Ultrasonic evaluation of gypsum plaster

Ultrasonics have been used for the characterization of set plaster in the water ratio range 0.3 to 1. The variation of ultrasonic velocity with porosity has been studied. The elastic modulus and strength of plaster have also been evaluated. The study indicates both elastic modulus and strength properties correlate well with the ultrasonic velocity. Thus the ultrasonic velocity can be used as a predictor of strength and elastic moduli of these materials.     

模拟点腐蚀油气管线钢的力学性能

通过计算机产生随机数确定点腐蚀孔的位置,利用小钻头打孔的方法模拟X60管线钢基体多孔特征进行拉伸试验,测得其弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度,并将理论计算值与前二者比较,给出了三者与孔隙率的函数关系.结果表明,多孔材料的弹性模量试验值随其孔隙率的变化在低孔隙率时与理论预测基本吻合;实测材料的屈服强度也随着孔隙率的增加而递减,与理论预测也基本吻合,特别是较高孔隙率时相近或相同;实测材料的抗拉强度随孔隙率的变化拟合曲线与屈服强度相似,但受孔隙率影响较大.     

Effect of pore structure on the compressive property of porous Ti produced by powder metallurgy technique

Porous Ti with an average macro-pore size of 200–400 μm and porosity in the range of 10–65% has been manufactured using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) powders as spacer particles. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of resultant porous Ti are observed in the range of 32–530 MPa and 0.7–23.3 GPa, respectively. With the increasing of the porosity and macro-pore size, the compressive strength and modulus decrease as described by Gibson–Ashby model. The failure due to cracking (complete fracture) of the struts on porous Ti is controlled primarily by macro-pores. Fractography shows evidence of the brittle cleavage fracture mainly, but containing a few fine shallow dimples and a small amount of transcrystalline fracture of similarly oriented laths. The failure mechanism has been discussed by taking the intrinsic microstructural features into consideration.     

用边界元行列子域法模拟非均匀脆性材料的弹性特性和破坏过程

该文采用边界元行列子域法,对格子形式的非均匀脆性材料的弹性性质和破坏过程进行了数值模拟,研究了各种非均匀因素对于等效弹性模量和破坏强度的影响。结果表明:随着材料非均匀度的增加材料的等效弹性模量和破坏强度逐渐降低,并且破坏强度的降低程度超过等效弹性模量的降低程度。当组分材料间的界面为非理想界面,界面破坏强度低于组分材料的破坏强度时,非均匀材料的破坏强度还要进一步降低。     

Dependence of the elastic moduli of porous silica gel prepared by the sol-gel method on heat-treatment

The elastic moduli of silica gel monolith prepared by the sol-gel method from a tetramethoxysilane solution have been measured before and after heat treatment. The elastic moduli showed a drastic change with heat treatment; for example, Young's modulus changed from 0.95 GPa for the gel before heating to 72.5 GPa for the densified product after heating to 1050 ° C. The change in the Young's modulus of the gel with heating temperature is discussed on the basis of changes of porosity and strength of the silica skeleton.     

高温处理后闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能及变形机理

目的 探究温度和孔隙率对闭孔泡沫铝材料压缩力学性能和变形机理的影响。方法 将孔隙率为84.3%～87.3%的泡沫铝试件在温度25～700 ℃内进行加热处理,对处理后的试样开展准静态压缩实验。结果 在准静态压缩条件下,闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度加热处理后的压缩应力–应变曲线均经历了3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和密实阶段。孔隙率从87.3%减小到84.3%时,其弹性模量增大了44.4 MPa,屈服强度增大了0.39 MPa,平台应力增大了0.94 MPa。孔隙率为84.3%的泡沫铝,在25 ℃时,其弹性模量为141.4 MPa、屈服强度为4.25 MPa、平台应力为4.75 MPa;当加热温度为500 ℃时,弹性模量减小到了128.0 MPa、屈服强度减小到了4.22 MPa、平台应力减小到了4.51 MPa。结论 泡沫铝的弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和平台应力均随孔隙率的增加而减小;加热温度低于500 ℃以下时,泡沫铝材料力学性能变化很小,但屈服强度和弹性模量均小幅度降低;在压缩载荷下,泡沫铝的变形破坏模式呈现出先从试件铝基体较薄弱部分产生孔壁塑性变形、孔洞坍塌,并逐渐出现断裂压缩带,直至泡沫铝孔洞完全坍塌密实。     

Plaster of Paris as a model material for brittle porous solids

Plaster of Paris is a brittle, porous solid, easy to shape, which has potential as a model material for the study of brittle, porous, solids such as ceramics, rocks and cement. This paper describes the mechanical properties of plaster of Paris — modulus, strength, fracture toughness, etc. — as a function of porosity. The material is then used to study the initiation and propagation of cracks in compression, as a function of porosity, stress state and stress concentration.     

Mechanical properties and fracture toughness of organo-silicate glass (OSG) low-k dielectric thin films for microelectronic applications

The integration of chemical vapor deposited organo-silicate glass (OSG) interlayer dielectrics (ILD) has challenged the IC industry to formulate new methods of metrology and characterization. The impact of nanoindentation to understand and screen for integrated circuit failure mechanisms that are mainly predicated upon OSG nano-porosity is discussed. Failure modes include poor mechanical strength, low material stiffness, and brittle fracture due to low cohesive and adhesive fracture toughness, a particular danger during chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). By developing a methodology to predict failure modes, we are able to screen multiple candidate low-k materials. Nanoindentation measurements of elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness and what they reveal about OSG porosity are discussed.     

Yield behavior of porous nuclear fuel (UO2)

Uranium dioxide (UO₂) is one of the most common nuclear fuels. During burn-up, the fuel undergoes substantial microstructural changes including the formation of pressurized pores, thus becoming a porous material. These pores reduce the elastic modulus and alter the yield behavior of the material. In this work, a finite-element-based homogenization technique has been used to map the yield surface of UO₂ with pressurized pores. Two scenarios are considered; in the first, the fuel matrix is a ductile material with a Von-mises type behavior, while in the second, the matrix is quasi brittle, which is simulated using the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model available in ABAQUS. For both of the scenarios, it is found that the yield strength decreases with an increase in porosity for a given internal pore pressure. For a given porosity, the yield surface shifts towards the negative hydrostatic axis in the Haigh-Westergard stress space with an increase in pore pressure. When the matrix is quasi brittle, the decrease in tensile hydrostatic strength is less than the increase in compressive hydrostatic strength, whereas in the case of a ductile matrix, the changes in the hydrostatic strengths are same. Furthermore, the shape of the yield surface changes from one deviatoric plane to another in both scenarios. Analytical equations, which are functions of pore pressure and porosity, are developed to describe the yield surface of porous UO₂ while accounting for the changes in shape of the yield surface from one deviatoric plane to another. These yield functions can be used to predict the failure of porous UO₂ fuel.     

具有球形胞体结构的泡沫塑料弹性常数的确定

通过微分法导出了泡沫塑料剪切模量和体积模量所满足的微分方程组，并利用泡沫塑料各向同性弹性常数间满足的关系求解；得到了泡沫塑料剪切模量与体积模量的关系，确定了剪切模量与材料孔隙比的关系；并且将本文结果同其他已有模型了对比。     

含孔隙混凝土复合材料有效力学性能研究

混凝土、岩石等工程材料是典型的多孔介质材料,孔隙或微裂纹的存在对材料的弹性模量及强度等力学参数产生很大影响。该文基于三相球模型确定了含孔隙复合材料的有效体积模量,提出采用空心圆柱形杆模型推导得到了含孔隙复合材料有效剪切模量的理论公式,并在各向同性材料的假设条件下确定了材料的有效弹性模量及泊松比;推导并得到了含孔隙材料的有效抗拉、抗压强度及有效抗剪强度与孔隙率之间的定量关系公式,并进一步得到了含孔基质在达到有效强度时的临界应变与孔隙率之间的定量关系。结果表明该文方法能较好的预测含孔混凝土材料的有效力学性能,且公式简单,易于应用。     

TC4负泊松比复合结构的人工骨力学性能调控研究

目的 基于不同变形机制的负泊松比结构优化设计新型复合多孔结构样件,增加力学性能的调控维度,以满足人体骨低弹性模量的匹配要求。方法 用内凹多边形替代手性结构的圆环,以获得新型的复合胞元结构。利用选区激光熔化成形技术制备负泊松比多孔人工骨样件,通过压缩实验揭示胞元结构类型、结构参数、孔隙率对屈服强度、弹性模量的影响规律,评测不同结构样件与人体骨间的力学性能匹配程度。结果 当孔隙率为65%～85%时,复合结构样件的成形质量、力学性能基本介于手性结构的和内凹结构的之间,且与孔隙率密切相关。手性结构、内凹结构和复合结构的弹性模量分别为2.39～4.64、1.12～3.77、1.01～3.47 GPa,屈服强度分别为65.19～223.06、45.25～195.81、26.54～143.58MPa。复合结构的弹性模量随环径和内凹角度的增大而减小。当孔隙率为75%时,环径由2.4 mm变至2.0 mm,弹性模量由2.651 GPa降低至2.082 GPa。当内凹角度由85°变至65°时,弹性模量则由3.566GPa降低至1.982GPa。结论 复合胞元结构可以融合材料特性,增加调控维度,进而匹配人工...     

Porous bioceramics reinforced by coating gelatin

Porous bioceramics with high porosity for bone tissue engineering were fabricated by the foam impregnation technique, but their mechanical strength was poor, only a mean compressive strength of 1.04 ± 0.15 MPa and an mean elastic modulus of 0.1 GPa. In order to reinforce porous ceramics, the ceramic samples were immerged in 5% gelatin solution and gelatin coatings were formed on the inter-surface of their pores. It was found that the mean compressive strength value and the mean elastic modulus value of porous samples coated with gelatin were improved to 5.17 ± 0.17 MPa and 0.3 GPa respectively without sacrificing their porosity greatly. Moreover composite samples were not as fragile as sintered ceramics. The results indicated that the gelatin coatings on the inter-surface of pores reinforced porous bioceramics effectively.     

Elastic properties of powders during compaction. Part 3: Evaluation of models

General approaches for developing models to describe the elastic properties of granular and porous materials are discussed, with emphasis on their application to predicting the elastic properties of powders undergoing uniaxial compaction. Both particle-based, and pore-based models were considered so as to reflect the transition in compact response with decreasing porosity; being particle-dominated at high porosity, then pore-dominated at low porosity. Pore-based models were further subdivided into: mechanistic models, which consider the effects of porosity on internal mechanical fields; and geometric models, for which the elastic response is assumed to correlate with a microstructural feature (e.g. load-bearing area). A selection of models suggested in the literature, considered representative of these approaches, was applied to experimental measurements of the elastic moduli of powders during compaction. In general, the geometric pore-based models show most promise, as these are able to approximate the transition in pore character during compaction. However, further developments are required for application to uniaxially compacted powders. In particular, it is necessary to develop the ability to predict more than one elastic modulus, handle irregular powder particles, and accommodate powders comprised of brittle solid phase materials.     

Orientation dependence of elastic constants and electronic properties of rhenium nitrides first-principle calculations

The orientation dependence of the Young’s and shear moduli for Re₂N and Re₃N was examined in basal planes, pyramidal planes, and prismatic planes, and was strongly orientation-dependent on the prismatic and pyramidal planes. The elastic constants of the rhenium nitrides are characterized by the large values of the Young moduli and the large ratios of the shear modulus to bulk modulus, which is a signature of brittle materials. Elastic anisotropy, the nature of chemical bonding, and the electronic charge transfer between constituent atoms have also been explored to assess the origins of high elastic stiffness of these compounds. Their properties can be explained from the strength of bonding in rhenium nitrides ranked in the ascending order as: Re–Re (metallic), Re–N (ionic), and N–N (covalent).     

Elastic properties of powders during compaction. Part 1: Pseudo-isotropic moduli

The elastic moduli of powdered materials undergoing uniaxial compaction was investigated, paying particular attention to effects of solid phase material properties and initial particle shape. Elastic properties were characterised by the isotropic elastic moduli Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus, calculated from elastic wave speeds measured in the axial (pressing direction). To isolate material property effects, three different ductile metal powders (copper, stainless steel, and aluminium) with equivalent particle shape (spheroidal) were tested. Comparison with similar measurements for a brittle spheroidal powder (glass) illustrated that solid phase yield mechanism affects the evolution of pore character, and hence bulk elastic properties of the powder compact. Pore character was also studied separately by comparing copper powders with differing particle shapes (spheroidal, irregular, and dendritic). For all powders, Young’s modulus increased monotonically with compaction (reducing porosity). For the ductile spheroidal powders, differences in evolution of Young’s modulus with compaction were accounted for by solid phase elastic properties. The different morphology copper powders showed an increase in compact compliance as particle (pore) ruggedness increased. Poisson’s ratio followed a concave porosity dependence: decreasing in the initial stages of compaction, then increasing as porosity approached zero. Comparison between powders indicated the initial decrease in Poisson’s ratio was insensitive to solid phase material properties. However, as the compact approached solid phase density, the Poisson’s ratio—porosity locus diverged towards corresponding solid phase values for each particle material, indicating an influence of solid phase elastic properties.     

Damage assessment in cellulose–cement composites using dynamic mechanical characteristics

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of test methods that can detect damage in cement composites, incorporating cellulose macro-nodule fibers, subjected to freezing/thawing and immersion in hot water. Conventional methods of ascertaining damage, such as porosity and flexural strength testing, were carried out, along with dynamic mechanical testing for determination of elastic modulus and damping capacity. Increase in porosity and reduction in flexural strength (as compared to normally cured specimens) were observed for low fiber volume composites subjected to freezing and thawing, whereas no significant changes were observed for specimens with higher fiber volumes. Determination of dynamic elastic modulus and specific damping capacity at regular intervals of exposure showed that the high volume of porous macro-nodules in the mixture prevented damage due to freezing and thawing by acting as stress release sites. No appreciable change in porosity and flexural strength was observed for specimens continuously exposed to hot water; however, reduction in relative modulus and increase in damping capacity was observed. The changes in these system properties suggest that a certain degree of damage might be occurring under sustained hot water exposure, which the determination of porosity and flexural strength could not capture. Using a stiffness-loss map, it is shown in this paper that the damping characteristic is more sensitive than the stiffness in detecting damage as a result of continuous exposure to hot and wet conditions.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of FeCrBSiMnNbY metallic glass coatings

This article investigates mechanical characteristics of Fe-based metallic glass coatings. A series of the coatings were fabricated by conventional wire-arc spray process. The microstructure of the coating was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning election microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimeter. The coating is very dense smooth, adhering well and with no cracking. The microstructure of the coating consists of amorphous phase and α(Fe,Cr) nanocrystalline phase. The nanocrystalline grains with a size of 30 to 60 nm are homogenously dispersed in the amorphous phase matrix. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous phase is about 545 °C. The mechanical properties, such as porosity, adhesive strength, microhardness, elastic modulus, and abrasive wear resistance, were analyzed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the coating has high microhardness (15.74 GPa), high elastic modulus (216.97 GPa), and low porosity (1.7%). The average adhesive strength value of the coating is 53.6 MPa. The relationship between abrasive wear behavior and structure of the coating is discussed. The relatively wear resistance of metallic glass coating is about 7 and 2.3 times higher than that of AISI 1045 steel and 3Cr13 martensite stainless steel coating, respectively. The main failure mechanism of metallic glass coating is brittle failure and fracture. The Fe-based metallic glass coating has excellent wear resistance.     

In-plane elastic constants and strengths of circular cell honeycombs

The in-plane elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, brittle crushing strength and plastic yielding strength of honeycombs with hexagonally packed circular cells are analyzed theoretically. The resulting theoretical expressions are compared with the numerical results obtained from a series of finite element analyses for circular cell honeycombs with various relative densities, leading to a good correlation. It is also found that the in-plane mechanical properties of circular cell honeycombs are significantly affected by the ratio of cell-wall thickness to cell radius. Though the elastic constants along the two principal directions of circular cell honeycombs are the same, the brittle crushing strength and plastic yielding strength along the two principal directions are not identical. Furthermore, the in-plane mechanical properties of circular cell honeycombs are compared to those of regular hexagonal honeycombs with straight and uniform-thickness cell walls to evaluate their microstructural efficiency.     

基于SLM的梯度多孔牙种植体力学特性

目的 确定既满足强度要求又能够有良好长期稳定性的梯度多孔牙种植体最佳孔隙值。方法 设计4组不同孔隙率(G30、G40、G50、G60)的梯度多孔结构样件及均质多孔样件S30,选区激光熔化(SLM)成型后通过准静态压缩试验对其力学性能进行研究,测量出样件的弹性模量和屈服强度。通过有限元分析评估不同孔隙率种植体及对应下颌骨组织的应力分布。结果 相较于实体钛合金结构(110 GPa),多孔结构的弹性模量(13.47~15.88 GPa)已完全符合人体自然骨组织(2~20 GPa)范围,多孔结构屈服强度(484.81~834.47 MPa)远高于皮质骨(180.5~211.7 MPa);梯度多孔结构样件弹性模量相较于均质多孔结构略有提升,屈服强度(834.47 MPa)比均质多孔结构样件(730.56 MPa)提高了约14%。梯度多孔种植体周围皮质骨最大等效应力值分布在43.362 9~45.015 4 MPa之间,松质骨最大等效应力值分布在4.756 58~ 5.055 6 MPa之间,完全满足2~60 MPa范围内的最大应力,适合骨组织生长。种植体与下颌骨之间的应力差值随着孔隙率的增大而逐渐变大,孔隙率为30%的TPMS–G型梯度多孔牙种植体与下颌骨应力差值最小,生物力学特性最佳,有利于形成稳定的骨整合。结论 通过试验及仿真模拟,确定了适用于种植体的最佳梯度多孔结构,既满足强度要求,又具有良好的长期稳定性。