Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Impact, Classification, Treatment Trends, and Implications From Translational Research.

Pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been recognized as a significant problem in the literature for over half a century. Prevalence estimates have varied widely, with most reports suggesting this to be an extremely common condition (60%-90%). Severe pain is reported by perhaps 25%, but for these persons, pain is literally the "insult added to injury." Effective treatments with a substantial body of empirical support did not exist until recently, and research progress has been compromised by lack of a standardized method for classifying and assessing pain. Encouraging developments for both assessment and treatment have occurred and are reviewed. There have been parallel developments in research using animal models of SCI pain that argue for exploration of translational work from animals to humans. Areas of research in which psychologists have been active and/or could become active are reviewed, both in clinical and translational research arenas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cluster Analysis and Chronic Pain: An Empirical Classification of Pain Subgroups in a Spinal Cord Injury Sample.

Objective: To determine the existence of homogeneous spinal cord injury (SCI) pain subgroups. Design: Prospective longitudinal design. Participants: Persons with traumatic onset SCI (N = 1,334) with self-reported pain, pain interference, and depression. Outcome Measures: Pain (Numerical Rating Scale); pain interference (item from the Short Form-12); and depression (Brief Patient Health Questionnaire). Results: Multivariate clustering revealed 4 SCI pain subgroups: low pain (low pain intensity, pain interference, and depression); positive adaptation to pain (high pain intensity, low pain interference and depression); minimal distress (high pain intensity, high pain interference, and low depression); and chronic pain syndrome (high pain intensity, pain interference, and depression). Conclusions: The characteristics of homogeneous SCI pain subgroups may be important for clinicians to consider in treatment planning and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal Learning Ability and Adjustment to Recent-Onset Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: Investigate the relation between verbal learning and adjustment in individuals in inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. Setting: A rehabilitation hospital in the southeastern United States. Study Design: At admission, verbal learning ability and depressive behavior were evaluated. Prior to discharge, acceptance of disability was assessed. Participants: One hundred seven individuals (age range=18-65; 82 men, 25 women; 73 Caucasian, 34 African American). Results: Verbal learning ability accounted for 7% of the variance in acceptance of disability after controlling for demographic variables and depressive behavior. Higher levels of verbal learning ability were associated with disability acceptance. Conclusions: Verbal learning ability is associated with adjustment. Assessment of verbal learning abilities may provide useful information concerning individuals at risk for more complicated adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pre- and Postinjury Substance Misuse Among Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: To identify rates of substance misuse with onset before and after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to investigate whether patients with a history of substance misuse are more likely to report being intoxicated at the time of injury. Participants: One hundred twenty-four veterans with traumatic SCIs. Measures: Alcohol and nonalcohol psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) sections of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Results: Forty (32%) had a lifetime PSUD. Of those, 55% recalled the onset of their PSUD occurring preinjury, 27.5% recalled the onset occurring postinjury, and 17.5% could not recall their age at onset. Compared with participants who reported postinjury onset of PSUD, those with reported preinjury onset were more likely to report intoxication at time of injury. No significant relation was found between intoxication at injury and presence of a lifetime PSUD. Conclusion: Intoxication at injury does not necessarily substantiate the existence of an underlying substance misuse problem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Preliminary Study of Acute Family Needs After Spinal Cord Injury: Analysis and Implications.

Objective: To address the paucity of research on family needs following spinal cord injury (SCI). Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional design. Setting: Inpatient SCI rehabilitation unit within a Level 1 trauma center. Participants: Family members of 17 inpatients with SCI. Main Outcome Measure: Family Needs Questionnaire (FNQ). Results: Eighteen of the 40 FNQ needs were rated as important or very important by 100% of the respondents. Health Information Needs were rated as most important and Instrumental Support Needs as least important. Involvement With Care Needs were most often met, whereas Emotional Support Needs were most often unmet. Conclusions: The FNQ is a promising measure of family members' needs after SCI and treatment planning and program evaluation tool. Findings affirm that family education is important during rehabilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Treatment of Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: An Evidence-Based Review.

Study Design: Evaluative research review. Objective: Depression is a significant secondary complication of spinal cord injuries (SCI); this study applies the D. L. Sackett (1989) research criteria to evaluate the quality of intervention studies of the treatment of depression among persons with SCI. Method: An extensive range of peer-reviewed published research was identified through established databases, critical reviews, and published meta-analyses. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. One antidepressant study was rated above Level III; although the psychological intervention studies had control groups, these were not randomized. Conclusion: This review demonstrates the need for randomized clinical trials of psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression and distress among persons with SCI. so that informed decisions concerning cost-effective treatments can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor Structure of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: To develop a conceptual framework to guide interpretation of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (A. Rey, 1958) and similar list-learning tasks across the adult life span for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Study Design: Factor analysis with comparisons of sample-based and norm-based factor scores across age groups. Participants: 221 individuals with SCI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. Results: The retained model consisted of 3 correlated factors: General Verbal Learning, Auditory Attention, and Inaccurate Recall. Cross-sectional age trends suggest decreased auditory attention and verbal learning with increasing age. The inverse pattern was observed for inaccurate recall. Conclusions: These factors are consistent with other models using similar methodology. The results offer a means of identifying barriers to meeting the educational and therapeutic goals of post-SCI rehabilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social Support and Adjustment After Spinal Cord Injury: Influence of Past Peer-Mentoring Experiences and Current Live-In Partner.

Objective: To compare the impact of 2 types of social support, past peer-mentoring experience (PME) and current live-in partner (LIP), on adjustment after spinal cord injury (SCI). Participants: Sixty-two individuals with SCI (mean age=42 years: 11.7 years since injury). Design: Cross-sectional survey. PME (yes vs. no) and LIP (yes vs. no) were nearly equally balanced, affording 2X2 factorial analyses. Outcome Measures: Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results: PME, which typically concluded over 10 years ago, was associated with higher occupational activity and life satisfaction, whereas having an LIP was associated with greater mobility and economic self-sufficiency. Conclusion: PME positively complements more traditionally studied sources of social support, which is encouraging for the use of PME as a clinical intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Impact of Being a Support Provider to a Person Living in the Community With a Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: To examine the personal impact of being a support provider (SP) to a community-dwelling person with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Study Design: Quantitative phase (interview-completed questionnaire; n=100), followed by qualitative phase (8 focus groups; n=46). Participants: Convenience sample; self-selected subsample in focus groups. Main Outcome Measures: Productivity status, satisfaction with community integration, quality of life. Results: Supporting a person with SCI brings significant life change. Greater support provision was related to lower productivity and community integration of the SPs. They felt underserved and unprepared emotionally and cognitively for their new, unanticipated role. Conclusions: More attention, understanding, and service directed to SPs are required to reduce trial-and-error learning and emotional and physical burden. Enhanced injury resource materials, peer networks, and knowledge-building opportunities may ameliorate SP difficulties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Theory of Planned Behavior in Prediction of Leisure Time Physical Activity Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: To examine the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for predicting leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Study Design: Prospective correlational design. Participants: 104 men (n=75) and women (n=29) with SCI. Method: Baseline telephone interview assessing attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intentions for engaging in LTPA. One-week follow-up telephone interview assessing frequency of LTPA. Results: Attitudes (β=.29), subjective norms (β=.29), and PBC (β=.47) each predicted LTPA intentions. LTPA intentions (β=.45) but not PBC (β=-.05) predicted LTPA. Furthermore, intentions mediated the attitudes-LTPA, subjective norms-LTPA, and PBC-LTPA relationships. Conclusions: These findings support the tenets of the TPB and provide a foundation for developing interventions promoting LTPA in the SCI population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

有色金属加工工程项目分类标准与实施

本文论述了有色金属加工工程项目分类的必要性。提出了有色金属加工工程项目分类的原则及方法。阐明了工程项目分类的编码方式和编码实施细则。说明了工程项目的分类和编码在工程项目策划中的实际应用。     

有色金属产品采用国际标准的研究

本文主要研究国内外铜箔、铍青铜极箔材、康铜薄带、长空心铜导线、冰箱和空调器用铜管、以及白铜线等产品标准。对比出了这些产品的国际水平等级,找出了这些国内外产品标准的差距,提出了拟采用、或参照的国外先进产品标准等之建议。     

Instrumental Learning Within the Rat Spinal Cord: Localization of the Essential Neural Circuit.

Following spinal transection of the upper thoracic spinal cord, male Sprague-Dawley rats given legshock whenever a hindlimb is extended learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position. The region of the cord that mediates this instrumental learning was isolated using neuroanatomical tracing, localized infusion of lidocaine, and surgical transections. DiI and Fluoro-Gold microinjection at the site of shock application labeled motor neuron bodies of lamina IX in the lower lumbar region. Local application of the Na++ channel blocker lidocaine disrupted learning when it was applied over a region extending from the lower lumbar (L3) to upper sacral (S2) cord. The drug had no effect rostral or caudal to this region. Surgical transections as low as L4 had no effect on learning. Learning also survived a dual transection at L4 and S3, but not L4 and S2. The results suggest that the essential neural circuit lies between L4 and S3. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

木薯寒冻害等级划分指标研究

[目的]探索木薯寒害冻害等级划分的形态指标及方法.[方法]开展室内人工模拟木薯寒害冻害试验.在极端低温0～4℃条件下处理1～3 d,置室内,7、20 d后观察.[结果]茎杆芽眼死坏率和块根黑斑占切面比率均随温度的降低而增加,随低温持续时间延长而增加;茎杆干枯率不完全呈规律性变化;茎杆变色损伤率、髓部变色率及乳胶的量的变化率小或表现不明显.[结论]茎杆芽眼死坏率适合作为木薯茎杆寒冻害等级划分形态指标;块根黑斑占切面比率适合作为木薯块根的寒冻害等级划分形态指标.同时,确定了木薯寒害冻害等级划分标准.     

Variability in the classification of radiographs using the 1980 International Labor Organization Classification for Pneumoconioses

This study describes the extent of agreement in classification of chest radiographs using the International Labor Organization (ILO) classification among six readers from the United States and Canada. A set of 119 radiographs was created and read by three Canadian and three US readers. The two ratings of interest were profusion (scored from 0/- to 3/+) and pleural abnormalities consistent with pneumoconiosis (scored with the ILO system, then collapsed into a yes/no). We used a number of approaches to evaluate interreader agreement on profusion and pleural changes, determining concordance, observed agreement, kappa statistic, and a new measure to approximate sensitivity and specificity. This study found that five of six readers had good fair to good agreement for pleural findings and for profusion as a dichotomous variable (> or = 1/0 vs < or = 0/1) using the kappa statistic, while a sixth reader had poor agreement. We found that concordance, expressed as percent agreement, was higher for normal radiographs than for ones that showed disease, and describe the use of the kappa statistic to control for this finding. This analysis adds to the existing literature with the use of the kappa statistic, and by presenting a new measure for "underreading" and "overreading" tendencies.     

Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Summarized proceedings of International Committee for Virus Taxonomy]

An inducible membrane-bound L-4-hydroxymandelate oxidase (decarboxylating) from Pseudomonas convexa has been solubilized and partially purified. It catalyzes the conversion of L-4-hydroxymandelic acid to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in a single step with the stoichiometric consumption of O2 and liberation of CO2. The enzyme is optimally active at pH 6.6 and at 55 degrees C. It requires FAD and Mn2+ for its activity. The membrane-bound enzyme is more stable than the solubilized and purified enzyme. After solubilization it gradually loses its activity when kept at 5 degrees C which can be fully reactivated by freezing and thawing. The Km values for DL-4-hydroxymandelate and FAD are 0.44 mM and 0.038 mM respectively. The enzyme is highly specific for DL-4-hydroxymandelic acid. DL-3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid competitively inhibited the enzyme reaction. From the Dixon plot the Ki for DL-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid was calculated to be 1.8 X 10(-4) M. The enzyme is completely inactivated by thiol compounds and not affected by thiol inhibitors. The enzyme is also inhibited by denaturing agents, heavy metal ions and by chelating agents.     

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: An Introduction for Rehabilitation Psychologists.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) represents a new way for rehabilitation psychologists and other health care providers to classify health and functioning. The ICF classifies functioning and disability through the constructs of Body Functions and Structures and Activities and Participation and addresses contextual influences through Environmental and Personal Factors. The ICF and its companion classification, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, provide a complementary, broad, and meaningful picture of the health of an individual or of entire populations. Research and clinical implementation efforts suggest that the ICF is a useful and meaningful public health tool. The development of the ICF and its universe and scope of application are reviewed. Critical concepts are defined, the structure of the ICF is illustrated, and clinical-research utility are featured in light of the ethical considerations for responsible use by rehabilitation psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)