动通信网是专为满足下游堤防查险报险要求而建的。高悬于两岸地面、长达１４００ｋｍ的黄河大堤，有许多险点和薄弱环节，具有出险突然、发展快的特点。因此，及时发现险情，快速、正确地处置险情是堤防险情成功抢护的关键。查险报险专用移动通信网建成后，巡查人员发现险情后可迅即用手机向防汛指挥部报告，并接受抢险指示，为抢险赢得宝贵时间。该网建有２８个基站，覆盖范围纵向为河南省孟津县黄河下游堤防的起点至黄河入海口，横向为两岸…     

浅议黄河河南段标准化堤防建设

分析了黄河河南段的防洪形势，指出防止堤防冲决、溃决是黄河河南段堤防建设的重点。同时，根据“选择防洪位置特别重要、先集中一岸建设”的原则，“十五”期间，黄河河南段标准化堤防建设选在黄河南岸的郑州一开封段。通过对标准化堤防建设的内容进行描述，认为标准化堤防建设工程竣工后，昔日抵御洪水的黄河大堤不仅将成为防洪安全的重要屏障，还将成为一道靓丽的生态景观线。     

从长江抗洪抢险思黄河安危

１９９８年长江洪水是继１９３１、１９５４年大洪水之后，又一次全流域特大洪水。黄委会专家组赴长江参加抗洪抢险计２５ｄ，处理堤防渗水、管涌、滑坡等重大险情，并参加了九江段干堤堵口抢险。从长江各地抗洪抢险经验教训中，联系黄河防洪实际，反思了黄河堤防险工险段的保安全问题，提出了完善黄河堤防防守责任制和防御堤防险情的建议与措施，并对黄河大堤可能决口堤段与堵口、防范问题提出了预案设想和建议。     

黄河堤防溃口对策在其他江河的适用性探讨

黄河下游1370km长在临黄大堤在防洪工程体系中占据重要地位，由于堤防仍存在不少隐患和薄弱段，因而研究堤防溃口措施很有必要。黄河堤防溃口对策及措施虽然是根据黄河下游的具体情况研究出来的，具有特殊性，但也具有普遍性。分析了黄河堤防溃口的“裹，拦，导，分，堵，排，围”7个方面的措施，探讨了各项措施在其他江河的适用性。     

黄河内蒙古段堤防工程建设成效分析

黄河内蒙古段堤防工程在减轻内蒙古河段洪、凌灾害，保护沿河两岸人民生命财产安全和经济建设发展中起到了重要作用。文章简要叙述了黄河内蒙古段堤防建设的历次实施过程和现有堤防的基本情况，并对目前已建设的堤防工程建设成效进行了分析。     

从“96.8”洪水谈黄河下游堤防建设

本文从黄河下游堤防工程现状和黄河下游“９６．８”洪水出发，分析了黄河大堤存在的问题和目前的防洪形势，认为目前大堤的高度基本满足的防洪要求，堤防漫决的可能性较小，堤防建设的主要任务是进行堤身加固。在分析各种堤防加固措施的作用后，得出机淤固堤是一种综合性的加固措施，对提高堤防的抗洪强度具有显著效果。     

从长江抗洪抢除思黄河安危

１９９８年长江江是继１９３１、１９５４年大洪水之后，又一次全流域特大洪水。黄委会专家组赴长江参加抗洪抢险计２５天，处理堤防渗水、管涌、滑坡等重大险情，并参加了九江段干堤堵口抢除。从长江各地抗洪抢险经验教训中，联系黄河防洪实际，反思了黄河堤防除工险段的保安全问题３，提出了完善黄河堤防防守责任制和防御堤防险情的建议与措施，并对黄河大堤可能决口堤段与堵口，防范问题提出了预案设想和建议。     

浅议纵向排水沟对堤防工程的保护作用

黄河大堤顶部的雨后排水问题，是多年来一直没有得到有效解决的难题。随着堤防道路建设工程的实施，河南黄河河务局首先在黄河堤防工程示范段路面两侧修建了纵向排水沟，有效地减少了堤防水沟浪窝；同时，雨水通过排水孔浇灌了堤防行道林及堤坡植被，节约了部分养护经费。     

黄河下游堤防失事模式及识别方法

重点针对黄河下游堤防工程漫决、冲决、溃决失事破坏,通过分析影响黄河下游堤防安全的主要因素,构建了黄河下游堤防工程失事模式,提出了基于模糊贴近度和投影寻踪的溃堤模式识别方法,据此构造了黄河下游堤防主要溃堤路径,为黄河下游堤防隐患险点先后处理及采取相应工程措施等决策提供依据。     

对黄河堤防工程监理工作的几点认识

1998年汛后，黄河堤防工程首次实行了工程建设监理制，使工程质量、进度、投资控制等方面较以往有了很大提高，为规范黄河堤防工程建设监理工作，建设单位应给予大力支持，引入设计阶段监理，使设计文件中存在的技术问题解决了工程开工之前；加强施工招标段监理和监理单位自身建设；尽快编制堤防工程建设监理规程，修改现有施工合同版本，并提出应提高黄河堤防工程建设监理费用的建议。     

怒江泥石流扇地貌特征与扇体堵江机理研究

怒江流域泥石流沟众多,而且主要是两相泥石流。两相泥石流龙头集中了大量的粗大卵石和砾石,形成的扇体阻力大,是改变怒江河流地貌形态的主控因素。洪积扇的数量和规模远远小于泥石流扇,科学区分怒江两岸的泥石流扇和洪积扇对山区防灾减灾意义重大。许多泥石流扇完全堵塞主河形成了堰塞湖,怒江高黎贡山峡谷河段几乎每隔10~20 km就有一个泥石流堰塞湖,峡谷河段形成一段段顺直河谷连接堰塞湖缓流+堰塞坝激流的不断重复的河道,造成堵江的泥石流沟的流域面积多集中在40 km2左右。泥石流堰塞坝尼克点的发育造成了河道内大量泥沙淤积,利用钻孔采样的方法分析了堰塞湖内泥沙淤积规律。野外测量和计算发现组成泥石流的规模和龙头出沟口的速度是造成堵河的主控因素。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of ichthyoplankton during an unusual period of low flow in a tributary of the São Francisco River,Brazil

Flow‐dependent fish specialists require specific conditions for reproduction, so the success and reproductive intensity of these animals are determined by the flood regime. Thus, this study investigated the spatial and temporal reproductive patterns of fish, especially migratory Prochilodus species (flow‐dependent specialists) in an unusual period of low flow in the Pará River sub‐basin, one of the main tributaries of the upper São Francisco River. For this, ichthyoplankton collections were carried out between November 2013 and February 2014. Data were analysed considering the spatial and temporal variations in density of eggs and larvae for the upper, middle, and lower portions of the Pará River sub‐basin, and correlating this to some environmental variables. The results showed that the small headwater stretch of the Pará River is one relevant spawning area for migratory fish species. However, this area is isolated by the Cajuru reservoir, which makes it uncertain the recruitment of these embryos, due to interruption of natural drift between spawning/nursery areas caused for reservoirs. Larvae of newly hatched migratory species found in tributaries of the lower Pará River sub‐basin also indicate these species use these tributaries as spawning grounds and migratory routes. The period in which the research was conducted represented the most atypical low flow, one in the last 75 years, resulting in the low variability in the environmental parameters. Although few parameters increased briefly in this low flow period influenced by greater rainfall in December, this precipitation was possibly responsible for the final gonadal maturation and spawning of migratory species.     

珠江河口区水环境整体数学模型研究

根据珠江河口区的特点，建立了珠江河口区水流，泥沙及含氟度的整体联解数学模型，探讨了联解的计算模式；利用珠江三角洲和河口区水流泥沙、含氟度连续条件，把珠江三角洲网河区一维水沙、含氟度输移数学模型和河口区二维水沙、含氟度输移数学模型进行联解。同时采用最新的地形资料并选用洪、中、枯水及大、中、小潮等多种水文组合条件对该模型进行分区验证和整体验证，模型验证成果满足精度要求。     

基于数字滤波法的怒江流域基流时空分异

为明晰怒江流域基流时空分异特征,利用数字滤波法进行怒江干流和南汀河支流的基流研究。结果表明:1怒江干流3站基流指数IBF在0.71~0.74之间,南汀河支流2站的多年平均IBF在0.68左右,南汀河支流IBF明显低于怒江干流,干支流基流量和IBF自上游向下游递增;2各站基流量与径流量变化过程基本一致,两者相关系数均在0.9以上;3怒江干支流各站多年平均基流量和径流量年内分配均呈"尖廋"的单峰形,而多年平均基流指数年内分配均呈"V"字形,但两者变化过程不完全相反;4怒江干流代表站道街坝站和南汀河支流代表站姑老河站IBF均为丰水年平水年枯水年,这与基流相对于径流更为稳定有关。     

维持黄河生命低限流量研究

在给出黄河生命低限流量和河流生命定义的前提下,以水流连续方程和动力方程为理论基础,得到黄河干流主要节点生命低限流量数值。通过估算入黄一级支流最低入黄流量及黄河干流自然损耗量,如河道水面蒸发、水库水面蒸发、水库渗漏量、河道侧渗量等,逐步得到了黄河干流主要断面生命低限流量数值。该数值是维持黄河健康生命的关键指标之一。     

长江上游高洪水期泥沙输移特性

长江上游高洪水期(汛期)泥沙输移特性是决定三峡库区泥沙淤积的关键因素,直接关乎三峡水库使用寿命及综合效益的发挥。借助干、支流长系列水沙资料,分析了长江三峡水库入库寸滩站高洪水期泥沙输移特性,结果表明:近40 a来,寸滩站场次洪水中7 d洪量未出现趋势性变化,而7 d沙量显著减少,高洪水期输沙经历了“涨水输沙占优—涨、落水基本持平—落水输沙占优”的变化过程。2013年以前,寸滩站高洪水期径流及泥沙均主要来自于金沙江,而向家坝、溪洛渡水电站陆续投运后,2013—2019年寸滩站洪水场次(洪峰流量30 000 m³/s以上)共计14场。从径流来源来看,仅4场主要来自于金沙江,其余9场主要来自于嘉陵江,1场来自岷江;从泥沙来源来看,9场主要来自于嘉陵江,其余5场分别来自于沱江、岷江、横江,金沙江已不是寸滩站高洪水期过程中泥沙的主要来源区。研究成果可为三峡水库沙峰排沙调度、库尾减淤调度提供理论支撑,为长江泥沙治理提供保障。     

Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large,inland delta

The Peace–Athabasca River Delta (PAD) is one of the largest freshwater deltas and most biologically productive in the world. Because regional evaporation is greater than precipitation, the thousands of lakes and wetlands dotting this area rely on periodic flooding from the Peace and Athabasca rivers to be replenished. Flood frequency significantly declined beginning in the mid‐1970s, several years after the initiation of flow regulation of the Peace River. However, the drying trend was interrupted in 1996 when the PAD experienced extensive inland inundation on two separate occasions, one in the spring and one in the summer. A one‐dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model was used to evaluate the role of flow regulation and hydroclimatic conditions on the water levels of major lakes found in the PAD. Three Peace River flow scenarios were analysed: the observed flows, the flow regime without the ‘precautionary drawdown’ spill which was required because of the discovery of a sinkhole at the crest of the dam, and the naturalized flow regime, which assumed no dam regulation. Modelling results indicated that the effect of the spill on the flow regime within the PAD was approximately equivalent in magnitude, although different in timing, to what would have resulted from the prevailing hydroclimatic conditions in an unregulated system. Furthermore, even in the absence of the precautionary drawdown spill, the lake levels would have risen well above the maximum daily average, suggesting that 1996 was one of the wettest years on record. Finally, the hydrodynamic regime observed at the end of the summer 1996 was very similar to that modelled under unregulated flow conditions, suggesting that flow regulation could be used to alter the hydrodynamic regime of a large delta to at least partially restore natural conditions and potentially improve ecosystem health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

永定河官厅山峡暴雨洪水特性交化的初步分析

永定河是全国重点防洪河道之一，官厅山峡是永定河在北京市境内的主要产流区。在广泛收集官厅山峡有关资料的基础上，对其洪水特性进行了分析，供防汛抗旱决策参考。     

三峡工程蓄水运用后荆江三口分流河道冲淤变化模拟

三峡工程蓄水运用后下泄水流含沙量大为减小,下游荆江与三口分流河道将长期处于冲刷状态,对江湖关系演变和防洪影响重大。本文利用可视化一维河网水流泥沙数学模型,对三峡工程蓄水运用后荆江三口河道冲淤变化进行了模拟,对三口河道分水分沙量及冲淤变化过程进行了分析。结果表明,在典型水文系列及运用条件下,三峡水库运用后前6年藕池河及松滋河均发生冲刷。之后藕池河有所回淤,松滋河继续冲刷,至三峡水库运用40年左右冲刷达至最大。研究成果对荆江与洞庭湖区防洪决策和水资源研究等有参考意义。     

Evaluation of Economic and Hydrologic Impacts of Unified Water Flow Regulation in the Yellow River Basin

Unified water flow regulation has been implemented in the Yellow River, Hei River and Tarim River in China since 1999 as a result of institutional reforms. It has been one of the most important water resources management practices in China during recent years and has generated significant impacts. Based on the data of such an experiment in the Yellow River during 1999 to 2004, a “with-without” scenario analysis method is employed in the paper to evaluate the economic and hydrological impacts of regulation through a holistic model coupling economic water use and hydrologic cycle applied to the study basin. The results show that about 2.5% of GDP was increased every year and the Flow Cutoff Events were avoided as a result of the unified water flow regulation.