Three-dimensional pattern recognition with a single two-dimensional synthetic reference function

A novel, to our knowledge, method of distortion-invariant three-dimensional (3-D) pattern recognition is proposed. A single two-dimensional synthetic discriminant function is employed as a reference function in the 3-D correlator. Thus the proposed system is able to identify and locate any true-class object in the 3-D scene. Preliminary simulation and experimental results are presented.     

Diffraction characteristics with various polarizations of overlapping holographic gratings in a uniaxial crystal

By the Riemann method, a coupled wave model is derived for the ordinary-to-ordinary (OO) and extraordinary-to-extraordinary (EE) Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by overlapping holographic gratings in a uniaxial crystal. The computer simulation is used to discuss the relations among the diffraction efficiency, the index modulation, the wavelength sensitivity, the angular sensitivity, and the the widths of the recording and reading beams. The characteristics of EE and OO diffraction in a uniaxial crystal are found to be remarkably different. The simulation shows that EE diffraction may exhibit far higher diffraction efficiency than does OO diffraction for very low index modulation with the same hologram size, for example, nearly 90% when the size is 8.2 x 10(-5).     

Ab initio phasing of X-ray powder diffraction patterns by charge flipping

Determining crystal structures from powder X-ray diffraction data remains a challenging problem in materials science. By embedding a Le-Bail-like procedure within the recently discovered charge-flipping phasing algorithm, an extremely simple, fast and effective ab initio method has been developed to determine phases directly from indexed powder diffraction patterns. The algorithm solves the degeneracy problem by applying spherical averaging for overlapping Bragg reflections, while solving the phase problem by using the Oszlányi-Süto charge-flipping algorithm. The processes of peak decomposition and phasing are integrated within the same iteration, and a dynamic support is used. The Fienup hybrid input-output algorithm is also incorporated to minimize stagnation. The ability of the algorithm to find structure-factor phases rapidly is found to assist with the fundamental problem of degeneracy (overlapping reflections) which is intrinsic to powder diffraction data. Space-group and chemical-composition information are not needed as inputs, and can be determined from the result. The method is illustrated using several experimental powder patterns of indifferent quality.     

Holographic stars

Holographic stars fabricated on DuPont's holographic recording film HRF 600X010 by the use of He-Ne laser light are demonstrated. The stars operate with plane waves, the transmitted portions of the input beams are used at the corresponding outputs, and the gratings are in the volume regime of diffraction. Multiple exposure based on the Bragg degeneracy effect is employed, which drastically reduces the number of multiplexed gratings and requires a three-dimensional arrangement of the replay beams.The star operates at different wavelengths only by the readjustment of the Bragg angles.     

Three-dimensional optical correlator with general complex filters

A new type of electro-optical three-dimensional (3-D) correlator is proposed and demonstrated. A 3-D object scene, observed by multiple cameras from several points of view, is correlated with a 3-D complex computer-generated function. This correlator is a hybridization of the joint transform and the VanderLugt correlators, and, as such, it allows correlations to be made between 3-D real-world objects and 3-D general complex functions. Experimental results are presented.     

Theoretical investigation on the temperature characteristics of liquid-cladding micro/nanofiber Bragg grating

Based on the functions of the effective refractive index of fundamental mode in step-index fiber, a theoretical mode about the Bragg wavelength shift of micro/nanofiber Bragg grating (MNFBG) is presented. The numerical simulation results demonstrate, for a MNFBG with given radius, the Bragg wavelength shifts to short wavelength as ambient temperature increases, and the reason results from the effective index decreasing with the increase of ambient temperature. Moreover, with the reduction of fiber-core radius, as well as the increase of ambient index and its thermo-optic coefficient, the temperature sensitivity, linearity and linear response range of the temperature-dependent Bragg wavelength shift are improved obviously. Especially for a MNFBG with fiber radius smaller than 0.5?μm, the linearity of Bragg wavelength shifting with temperature will be close to the theoretical limit, and the temperature sensitivity is proportional to the thermo-optic coefficient of the ambient liquid. Compared with the temperature properties of conventional fiber Bragg grating (FBG), all the results will provide much theoretical guides for FBG applied in fiber sensing and communication.     

Two-dimensional wavelet processor

An optical implementation of the two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet transform and inverse wavelet transform is performed in real time by the exploitation of a new multichannel system that processes the different daughter wavelets separately. The so-coined wavelet-processor system relies on a multichannel replication array generated that uses a Dammann grating and is able to handle every wavelet function. All channels process in parallel using a conventional 2-D correlator. Experimental results applying the Mexican-hat wavelet-decomposition technique are presented.     

Optical wavelet transform by the phase-only joint-transform correlator

A method is presented that performs the optical wavelet transform with liquid-crystal televisions as spatial light modulators operating only on the phase of the incident coherent light. The architecture is the joint-transform correlator, and the wavelets and the image to be transformed are encoded in the input plane of the system. The mathematical formalism describing the adaptation of the joint-transform correlator to the wavelet transform is given and extended to the operation of the phase-only joint-transform correlator. A new wavelet is described for two-dimensional image processing, and experimental results are presented for optical wavelet transforms done in real time by use of this wavelet in the phase-only joint-transform-correlator architecture. The analysis is extended to multiwavelet (multispectral) analysis by the joint-transform correlator, and simulation results are given. Finally experimental results with the phase-only joint-transform correlator applied to multi-wavelet analysis are presented.     

Low through channel loss wavelength multiplexer using multiple transmission volume Bragg gratings

We describe a wavelength multiplexer design that employs multiple transmission volume Bragg gratings written in the same region of a photosensitive glass having a through channel loss of < 0.5 dB. A two-channel multiplexer for wavelengths of lambda = 1310 and 1550 nm is demonstrated to test our design methods and assumptions. Agreement between simulation and experiment is within 0.2 dB at the peak diffraction efficiency. Grating apodization is used to reduce the interchannel cross talk from (13.5 +/- 0.5) to (41.5 +/- 8.5) dB, with an experimental through channel loss of (0.6 +/- 0.2) dB. Effects of angular dispersion on diffraction efficiency and grating spectral shape due to the finite diameter of the incident reading beam are also analyzed.     

抗噪性联合变换相关器

我们对联合变换相关器的输入图象进行Roberts梯度处理,同时对参考图象采取相移技术,并在频域中将功率谱二值化。与传统的联合变换相关器（CJTC）相比,新型的联合变换相关器（NJTC）消除了功率谱的直流分量,锐化了相关峰强度,提高了衍射效率和识别能力,同时增强了联合变换相关器的抗噪性能。用计算机模拟出预言结果。     

Fresnel transform-based correlator

We present a new technique for information processing using Fresnel transform-based correlation. The main emphasis is on the design of a correlator involving the reference object and its near-field diffraction pattern at an optimized distance. The input-scene image and its diffraction pattern constitute the input pattern of the new correlator. The new technique shows a significant increase in discrimination ability and optical efficiency. Moreover, different encoding methods, such as the phase-only filter or the matched filter, can be used in conjunction with this method. A theoretical analysis as well as examples are given.     

Rotation-invariant optical recognition of three-dimensional objects

An automatic method for rotation-invariant three-dimensional (3-D) object recognition is proposed. The method is based on the use of 3-D information contained in the deformed fringe pattern obtained when a grating is projected onto an object's surface. The proposed method was optically implemented by means of a two-cycle joint transform correlator. The rotation invariance is achieved by means of encoding with the fringe pattern a single component of the circular-harmonic expansion derived from the target. Thus the method is invariant for rotations around the line of sight. The whole experimental setup can be constructed with simple equipment. Experimental results show the utility of the proposed method.     

Objective data alignment and chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional separations with run-to-run peak shifting on both dimensions.

Data from comprehensive two-dimensional (2-D) separation techniques, such as comprehensive 2-D gas chromatography (GC x GC), liquid chromatography/liquid chromatography (LC x LC) and liquid chromatography/ capillary electrophoresis (LC x CE) can be readily analyzed by various chemometric methods to increase chemical analysis capabilities. A retention time alignment, preprocessing method is presented that objectively corrects for run-to-run retention time variations on both separation dimensions of comprehensive 2-D separations prior to application of chemometric data analysis algorithms. The 2-D alignment method corrects for run-to-run shifting of a sample data matrix relative to a standard data matrix on both separation time axes in an independent, stepwise fashion. After 2-D alignment, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) is successfully applied, substantiating the performance of the alignment method. The alignment method should have important implications, because most 2-D separation techniques exhibit, in the context of chemometric data analysis, considerable run-to-run retention time shifting on both dimensions. Even when there are only three to four points/peak, that is, with three to four separations on the second dimension (column 2) per peak width from the first dimension (column 1), the 2-D alignment coupled with GRAM provides dependable analyte peak identification capabilities and adequate quantitative precision for unresolved analyte peaks. Thus, the 2-D alignment algorithm is applicable to lower data density conditions, which broadens the scope of chemometric analysis to high-speed 2-D separations.     

Digital quasi-phase-matched two-color nonvolatile holographic storage

Unwanted erasure during readout of holographic data can be reduced or eliminated by use of a different wavelength for reading than that which was used for writing. To prevent distortion and Bragg mismatch that would be unacceptable for digital data storage, one can format data to account for the wavelength difference. Techniques to format data and the results of this formatting are presented. Varying the formatting parameters is investigated to optimize diffraction efficiency.     

Three-dimensional joint transform correlator

The three-dimensional (3-D) joint transform correlator is demonstrated with realistic targets. Three-dimensional objects observed by multiple cameras are correlated with a 3-D reference object. The number of cameras and their directions of observation are particularly considered.     

Three-dimensional object recognition by fourier transform profilometry

An automatic method for three-dimensional (3-D) shape recognition is proposed. It combines the Fourier transform profilometry technique with a real-time recognition setup such as the joint transform correlator (JTC). A grating is projected onto the object surface resulting in a distorted grating pattern. Since this pattern carries information about the depth and the shape of the object, their comparison provides a method for recognizing 3-D objects in real time. A two-cycle JTC is used for this purpose. Experimental results demonstrate the theory and show the utility of the new proposed method.     

Full in-situ characterization of spatial light modulators in an optical correlator. Filter adaptation to operating curves

Abstract

In this paper we present one method for the characterization of the spatial light modulators (SLMs) of a real-time Vander Lugt type of correlator. This correlator uses two SLMs: one to introduce the scene and a second to introduce the frequency‐matched filter. The SLM characterization methods are in situ, that is in the correlator set‐up. Illumination conditions are different for each SLM, and consequently different characterization techniques must be used in each case. For the characterization of the scene SLM a diffraction method is used, while for the characterization of the filter SLM an interferometric technique is more convenient. Finally, we take into account the operating curves of scene and filter SLMs in the design of the filter in order to optimize the correlation peak.     

光纤布喇格光栅反射波长移位的探测

综述了光纤布喇格光栅反射波长移位的探测方法。提出一种新的压电陶瓷－应变片组合探测光纤布喇格光栅反射波长的方法,它具有波长移位探测精度高、线性度好、结构紧凑等优点。     

Theoretical and experimental investigations of lateral modes in 1-3piezocomposites

Materials with a periodic microstructure show resonances caused by the elastic wave Bragg diffraction. This paper presents a simple approach to describe these resonances (called lateral resonances) in 1-3 piezoelectric composite materials which have a 2-D periodicity. Our model is based on the analysis of the propagation of transverse waves in a 2-D periodic medium of infinite thickness and takes into account the periodic and interfacial boundary conditions. This model predicts the displacement field vectors and frequencies of lateral resonances from which the phase velocity of lateral waves is determined. The theoretical and experimental variations of this velocity versus the ceramic rod width to pitch ratio are compared. It is shown that the first lateral mode frequency is maximum when the ceramic volume fraction is around 0.65. Theoretical predictions of the mechanical displacement at the composite surface are compared with measurements obtained by an interferometric laser technique. A good agreement is observed, showing that lateral waves are mainly vertically polarized     

Space-variant optical correlator based on the fractional Fourier transform: implementation by the use of a photorefractive Bi(12)GeO(2(a)) (BGO) holographic filter

A space-variant optical correlator is proposed on the basis of the fractional Fourier transform. The optical device uses as a recording medium for the holographic filter a photorefractive Bi(12)GeO(2) (BGO) crystal. The experimental results confirm the shift-variance properties. Some limitations that arise from the volume diffraction are also considered.