低氧下膜生物反应器强化脱氮除磷

利用城市污水对一体化膜生物反应器脱氮除磷的特性进行研究,研究结果表明,当控制反应器内溶解氧浓度为0.5 mg/L左右时,系统在有效地去除有机污染物的同时,可达到较高的氮、磷去除率.CODcr进水为342～1 500 mg/L,出水均在40 mg/L以下,去除率在90%以上;总磷(TP)进水为4.08～31.45 mg/L,出水均在0.5 mg/L以下,去除率平均为96%;进水总氮(TN)为30.55～91.34 mg/L,去除率平均在70%以上.     

膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺处理城市污水的工程应用

为强化城市污水脱氮除磷,研发了厌氧/缺氧/好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器(A2/O/A-MBR)新工艺,并建设了设计处理规模为2万m3/d实际工程.对该工程的长期监测表明,出水C()D、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均浓度分别为20.6、6.67、1.05、0.19 mg/L,优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级A标准...     

硫化碱烟气脱硫的小试实验

本文介绍了一种新型烟气脱硫技术。脱硫剂为硫化碱,而脱硫产物为五水硫代硫酸钠（简称：海波,Na2S2O3•5H2O)。有关这一硫脱技术的最佳操作参数被确定。为了提高五水硫代硫酸钠的产出率,防止脱硫产物被氧化,我们在吸收剂液中加入EDTA 二钠,其加入量为吸收剂总量的 0.02wt. %. 吸收过程中的pH值被控制在 5～6.5。实验结果表明：SO2 的脱除率平均达98.72%;五水硫代硫酸钠的最大产出率达83.24%。产物可以通过过滤、浓缩和结晶从饱和吸收液中分离出去,而滤液可通过适当加入一定量的硫化碱而重新应用。     

A/O MBR处理城市污水回用的中试研究

采用中试规模(36 m3/d)的缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)对城市污水处理回用进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果优良,系统对COD、氨氮、浊度、细菌的平均去除率分别为94%,98.3%,99.6%,lg6,出水浓度分别为18 mg/L,0.65 mg/L,0.06 NTU,4个/mL.出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T 18920-2002).该系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力.     

Integrating an anaerobic Bio-nest and an aerobic EMMC process as pretreatment of dairy wastewater for reuse: a pilot plant study

A large dairy farm located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii was the site for an investigation for the potential integration of the existing facultative lagoon system with a cost effective pretreatment unit process. Based on the results from a laboratory study, a pilot plant was installed with two anaerobic bioreactors (10 m3 each) and one aerobic reactor (3.8 m3). Two layers of media “Bio-nest,” providing a void volume of 98%, were placed into each anaerobic bioreactor with 19% space-based on the bioreactor water volume. For better performance and reduction of shock-load, the equalization/settling tank was employed prior to the first anaerobic Bio-nest reactor. The intermediate holding tank settled effluent suspended solids from the Bio-nest reactor and adjusted the loading rate in order to improve the performance of the aerobic EMMC (entrapped mixed microbial cell) bioreactors. Based on the start-up operation of the Bio-nest system at an organic loading rate of about 1.5 g TCOD/l/day, the production rate of biogas from the first and second Bio-nest reactors was 0.64 and 0.15 l/l/day, respectively. This indicates that the anaerobic degradation of organics occurs mainly in the first Bio-nest reactor due to the low loading rate. The removal efficiency from the Bio-nest system shows TCOD removal of about 70%. The EMMC process provided further treatment to achieve a removal efficiency of TCOD at about 50% and a TN of about 35%. The cost for these pretreatments in order to be integrated with the existing lagoon system is US $1.1 per 1,000 gallons (3.8 m3) for dairy wastewater and $1.1 per 1,000 gallons (3.8 m3) for dairy wastewater and 91 for each ton of TCOD removal. This integration system provides a sustainable improvement of environment and agricultural production.     

Sulfur-impregnated porous carbon for removal of mercuric chloride: optimization using RSM

This study relates to optimization of process conditions for sulfur impregnation process on to a virgin steam-activated commercial carbon, with the objective of maximizing the mercuric chloride adsorption. Process optimization was performed using response surface methodology adopting Box–Behnken design. The chosen key process parameters being impregnation temperature (IT), carbon to sulfur ratio (CSR), and impregnation time (ITE), with lower and upper bounds for process conditions being 250–600 °C IT, 0.5–4 CSR, and 15–45 min ITE. The optimum conditions were identified to be an IT of 544 °C, CSR of 0.53 and ITE of 43 min with the HgCl₂ adsorption capacity of 85 mg/g. The optimized process conditions were further ensured with repeat runs with reproducible results within acceptable variation. Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium adsorption isotherm models fitted well with the experimental data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 294 mg/g which was quite high as compared with the maximum reported in literature. Further, the SEM–EDX analysis evidence the higher amount of sulfur and uniform distribution of sulfur over the surface of activated carbon.     

Development of adsorptive removal process for treatment of explosives contaminated wastewater using activated carbon

The adsorption characteristics of nitro-organics such as trinitro-toluene (TNT), dinitro-toluene (DNT) and nitrobenzene (NB) on granular activated carbon (GAC) were studied to understand their dynamic adsorption behaviour for dilute aqueous solutions. A model was developed to predict the dynamics of the adsorption process and the effect of various design and operating parameters on adsorption characteristics. The model predictions would provide inputs to design of bench scale and pilot plant scale experiments.Section 2 of the paper describes the assumptions, predictions, development of the model and its validation with experimental data generated during bench scale and pilot plant trials. Section 3 presents the breakthrough characteristics obtained by conducting experimental runs for GAC of different surface areas from 650 to 1500 m(2)/g, hydraulic loading rates (HLR) ranging between 12 and 24 m(3)/h/m(2), feed concentrations from 50 to 130 mg/l and bed heights between 300 and 1000 mm for TNT, DNT and NB solutions. The effect of these independent parameters on the breakthrough time, adsorption capacity and the minimum concentration achieved in the effluent was studied and the results obtained are presented in this paper. These indicate that the adsorption capacity goes though a maximum when studied as a function of HLR and feed concentration. The adsorption capacity per unit surface area also shows a maximum around 1000 m(2)/g. The minimum bed height required for meeting environmental effluent discharge limit of 1 ppm was experimentally found to be about 800 mm. These results compare well with the predictions based on the model developed for column adsorption process. Data from these experimental runs and the model predictions have been used to optimise various parameters for the design of a pilot plant unit with 200 l per hour capacity.     

缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水

采用前置缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水,对反应器的硝化和反硝化性能以及污泥特性进行了研究.研究结果表明:适宜的pH、DO、T下,在容积负荷1.5kgNH4 -N/(m3·d)以下时,出水平均NH4 -N值在1 mg/L左右,硝化率保持在99%以上;在容积负荷为1.0 kgNH4 -N/(m3·d),C/N为3.2,回流比为3时,硝化率为99%,总氮去除率达到83.34%.缺氧池与好氧池的污泥浓度后期分别稳定在6.5～7.0 g/L和9.5～10.0 g/L,两池污泥VSS/SS长期稳定在89%左右,说明污泥没有无机成分的积累.     

A pilot study for the selection of a bioreactor for remediation of groundwater from a coal tar contaminated site.

Coal tars in soil at a gasworks site in South Eastern Australia led to groundwater contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mono-aromatic compounds (BTEX) and phenols. The scope of the study included testwork in laboratory scale bioreactors and evaluation of available commercial groundwater treatment units. Two bioreactor configurations, a submerged fixed film reactor (SFFR) and a fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR) were effective, with high efficiencies of contaminant removal (typically >90%) over a range of hydraulic retention times (HRT) (3-29 h). Specifically, concentrations of total PAH, naphthalene, pyrene and total phenols in the feedstock and effluent of the SFFR were 123, 60, 51, 1.38 and 0.004, 0.001, 0.004, 0.1mg/l, respectively. The FBR was only marginally less effective than the SFFR for the same groundwater contaminants. Discharge to sewer was the most appropriate end use for the effluent. SFFRs are regarded as being simpler in design and operation, and a commercially available unit has been identified which would be suitable for treating small volumes (<10 m(3) per day) of contaminated water collected at an interception trench at the site.     

A study of phase equilibria of nitrogen for constructing a medium value pressure scale

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 40–42, March, 1993.     

超声强化超临界二氧化碳除锈除油污

结合超声清洗的优势与超临界二氧化碳的特性,设计出超声强化超临界二氧化碳复合清洗实验平台,超声换能器最大发射声功率为1 200 W,换能器每工作10 s停止20 s,即一个工作周期为30 s。利用实验平台开展了CD03钢片表面除锈实验,使用ZEISSMerlin高分辨率热场发射扫描电镜对CD03钢片表面进行扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electronic Microscopy, SEM)和能谱(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, EDS)分析,实验结果表明,随着清洗时间的延长,铁锈在超声作用下逐渐剥落,超声作用适当的工作周期数后,清洗效果达到最佳,超声作用时间太长会造成对钢片基体的损伤。利用实验平台开展了碳钢片表面油污清除实验,使用徕卡光学显微镜对清洗后的碳钢片做表面形貌观察,利用JA2003电子天平等手段对清洗效果进行了计算分析,同样,超声强化超临界二氧化碳油污清洗也存在一个最佳清洗时间。但是,不同污染所需的最佳清洗时间不同,甚至可以相差很大。在实际的清洗中要先根据污染物的类别确定最佳清洗时间,然后进行清洗。     

氧化改性活性炭吸附脱氮选择性研究

以芳烃萘作为参照物,研究了超大比表面积活性炭MSC-30对喹啉、吲哚和咔唑的吸附选择性。进一步采用3种不同的氧化改性方法对MSC-30活性炭进行了氧化改性,考察氧化改性对活性炭吸附脱氮选择性的影响。结果表明,该活性炭及氧化改性样品选择性吸附脱氮。氧化改性后,活性炭对氮化物的选择性进一步提高,并且对氮化物的吸附量增加。通过量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)对目标吸附质的前线轨道能量分布进行计算,结果证明,活性炭对于氮化物的吸附选择性高于对芳烃萘的选择性,这和吸附质的反应活泼顺序一致。氧化改性的活性炭,由于表面含氧基团增加,不利于吸附稳定的萘,而有利于吸附较活泼的吲哚和喹啉,尤其倾向于吸附碱性氮化物喹啉。在强氧化的活性炭样品MSC-N和MSC-NS上,喹啉的吸附量分别高达1.05和1.06mmol/g。     

Comparative modeling of biological nutrient removal from landfill leachate using a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)

Anaerobically digested swine wastewater contains high concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). A pilot-scale experiment was carried out for nutrients removal and recovery from anaerobically digested swine wastewater by struvite crystallization. In the pilot plant, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a continuous-flow reactor with struvite accumulation devices were designed and employed. The wastewater pH value was increased by CO(2) stripping, and the struvite crystallization process was performed without alkali and Mg(2+) additions. Results of the long-term operation of the system showed that, both reactors provided up to 85% P removal and recovery over wide ranges of aeration times (1.0-4.0 h), hydraulic retention times (HRT) (6.0-15.0 h) and temperatures (0-29.5°C) for an extended period of 247 d, in which approximate 30% of P was recovered by the struvite accumulation devices. However, 40-90% of NH(4)(+)-N removed was through air stripping instead of being immobilized in the recovered solids. The recovered products were detected and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical methods, which were proved to be struvite with purity of more than 90%. This work demonstrated the feasibility and effects of nutrients removal and recovery from anaerobically digested swine wastewater by struvite crystallization without chemical additions.     

Biological phenol removal using immobilized cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor: effect of dilution rate and influent phenol concentration

The continuous aerobic biodegradation of phenol in synthetic wastewater was carried out using Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans immobilized over glass beads packed between the plates in a pulsed plate bioreactor at a frequency of pulsation of 0.5s(-1) and amplitude of 4.7 cm. The influence of dilution rate and influent phenol concentration on start up and steady state performance of the bioreactor was studied. The time taken to reach steady state has increased with increase in dilution rate and influent phenol concentration. It was found that, as the dilution rate is increased, the percentage degradation has decreased. Steady state percentage degradation was also reduced with increased influent phenol concentration. Almost 100% degradation of 300 and 500 ppm influent phenol could be achieved at a dilution rate of 0.4094 h(-1) and more than 99% degradation could be achieved with higher dilution rates. At a higher dilution rate of 1.0235 h(-1) and at concentrations of 800 and 900 ppm the percentage degradation has reduced to around 94% and 93%, respectively. The attached biomass dry weight, biofilm thickness and biofilm density at steady state were influenced by influent phenol concentration and dilution rate.     

Anammox bacteria with attached-growth media for nitrogen removal in wastewater

In side-by-side tests with high nitrogen wastewaters (483–1096 mg N/L), it was shown that an attached-growth media system more effectively removed nitrogen than did a suspended-growth system. The attached-growth system better handled the high nitrogen loading concentrations as calculated by the specific annamox activities (SAA) of the two systems. Moreover, the attached-growth medium was able to retain the anammox culture within the system. Based on these results, attached-growth was chosen for additional investigation of the effect of acetate in short- and long-term studies. In a short-term experiment, acetate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM did not affect the anammox bacteria activity. However, in a long-term experiment, the addition of acetate at 0.25 mM decreased the ammonium oxidation rate. The results from this study suggest that attached-growth systems show more promise for use in the field than suspended-growth systems.