4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯的合成、表征和热性能

以4,6-二羟基嘧啶为原料,经过硝化-水解、加成得到4,4,4-三硝基丁酸(TNB),以1,3-二氯丙醇为原料,经叠氮化制备得到1,3-二叠氮基-2-丙醇(DAG),而后TNB和DAG经酯化反应制备得到新型含能增塑剂4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯(DPTB)。通过红外、核磁、元素分析对DPTB的结构进行了表征。合成中,用二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)和二甲氨基吡啶对甲苯磺酸盐(DPTS)催化酯化法代替传统方法,考察了物料比、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂用量对酯化反应的影响。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了DPTB的热分解性能。结果表明,DCC/DPTS催化酯化法代替传统方法,使DPTB的酯化收率由17.9%提高到44.9%。在215℃和230℃,DPTB的DSC曲线有两个分解放热峰。它的TG曲线可分为两个阶段:第一阶段,从147℃到220℃,伴随76.68%的质量损失,第二阶段,从220℃到351℃,伴随15.23%的质量损失,从分解反应开始到结束的总质量损失为91.19%。     

含能增塑剂双（3-叠氮基-2，2-双（叠氮甲基）丙基）丙二酸酯的合成与性能

以3-溴-2,2-双(溴甲基)-1-丙醇为起始物,经叠氮化反应、酯化反应,设计合成了新型含能增塑剂双(3-叠氮基-2,2-双(叠氮甲基)丙基)丙二酸酯(BAAMPM),并利用核磁共振和红外光谱对其进行了表征。研究了叠氮化反应和酯化反应的工艺条件,确定叠氮化反应的较佳反应条件为:n(TBrOH):n(NaN_3)=1:3.3,反应温度为90～95℃,反应时间为12 h;酯化反应的较佳反应条件为:n(TAOH):n(MalAc):n(TsOH)=2:1:0.1 3,甲苯回流反应时间1 5 h,BAAMPM的收率和纯度分别可达到89.5%和98.5%。差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试表明BAAMPM的玻璃化转变温度为-58.3℃、热分解温度为231.0℃,根据GJB772A-1997方法测得BAAMPM的撞击感度为H50=40.9 cm、摩擦感度为28%,表明BAAMPM具有良好的低温性能和热稳定性以及较低的机械感度。此外,黏度和玻璃化转变温度表征结果显示,BAAMPM可显著降低聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)的黏度和玻璃化转变温度,并且随着BAAMPM添加比例的增加,GAP黏度的改善效果越加明显,GAP的玻璃化转变温度降低幅度增大,如BAAMPM/GAP(4/10)30℃下的黏度比GAP降低了52.65%,其玻璃化转变温度为-53.2℃,比GAP降低了4.1℃。因此,BAAMPM对GAP展现出较好的增塑效果。     

2-甲基-2-硝基-1,3-二叠氮基丙烷的合成

以硝基乙烷、甲醛为原料,自行设计合成路线,经缩合、磺酰化、叠氮化等反应合成了2-甲基-2-硝基-1,3-二叠氮基丙烷(NMPA)。采用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对其结构进行了表征;研究了叠氮化温度、时间及反应介质对产物得率的影响,确定最佳反应条件为:反应温度93～95℃,反应介质二甲基亚砜,反应时间30h,总收率(以硝基乙烷计)为71.5%,纯度达99%以上。测得NMPA的一些性能如下:ρ=1.28g.cm-3,Tg(DSC)=-51.5℃,Tp(DSC)=234℃,撞击感度为34cm,摩擦感度32%。     

含能增塑剂DAMNP的合成与性能

以2-甲基-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇为原料,经酯化、叠氮化两步反应设计合成出1,3-二(叠氮乙酰氧基)-2-甲基-2-硝基丙烷(DAMNP),总收率84.7%,纯度不低于98.3%(HPLC)。用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对DAMNP结构进行了表征。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG)研究了DAMNP的热行为,玻璃化转变温度为-50.73℃,热分解温度为227.6℃,表明DAMNP具有良好的热稳定性。DAMNP的密度为1.38 g·cm-3,撞击感度H50为69.2 cm(落锤2 kg),摩擦感度为4%(摆角66°)。     

双叠氮直链醚增塑剂的合成与性能

分别以一缩二乙二醇(DEG)和二缩三乙二醇(TEG)为原料,经硝化、叠氮化反应合成了新型含能增塑剂1,5-二叠氮基-3-氧杂戊烷(AZDEGDN)和1,8-二叠氮基-3,6-二氧杂辛烷(AZTEGDN),优化了叠氮化反应条件,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对其结构进行了表征。结果表明,合成AZDEGDN的最佳反应条件为:叠氮化钠和一缩二乙二醇二硝酸酯(DEGDN)的摩尔比为2.7∶1,反应温度80℃,反应时间8 h;在此条件下,AZDEGDN收率为96.4%,纯度为99.1%。合成AZTEGDN的最佳反应条件为:叠氮化钠和二缩三乙二醇二硝酸酯(TEGDN)的摩尔比为2.5∶1,反应温度75℃,反应时间8 h;在此条件下,AZTEGDN收率为96.0%,纯度为99.2%。AZDEGDN的主要性能:生成焓912.5 kJ·mol~(-1),热分解温度249.3℃,摩擦感度0%,撞击感度64.6 cm;AZTEGDN的主要性能:生成焓898.1 kJ·mol~(-1),热分解温度256.1℃,摩擦感度0%,撞击感度151.4 cm。两者玻璃化温度均小于-100℃。     

3,5-二硝基-3,5-二氮杂庚烷合成与性能

以1,3-二乙基脲为原料,经硝化、水解、缩合等反应得到了中间体乙硝胺(ENA)及终产物3,5-二硝基-3,5-二氮杂庚烷(DNDA7),ENA收率为80.6%,纯度为99.3%,DNDA7收率为67.7%,纯度为99.0%,总收率为54.6%。采用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析表征了其结构。优化了硝化、水解和缩合反应条件,确定较佳硝化水解反应条件为:硝化剂为20%发烟硫酸和浓硝酸,硝化温度-5～0℃,水解温度20℃,水解时间30 min;较佳缩合反应条件为:乙硝胺/多聚甲醛摩尔比1∶0.5,反应温度23～25℃,反应时间30 min。利用差示扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了DNDA7热分解特性及与火炸药常用组分的相容性,结果表明,其熔点为77.3℃,热分解峰温为260.8℃,DNDA7与黑索今相容性较好,与奥克托今、硝基胍和聚叠氮缩水甘油醚基本相容,与硝化棉和1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的相容性较差;利用国军标GJB772A-1997方法测试其撞击感度H_(50)125.9 cm,摩擦感度为4%。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的合成与性能

以2,6-二氨基吡啶为起始原料,经硝化、氮氧化两步反应得到2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)。硝化反应和氮氧化反应收率分别为90%、84%,ANPyO总收率为75%,高于Ritter-Licht公开的方法(45%)。测试了ANPyO的爆速(7000m.s-1,1.50g.cm-3)、DSC放热峰(365℃),以及5s延滞期爆发点(400℃)、摩擦感度(360N)和落锤感度(250cm)。结果表明:ANPyO爆轰性能和安全性能与1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)接近,是一种在含能材料领域有应用前景的新型高能钝感炸药。     

二叠氮基乙二肟合成及表征

以40%乙二醛水溶液和盐酸羟胺为原料,通过取代、氯化、叠氮化反应制备了二叠氮基乙二肟(DAG),并以元素分析,红外光谱(IR),核磁(NMR)对产物结构进行表征。测定了二叠氮基乙二肟的性能,撞击感度H50为17.5 cm,摩擦感度为36%。研究了反应介质、温度对叠氮化得率的影响,确定了叠氮化最佳的反应条件为:溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),反应温度0℃,叠氮化收率为81.3%。     

3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯的合成及表征（英）

用N-硝基二乙醇胺二硝酸酯(DINA)和叠氮化钠为原料,在二甲基亚砜中反应合成了一种分子中含—N—NO2,—N3,—ONO2基团的新型含能增塑剂,3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯(PNAN)(粗品)。粗产品经硅胶柱色谱分离净化。所得纯产品的纯度为98.60%。纯产品的结构用IR、1 H NMR及元素分析表征。测试得到PNAN的密度为1.46-3g·cm,热分解温度为172℃,玻璃化转变温度为-41℃,粘度为19.5 mPa·s,摩擦感度为12%,撞击感度为56%。     

高能氧化剂N-氧化-3'3-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)合成与性能

以3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪为原料,经高锰酸钾、双氧水/三氟乙酸酐两步氧化反应得到高能氧化剂N-氧化-3'3-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAATO3.5),总收率为53.1%。用红外光谱、核磁共振以及元素分析表征了其结构。探讨了双氧水/三氟乙酸酐氧化的反应机理。确定其适宜反应条件为:3,3'-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)/(CF3CO)2O/H2O2料比1∶12.5∶11,反应时间20 h,反应温度20~25℃。用DSC和TG-DTG研究了DAATO3.5的热行为,其热分解峰温为254.6℃,表明DAATO3.5有良好的热稳定性。DAATO3.5密度为1.840 g·cm-3,摩擦感度100%(90°摆角),撞击感度100%(10 kg,25 cm)。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.