Measurements on isothermal flow of helium II in narrow tubes

Isothermal flow of He II in circular glass and metal tubes of inner diameter 0.2 mm is investigated. Different methods for the generation of the flow are used. The pressure heads required to drive the flow as well as the heat supply require to maintain isothermal conditions are measured. Earlier findings are confirmed and are shown to remain valid for smaller transport rates. The main features may be summarized as follows: (1) the pressure heads at given mass transport are almost independent of bath temperature, (2) they vary almost proportionally to the square of the mass flow rate, and (3) the flow becomes isothermal when there is a small, almost constant slip velocity (2.0 cm/sec) between the superfluid and normal components.     

聚合物气辅共挤成型中挤出胀大的数值模拟

以一矩形截面共挤型材为例,采用Giesekus本构方程和Navier滑移模型建立数值模型,使用EVSS、SU等有限元方法对气辅共挤和传统共挤时两种聚合物熔体在口模内外的等温粘弹流动做了三维数值模拟,得到了气辅共挤和传统共挤时的挤出胀大率、速度场、应力场及剪切速率分布。对模拟结果进行了分析和对比,结果表明,气辅共挤能消除挤出胀大和模外熔体偏转流动现象;气辅共挤时两相熔体的速度场均匀一致,熔体流动稳定,呈柱塞状挤出;熔体表面的切向和法向应力为零,因而可有效提高挤出速率,并防止制品表面"鲨鱼皮"现象的出现。     

Analytical prediction of pressure loss through a sudden-expansion in two-phase pneumatic conveying lines

Estimation of separation or minor pressure losses for pipe fittings of a pneumatic conveying system at design stage is critical as much as determination of frictional pressure losses through it. The flow in many pneumatic conveying systems is a two-phase flow; it is so complex and difficult to be investigated by experimental techniques. The static pressure recovery and the minor loss coefficient through an axis-symmetric, circular cross-section, sudden-expansion fitting of a horizontal pneumatic conveying line with air–solid particle flow are analytically studied. The theoretical models proposed in the literature are scarce, and do not confirm the experimental studies. The well-known homogeneous and separated flow models proposed in the literature are initially applied to the case by means of mass and momentum conservation laws. The predictions of both the models on the pressure recovery were compared with the experimental and the numerical data in the literature and a bad agreement was observed between them; therefore, a new original analytical model is proposed by the present study. The new model is called as the slip flow model, which takes into account the slip velocity between gas and solid phases evaluated by coupling the well-known separated flow model with the empirical slip ratio predictions in the literature. The predictions of the proposed slip flow model on both the pressure recovery and minor loss coefficient are found in good agreement with the corresponding data in the literature.     

Slip flow on a body of revolution

This work investigates the boundary layer development and resulting net frictional drag along a general blunt-nosed body of revolution in uniform slip flow. The curvilinear boundary layer equations are subjected to a Navier slip condition near the surface. For motion near the nose, a similarity-type solution is obtained as a double series, comprising a small velocity slip parameter, from which the non-dimensional drag coefficient is obtained. In addition, the displacement effect of the boundary layer on the outer inviscid flow is determined and interpreted by means of a dimensionless parameter. The general analysis is then applied to the special case of the Rankine half-body. Considering laminar flow along the nose and downstream regions, results are presented for prescribed slip parameters and Reynolds numbers with particular emphasis on the influence of slip on the flow.     

复合材料热压成型过程的树脂压力测试系统

在树脂基复合材料的成型工艺中大多涉及到树脂的流动过程, 而树脂压力是反映这一过程的重要参数, 监测成型过程中树脂压力的变化可以为工艺参数的选择和构件质量的控制提供指导。本文中针对热压工艺, 根据液体传压原理和特点, 自行研制了复合材料成型过程树脂压力测试系统, 对系统的精度和动态响应性能进行了研究, 并以该系统为测试手段, 初步研究了玻璃纤维单向层板中树脂压力的变化规律。结果表明, 该系统具有准确度高和动态响应敏感的特点, 满足热压成型过程树脂压力的测试要求, 为研究工艺过程树脂流动行为提供了有力的测试与验证手段。      

短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料的组织特征

利用新型、高效的模压半炭化成型工艺，在大气环境下制备出了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料制品，并借助光学显做镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察。通过分析，解释了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料中炭纤维损伤的形成机制，提出了作为增强体相的短切炭纤维和焦炭颗粒与基体炭之间独特的界而结构模型。研究还表明：复合材料中明显存在着基体相和颗粒相一基体相的显微结构不仅呈层片状，而且层片状的结构好像数层桔子皮，将颗粒相包裹起来，这种“桔皮包裹”式的结构与炭纤维表面的POG结构基本相似。     

微注塑成型流动中熔体壁面滑移的研究

基于宏观熔体流动的基本理论及其流动过程中壁面滑移机理的分析,针对微注塑成型模具中熔体充模流动时的壁面滑移行为,建立了微小通道中高聚物熔体流动的壁面滑移理论模型。并用数值模拟方法,对不同滑移系数时微小通道中熔体的壁面滑移对流动速度、熔体压力等的影响进行了研究。结果表明,微小通道中的壁面滑移可使壁面处熔体的流动速度增加,压力损失减小,有利于熔体的充模流动。     

On the Statistical Analysis of Single Vortex Nucleation Events in Superfluid 4He

We investigate the statistical properties of single phase slip events observed in vortex nucleation experiments in ⁴He by the groups in Berkeley and Paris. From the cumulative distribution function of the events we calculate the sliprate as a function of flow velocity. The critical velocity is defned as the mean velocity and its statistical width as the standard deviation. From the slip rate and from the observed linear temperature dependence of the critical velocitywe obtain the energy barrier for vortex nucleation which is a quadratic function of the flow velocity. A comparison with the statistical properties of the laminar to turbulent transition in the flow around an oscillating sphere shows strikingly different behaviour.     

Experimental investigation and flow visualisation of the resin transfer mould filling process for non-woven hemp reinforced phenolic composites

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) of glass fibre reinforced polymeric composites offers the advantages of automation, low cost and versatile design of fibre reinforcement. A replacement of glass fibres with natural plant fibres as reinforcement in polymeric composites provides additional technological, economical, ecological and environmental benefits. The resin transfer mould filling process has significant effects on different aspects, such as fibre wetting out and impregnation, injection gate design, “dry patch” and void formation. Flow visualisation experiments were carried out using a transparent RTM mould to develop a better understanding of the mould filling process for hemp mat reinforced phenolic composites. The mould filling of unreinforced phenolics was characterised by a “quasi-one-dimensional steady state” flow. In the case of hemp non-woven reinforced system, the mould filling process can be considered as the flow of fluids through porous media. “Fibre washing” was a typical problem encountered during the injection process, leading to poor property uniformity. In addition, a preferential flow path was usually created near the edges and corners of the mould. The path exhibited low flow resistance and caused the resin flow front to advance much faster in these regions. The edge flow disturbed the steady flow, leading to difficulties in venting arrangement and “dry patch” formation. The edge flow and fibre washing were alleviated by reinforcement manipulation so steady state flow could be achieved. The relationships between the filling time and injection pressure and between filling time and different fibre weight fractions have been established for certain specific injection strategies.     

Optical measurement and modelling of parison sag and swell in blow moulding

Blow moulding is a process whereby a cylindrical parison is extruded first, then pinched between the two halves of a mould and, finally, blown into the product. Parison size and shape result from complex interactions between mandrel and die geometries, processing parameters and viscoelastic properties of the polymeric material. Moreover, parison size changes with time due to sag. An innovative, contactless and online measurement technique of the parison is shown to be an effective tool to measure precisely parison diameter and thickness and to capture dimensional changes with time. This technique employs laser lighting of the parison and hinges on the refractive properties of molten polymer. Images taken with a digital camera are processed to give a precise measurement of diameter and thickness, at different time step during extrusion. Thus, parison swell and sag have been recorded for a commercial HDPE. Influence of processing parameters such as the rotational screw speed or die gap width can be brought forward. From the measurements, thickness swell is found to possess a different behaviour from diameter swell. Moreover, sag has been measured and can be modelled from a Newtonian perspective using one dimensional convected coordinates. Parison sag is shown to be governed by two parameters: an extrusion velocity and a a single coefficient of sagging susceptibility which value has been deduced from experiments.     

新型等径角挤压工艺下的5052 铝合金变形行为的有限元模拟

目的采用新型复合大塑性变形技术正挤压-等径角挤压工艺(FE-ECAP),研究5052铝合金在室温条件下的变形行为。方法基于有限元分析软件DEFORM-3D,在FE-ECAP工艺下对5052铝合金进行有限元模拟,研究变形过程中挤压载荷、等效应变、金属流动速度等场量的分布规律。结果 5052铝合金在FE-ECAP变形过程中,挤压载荷曲线呈双峰形态分布,在挤压模口附近达到第一次峰值,第二次出现在转角处,挤压载荷值为347 k N,同时也是整个挤压过程的最大值;经过FE-ECAP变形后,等效应变大量累积,使得主要变形区达到了高度均匀的变形状态;坯料外转角处金属的流动速度值大于内转角处的流动速度值。结论根据以上结果分析,在FE-ECAP工艺下,为使变形坯料性能优越,应尽量提高坯料变形的均匀性。     

Toward generalization of calculations of the stationary velocity of diffusion flame propagation over the surface of a fuel

The results of numerical investigations of the laws governing the spreading of a two-dimensional diffusion flame over thermally thin layers of a cellulose material using the algorithm of calculation of stationary velocity of flame propagation, which is based on the principle of minimum entropy production, are presented. The obtained dependences of the velocity of flame propagation on thermophysical parameters (thickness of the fuel, oxygen concentration and pressure of the ambient, velocity of the blowing flow) agree quantitatively with the well-known experimental data. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 103–111, May–June, 2007.     

塑料容器等温吹塑成型计算机模拟

针对等温吹塑成型工艺,建立了几何模型。基于粘度对剪切速率依赖性模型的材料,通过在Polyflow模拟软件中建立任务,利用网格重置技术,进行了计算机模拟分析,获得了型坯在吹塑过程中的厚度变化、型坯与模具的接触时间分布以及吹塑压力对吹胀时间和壁厚的影响,对容器生产过程中壁厚的控制有一定的指导作用。     

颗粒在斜槽中流动的实验研究

用示踪颗粒法对细玻璃球在斜槽中的低速流动进行了实验研究。结果发现 ,颗粒的流动行为与斜槽表面特征密切相关 ,对光滑表面存在明显的壁面滑移 ,而对粗糙壁面 ,在低速流情况下不存在滑移。实验测量了不同条件下的速度分布和流层厚度 ,并分析了斜槽倾角、流率及壁面状况对流动的影响     

Endogenous Particle Stabilization During Magnesium Integral Foam Production

The production of magnesium integral foam components with a dense shell and a porous core is investigated. High pressure casting methods are used where liquid magnesium mixed with a blowing agent is injected into a permanent steel mould. A compact shell develops due to fast cooling at the walls. Larger cooling times in the core allow the decomposition of the blowing agent and the evolution of a foam structure. The resulting integral foams show a high weight‐specific stiffness combined with high energy absorption capability. For the first time, foam stabilizing without additives is realized. Stabilization is by foaming during solidification with the primary α‐phase particles acting as obstacles slowing down cell wall thinning.     

Slip flow in converging and diverging channels

The classical problem of Jeffery-Hamel flow is considered in which the fluid is allowed to slip along the walls of the channel. The problem is solved analytically and the volumetric flow rate is computed and compared with that of the corresponding no-slip flow. In the converging channel case, it is found that the slip boundary condition enhances flow rates through the channel, although the effect is minimal when the Reynolds number is large.In the case of the diverging channel, the slip boundary condition in some instances actually lowers the flow rate from its no-slip value. In other instances, a stable velocity profile does not even appear to exist. These cases aside, when the mean pressure in the channel is adverse, slip flow solutions exist and increase the flow rate through the channel by at most 15.7%.     

A particle‐based moving interface method (PMIM) for modeling the large deformation of boundaries in soft matter systems

The mechanics of the interaction between a fluid and a soft interface undergoing large deformations appear in many places, such as in biological systems or industrial processes. We present an Eulerian approach that describes the mechanics of an interface and its interactions with a surrounding fluid via the so‐called Navier boundary condition. The interface is modeled as a curvilinear surface with arbitrary mechanical properties across which discontinuities in pressure and tangential fluid velocity can be accounted for using a modified version of the extended finite element method. The coupling between the interface and the fluid is enforced through the use of Lagrange multipliers. The tracking and evolution of the interface are then handled in a Lagrangian step with the grid‐based particle method. We show that this method is ideal to describe large membrane deformations and Navier boundary conditions on the interface with velocity/pressure discontinuities. The validity of the model is assessed by evaluating the numerical convergence for a axisymmetrical flow past a spherical capsule with various surface properties. We show the effect of slip length on the shear flow past a two‐dimensional capsule and simulate the compression of an elastic membrane lying on a viscous fluid substrate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of gravity state upon bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding

The governing equations of two-dimensional bubble flow model for gas–liquid two-phase system in deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding were developed according to the laws of mass and momentum conservation. The separation models of gas and liquid convections in bubble flow were formed by regarding the gas phase in molten pool as a particle phase, and the vacuolar fraction, velocity slip, pressure gradient and other factors were introduced into the models. The influences of the gravity state upon the convection of bubble flow and the distribution of cavity-type defects in molten pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied by the method of numerical simulation based on the mathematical models. The results showed that the gravity is an important factor to drive the convection of the bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool during vacuum electron beam welding. The gravity has an impact on the gas distribution in molten pool, thus affects the distribution of cavity-type defects in weld. Because of the gravity contributing to driving the convection of bubble flow, it is conducive to the escape of gas phase in molten pool and reducing the air rate. A larger convection velocity of gas phase is helpful to the escape of gas phase, thus reduce the tendency of cavity-type defects.     

考虑壁面滑移的磁流变胶泥缓冲器设计理论与落锤冲击试验

为提高汽车碰撞磁流变缓冲器力学模型的准确性,实现冲击作用下磁流变缓冲器动态特性的高精度预测,基于Herschel-Bulkley模型,同时考虑表观滑移和壁面滑移,建立了缓冲器理论力学模型。通过分析表观滑移和壁面滑移对缓冲器阻尼通道内部压力梯度的影响,结果表明,载液黏度较低时,受表观滑移影响,阻尼通道内部压力梯度有所降低,且在低速下影响更加显著;随着载液黏度的增加,在表观滑移作用下压力梯度有所增加,但对总体影响不大;壁面滑移使通道内部压力梯度明显降低,且随着滑移系数的增加,压力梯度变化更为显著;不同电流、冲击速度下的缓冲器落锤冲击试验表明,理论模型能够较好地预测、表征磁流变缓冲器的力学特性;磁流变胶泥在通道内流动主要受壁面滑移的影响,未出现明显的表观滑移。