1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑的制备及热分解机理

以3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)为原料,经N-胺化反应合成了1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DADNP),采用红外光谱、核磁共振(1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)、质谱及元素分析等手段表征了化合物结构;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重仪(TG)、固相原位热红外检测仪(RSFTIR)、热重-质谱联用技术(TG-MS)等热分析方法研究了DADNP的热分解过程和机理,结果表明,DADNP热分解反应的活化能和指前因子分别为166.45 kJ·mol~(-1)和10~(16.53)s~(-1)。DADNP的热分解过程主要包含两个阶段,第一阶段分别在电离源或加热条件下,DADNP分子中C─NO_2首先发生断裂,生成NO_2小分子;第二阶段是吡唑并吡唑环的进一步破裂及二次氧化反应,生成HCN、N_2H_2等小分子。     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑的合成工艺改进

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP),是一种新型氮杂环含能材料.以乙酰丙酮为原料,经环化、重氮化、双环构建、硝化、氧化、脱羧硝化等反应合成了DNPP,得率为1 3.3%,比文献值提高了4%.考察了一锅法制备中间体4-氨基-3,5-二甲基吡唑的合成工艺、硝化工艺和脱羧硝化工艺.     

1,1'-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)的合成

以3,5-二硝基吡唑(DNP)为原料,经中和、N-胺化、氧化偶联等反应合成了一种含N,N-偶氮结构的富氮、多硝基含能化合物——1,1'-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)(ABDNP),采用红外、核磁(1H NMR,13C NMR)、质谱及元素分析表征了该化合物的结构;考察了不同氧化剂体系对偶联反应的影响;并计算了化合物ABDNP的物化及爆轰性能.结果表明,使用次氯酸叔丁酯作为氧化剂最好,ABDNP收率为43.5％;其密度为1.94 g·cm-3,爆速为9309.0 m·s-1,爆压为42.2 GPa,优于RDX.     

1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑［4,3-c］并吡唑(TNPP)合成

吡唑并吡唑类含能材料由于其紧凑的结构具有密度高、热稳定性好的特点,目前已成为含能材料研究领域的热点之一[1-3]。1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(TNPP)是典型的吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑类富氮含能化合物,其氮含量为38.89%,理论密度为2.2 g.cm-3,计算爆速为9246 m.s-1。国外文献[1]     

新型含能化合物3,5-二硝基吡唑-4-硝酸酯的合成与表征

以4-氯吡唑(4-CP)为原料,经过硝硫混酸硝化制得4-氯-3,5-二硝基吡唑(4-CDNP),再以硝酸银为亲核试剂进行亲核取代反应得到一种新型的含能化合物3,5-二硝基吡唑-4-硝酸酯(DNPN),并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对产物结构进行了表征,计算了其爆轰性能,考察了硝硫混酸组成、硝化温度对硝化反应的影响,得到较佳的合成条件:硝硫混酸组成为V(98%硝酸):V(98%硫酸)=1∶4,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为5 h,产率为65.1%。4-CDNP与硝酸银的反应很快,在40℃下反应1h产率就可达到35.6%。DNPN的爆速为8.78 km·s~(-1),爆压35.12 GPa,优于TNT。     

1,1′-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)的合成（英）

以3,5-二硝基吡唑(DNP)为原料,经中和、N-胺化、氧化偶联等反应合成了一种含N,N-偶氮结构的富氮、多硝基含能化合物——1,1′-偶氮双(3,5-二硝基吡唑)(ABDNP),采用红外、核磁(¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR)、质谱及元素分析表征了该化合物的结构;考察了不同氧化剂体系对偶联反应的影响;并计算了化合物ABDNP的物化及爆轰性能。结果表明,使用次氯酸叔丁酯作为氧化剂最好,ABDNP收率为43.5%;其密度为1.94 g·cm^-3, 爆速为9309.0 m·s^-1,爆压为42.2 GPa,优于RDX。     

3,4-二硝基吡唑纯度的高效液相色谱分析方法

为准确测定3,4-二硝基吡唑产品的纯度,建立了3,4-二硝基吡唑及其合成过程中可能存在的杂质(3-硝基吡唑、1,3-二硝基吡唑)的高效液相色谱分析方法。讨论了不同流动相体系、流动相比例、流速等条件对3,4-二硝基吡唑高效液相色谱分离效果的影响。采用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,得出最优的色谱条件为:Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),紫外检测波长260 nm,流动相为乙腈/0.1%乙酸水=35∶65(V/V),流速1.0 m L·min~(-1),柱温25℃,进样量10μL。在上述色谱条件下,3-硝基吡唑、3,4-二硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑的保留因子分别为0.41、1.20、1.52,3-硝基吡唑和3,4-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为9.42,3-硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为3.16。3,4-二硝基吡唑线性范围为5~500 mg·L~(-1),3-硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1),1,3-二硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1)。在此范围内,三种化合物的检测限分别为1.19,0.60,1.04 mg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差为1.39%~2.08%,加标回收率为95.29%~103.43%。     

3,4-二硝基吡唑的性能表征及应用

为了探究3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)替代TNT作为新型熔铸炸药载体的可行性,采用光学显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、紫外可见分光光度计及DTA/TG热分析仪器对其结构进行了表征,利用氧弹量热仪、电测法分别测试了DNP爆热、爆速,并应用VLW程序计算了TNT/CL-20,DNP/CL-20混合炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,DNP热分解过程主要分为吡唑环断裂和硝基脱环、自催化加速反应两个阶段,热分解表观活化能为131 k J·mol-1;DNP爆热、爆速分别为4326 k J·Kg~(-1)、7633 m·s~(-1),计算得出DNP/CL-20混合炸药爆轰性能明显优于TNT/CL-20混合炸药,当DNP/CL-20=2∶3(质量比)时,计算爆压为39.4 GPa,爆速为8961 m·s~(-1)。     

4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑胍盐的合成、晶体结构及性能

为了获得性能优良的含能材料,以4-氯吡唑为原料,经硝化、水解、酸化及成盐反应合成了一种新型含能离子盐4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑胍盐(DNPOG),采用红外光谱、核磁共振分析及元素分析对其结构进行了表征,培养得到了DNPOG单晶,晶体结构为三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,相对分子质量Mr=233.17 g·cm-1,晶胞参数a=4.8958(5)?,b=8.1933(8)?,c=11.9669(11)?,Z=2,晶体密度Dc=1.750 g·cm-3;计算研究了DNPOG晶体中的氢键及π-π共轭作用对其分子间相互作用力的贡献,其氢键占比为47％;采用差式扫描量热仪(DSC)和热失重仪(TG)研究了其热分解特性,其第一分解峰温为212.5℃;研究了DNPOG爆轰与安全性能,爆速7871 m·s-1、爆压23.8 GPa、生成焓为-160.2 kJ·mol-1、撞击感度20 J、摩擦感度240 N.研究结果表明,DNPOG为层状堆积,热稳定性较好、感度较低,是一种性能优良的低感炸药.     

高能氧化剂ONPP的合成工艺优化

为了解决当前高能氧化剂1,4-双(三硝基甲基)-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(ONPP)合成工艺的低硝化收率以及使用剧毒物等问题,设计并开发了ONPP的新合成路线。将ONPP溶于乙酸乙酯,采用缓慢溶剂挥发法制备出ONPP的单晶,并对不同配方进行了能量估算。结果表明,在碱和相转移催化剂Bu₄NBr(TBAB)的参与下,3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)与溴丙酮反应,在吡唑环上引入2个丙酮基团,接着使用HNO₃/H₂SO₄/P₂O₅硝化体系对其进行硝化,合成得到了ONPP,两步总收率为31%。相较原工艺(两步总收率为10.4%),新工艺的产品收率提升了近3倍,且避免了剧毒物丁烯酮的使用,更适合放大化生产。单晶衍射结果为：ONPP的晶体为单斜晶系,P2₁/c空间群,晶体密度为1.983 g·cm^-3(293 K)。经过对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)(占比10%)、Al粉(占比20%)和氧化剂(占...     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.