Effects of SiCp size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy composites

High cycle fatigue tests (i.e., stress-controlled, axial) were conducted on monolithic AZ91D and AZ91D magnesinm alloy composites processed via squeeze casting and extrusion to contain either 15 gm or 52 gm size SiC particles, at both the 20% and 25% volume fraction reinforcement level. The effects of changes in SiC particle size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior have been determined. In addition, the number of cracked particles on the fatigue fracture surfaces, as well as the level of damage beneath the fatigue fracture surfaces were quantified in order to determine the effects of particle size on the evolution of damage during fatigue and during overload failure. Commercial purity Mg specimens containing a large grain size were also tested in fatigue for comparison with the alloy and composite data.     

Effect of selective laser melting on microstructure and properties of AZ91D alloy

Selective laser melting technology is used to manufacture porous and solid AZ91D alloys. The effects of laser power and hatch spacing on the density, blowholes, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy are studied. The laser power and hatch spacing play a significant role in the density and blowholes of AZ91D specimens. The grains size of specimens increases from 1 μm–2 μm to 8 μm–10 μm from the bottom to the top in single molten pool. Compared with grain size of die‐casting alloy (30 μm), that of selective laser melted gets refinement. There is no significant change in microstructure in the bottom, middle and top of specimens. The micro‐hardness of AZ91D alloy, reaching up to 115.3 HV 0.1, is superior to that of die‐casting alloy (56 HV 0.1). The compression properties of porous and solid specimens reach the degree of die‐casting solid magnesium alloy. AZ91D alloy shows the potential in the application of medical biodegradable materials.     

稀土Y和Sm对AZ91 D镁合金组织与性能的影响

采用控制变量法研究单一稀土Y和复合稀土Y,Sm元素对AZ91D镁合金微观组织与力学性能的影响,分析稀土元素对AZ91D合金的细化机理。结果表明：复合添加稀土Y和Sm对AZ91D合金的作用效果明显好于单一添加稀土Y对AZ91D合金的作用效果,添加Y和Sm后,生成了块状相Al₂Y相和针状相Al₂Sm相,可以作为α-Mg的有效异质形核点。当加入量为0.8%（质量分数,下同）Y+1.0% Sm时,α-Mg晶粒尺寸最为细小,分布最为均匀,其合金的硬度、抗拉强度及伸长率分别为67.42HV,153.37 MPa和3.62%,改善了铸态AZ91D合金的室温力学性能,但是超过这个最佳添加量后,合金的室温力学性能开始下降。     

2219铝合金TIG和FSW接头力学及疲劳性能

目的 研究钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金(母材)力学及疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过拉伸试验,得到了母材、TIG和FSW接头的抗拉强度和伸长率;通过疲劳性能试验测试了母材、TIG和FSW接头在不同应力下相应的疲劳寿命,根据疲劳试验结果绘制了其试样的S-N曲线;使用扫描电子显微镜观察并分析了疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 未焊接的铝合金母材抗拉强度和伸长率最高,分别为506 MPa和15.92%;TIG接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为330 MPa和7.65%,FSW接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为310 MPa和8.74%。母材、TIG和FSW接头等3种疲劳试样在2×10⁶次循环下的疲劳强度分别为129、108、115 MPa,其疲劳断口均可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬间断裂区,疲劳裂纹分别起始于试样表面的局部变形区、第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷。疲劳裂纹扩展区的主要形貌为疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹,瞬间断裂区以脆性断裂为主。结论 TIG和FSW等2种焊接工艺均导致了2219铝合金的强度、塑韧性和疲劳性能降低,其接头表面的第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

Influence of transverse load on the high cycle fatigue behaviour of low pressure cast AZ91 magnesium alloy

A new testing procedure, employing transverse load was adopted to investigate the high cycle fatigue behaviour of low pressure cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. The tests were conducted with an electro dynamic shaker system by employing specimens fabricated as per ASTM standard. S–N plot was generated from the test results and compared with that of gravity cast AZ91 alloy tested in identical ambience. The influence of transverse load on the fatigue behaviour of these alloys is discussed. As fatigue cracks were found to have initiated in pores in most of the tested samples, pores were assumed as initial cracks as per linear fracture mechanics and the critical stress intensity amplitude (K_cr) was estimated. Structure–fatigue property correlations are discussed using fractographs. Mean stress effect on the fatigue properties and effects of alloying constituents are also discussed.     

Low cycle fatigue properties of friction stir welded joints of a semi-solid processed AZ91D magnesium alloy

A semi-solid processed (thixomolded) Mg–9Al–1Zn magnesium alloy (AZ91D) was subjected to friction stir welding (FSW), aiming at evaluating the weldability and fatigue property of the FSW joint. Microstructure analysis showed that a recystallized fine-grained microstructure was generated in the nugget zone (NZ) after FSW. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the FSW joint were obtained to be 192 MPa, 245 MPa, and 7.6%, respectively. Low-cycle fatigue tests showed that the FSW joint had a fatigue life fairly close to that of the BM, which could be well described by the Basquin and Coffin-Manson equations. Unlike the extruded magnesium alloys, the hysteresis loops of FSW joint of the thixomolded AZ91D alloy were basically symmetrical, while the non-linear or pseudoelastic behavior was still present. The FSW joint was observed to fail in the BM section rather than in the NZ. Fatigue crack initiated basically from the pores at or near the specimen surface, and crack propagation was mainly characterized by fatigue striations along with the presence of secondary cracks.     

挤压包覆轧制对SiCP增强镁合金(AZ91)复合板显微组织和力学性能的影响

通过热挤压复合的方式将AZ91合金引入至SiC_P增强镁合金（AZ91）（SiC_P/AZ91）复合材料中,制备出厚度为2 mm的AZ91-（SiC_P/AZ91）复合板,研究了热轧对其显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:AZ91的引入显著提高了SiC_P/AZ91的轧制成形能力。与AZ91层相比,SiC_P/AZ91层内晶粒尺寸小,硬度高。随轧制压下量的增加,AZ91-（SiC_P/AZ91）复合板晶粒尺寸变大,析出相数量减少且尺寸增大,导致硬度呈现下降的趋势。与挤压态AZ91-（SiC_P/AZ91）复合板相比,当压下量为50%时,轧制态AZ91-（SiC_P/AZ91）复合板屈服强度由272 MPa提高至341 MPa,抗拉强度由353 MPa提高至404 MPa。在拉伸过程中,因SiC_P与基体界面脱黏导致裂纹优先在SiC_P/AZ91层内萌生和扩展,AZ91层对微裂纹扩展具有一定的阻碍作用。      

碳纳米管-Ti3AlC2/AZ91D复合材料的微观组织及力学性能

采用化学镀铜的方法对增强相碳纳米管(CNTs)和Ti₃AlC₂进行表面改性,热压烧结制备了CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料,研究了其微观组织和力学性能的变化及增强机制。结果表明:CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料内部主要物相为CNTs、Ti₃AlC₂、Mg和Al₁₂Mg₁₇,增强相均匀分布在基体内,在增强相与基体的界面处存在U相(MgAlCu),使二者界面结合良好。当增强相CNTs 和Ti₃AlC₂含量分别为1wt%和25wt%时,较镁合金AZ91D,CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料的弹性模量、拉伸强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别提高了120.30%、25.72%、126.50%和36.84%,弯曲强度和压缩强度分别为337.92 MPa和436.27 MPa。CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料的断裂方式表现为脆性断裂,其强化机制主要为热配错强化、Orowan强化和细晶强化机制。      

Fabrication of SiC particles-reinforced magnesium matrix composite by ultrasonic vibration

Magnesium matrix composites reinforced with two volume fractions (1 and 3%) of SiC particles (1 μm) were successfully fabricated by ultrasonic vibration. Compared with as-cast AZ91 alloy, with the addition of the SiC particles grain size of matrix decreased, while most of the phase Mg₁₇Al₁₂ varied from coarse plates to lamellar precipitates in the SiCp/AZ91 composites. With increasing volume fraction of the SiC particles, grains of matrix in the SiCp/AZ91 composites were gradually refined. The SiC particles were located mainly at grain boundaries in both 1 vol% SiCp/AZ91 composite and 3 vol% SiCp/AZ91 composite. SiC particles inside the particle clusters may be still separated by magnesium. The study of the interface between the SiC particle and the alloy matrix suggested that SiC particles bonded well with the alloy matrix without interfacial reaction. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation to fracture of the SiCp/AZ91 composites were simultaneously improved compared with that of the as-cast AZ91 alloy.     

Fatigue behaviour of cast magnesium alloy AZ91 microstructurally modified by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to cast magnesium alloy AZ91-F to modify the as-cast microstructure, and the effect of FSP on fatigue behaviour was discussed based on microstructural consideration, crack initiation, crack growth behaviour, and fracture surface analysis. Fully reversed axial fatigue tests have been performed using as-cast, T5-aged and their FSPed specimens (as-cast/FSP and T5/FSP). It was found that both FSPed specimens exhibited significantly higher fatigue strength than the as-cast and T5-aged specimens. FSP resulted in the break-up of coarse as-cast microstructure, grain refinement of the matrix, finely dispersed precipitates and increase of hardness, thereby both the crack initiation resistance and the crack growth resistance were considerably enhanced compared with the as-cast and T5-aged specimens, resulting in the improved fatigue strengths of the FSPed specimens.     

Fatigue lifetime of AZ91 magnesium alloy subjected to cyclic thermal and mechanical loadings

In the present paper, thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) or isothermal fatigue (IF) lifetimes of a cast magnesium alloy (the AZ91 alloy) were studied. In addition to a heat treatment process (T6), several rare elements were added to the alloy to improve the material strength in the first step. Then, the cyclic behavior of the AZ91 was investigated. For this objective, strain-controlled tension–compression fatigue tests were carried out. The temperature varied between 50 and 200 °C in the out-of-phase (OP) TMF tests. The constraint factor which was defined as the ratio of the mechanical strain to the thermal strain, was set to 75%, 100% and 125%. For LCF tests, mechanical strain amplitudes of 0.20%, 0.25% and 0.30% were considered at constant temperatures of 25 and 200 °C. Experimental fatigue results showed that the cyclic hardening behavior occurred at the room temperature in the AZ91 alloy. At higher temperatures, this alloy had a brittle fracture. But also, it was not significantly clear that the cyclic hardening or the cyclic softening behavior would be occurred in the material. Then, the high temperature LCF lifetime was more than that at the room temperature. The OP-TMF lifetime was the least value in comparison to that of LCF tests. At the end of this article, two energy-based models were applied to predict the fatigue lifetime of this magnesium alloy.     

Compressive Creep Behavior of TiC/AZ91D Magnesium-matrix Composites with Interpenetrating Networks

The 42.1 vol. pct TiC/AZ91D magnesium-matrix composites with interpenetrating networks were fabricated by in-situ reactive infiltration process. The compressive creep behavior of as-synthesized composites was investigated at temperature ranging from 673 to 723 K under loads of 95-108 MPa. For a comparative purpose,the creep behavior of the monolithic matrix alloy AZ91D was also conducted under loads of 15-55 MPa at 548-598 K. The creep mechanisms were theoretically analyzed based on the power-law relation. The results showed that the creep rates of both TiC/AZ91D composites and AZ91D alloy increase with increasing the temperature and load. The TiC/AZ91D composites possess superior creep resistance as compared with the AZ91D alloy. At deformation temperature below 573 K, the stress exponent n of AZ91D alloy approaches theoretical value of 5, which suggests that the creep process is controlled by dislocation climb. At 598 K, the stress exponentof AZ91D is close to 3, in which viscous non-basal slip deformation plays a key role in the process of creep deformation. However, the case differs from that of AZ91D alloy when the stress exponent n of TiC/AZ91D composites exceeds 9, which shows that there exists threshold stress in the creep process of the composites, similar to other types of composites. The average activation energies for the creep of the AZ91D alloy and TiC/AZ91D composites were calculated to be 144 and 152 k J/mol, respectively. The existence of threshold stress in the creep process of the composites leads to an increase in activation energy for creep.     

Ermüdungsverhalten ausgewählter Werkstoffe und Bauteile bei sehr hohen Schwingspielzahlen

Very High‐Cycle Fatigue of Selected Materials and Components Results of several fatigue tests using a servohydraulic testing machine (VHF 50 D) and a spring testing machine are presented. Investigations were carried out at room temperature with. – smooth and notched specimens made of aluminium wrought alloy EN AW 6082,. – screws M 8 made of EN AW 6056,. – smooth specimens made of die cast magnesium AZ91 hp (here also tests at 125 °C) and. – shot‐peened helical compression springs of four different high strength steels. Tests were done with a frequency of 20 Hz (spring testing machine) and between 250 Hz and 400 Hz (VHF50D) up to a maximum number of cycles of N = 1,5 x 10⁹. Crack initiation sites were investigated and could be found at high number of cycles below the surface for smooth magnesium and aluminium specimens and also for most of the shot‐peened helical compression springs, but not for screws and other notched specimens.     

等径角挤压制备AZ91D镁合金的组织与性能

研究了铸态AZ91D镁合金在等径角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Extrusion,ECAE)后的室温力学性能和微观组织特征.在力学性能方面,铸态AZ91D镁合金经过1道次ECAE变形后,室温力学性能(屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率、弹性模量)由86.3 MPa,146.3 MPa,1.84%,42.5...     

Rapid determination for fatigue parameters of AZ31B magnesium alloy based on evolution of temperature under high cyclic fatigue

Abstract

Based on the infrared thermography method, experiments are carried out to investigate the evolution of temperature field of the extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy specimens under high cyclic fatigue load. The experimental results show that the superficial temperature of specimen under cyclic fatigue load changes with the number of cycles. According to the characteristics of surface temperature change, we propose a formula to calculate the residual fatigue life using energy approach. The proposed formula to assess the fatigue parameters (fatigue limit, residual fatigue life, fatigue life and S–N curve) achieves good results for AZ31B magnesium alloy. Furthermore, the fatigue limits (Δσ_eSN?=?90·3 MPa) derived from the traditional method through 10⁷ cycles were compared with the values predicted by the infrared thermographic method (Δσ_eTM?=?87·3 MPa) and the energy approach (Δσ_eΦ?=?86·2 MPa), and the comparison results of percentage differences are 3·3 and 4·5% respectively.     

Analyses on Ignition—Proof Mechanics of AZ91D Alloy Added with Ce

Theoretical analysis on ignition-proof of AZ91D alloy added with Ce was studied.The effect of Ce on burning temperature was investigated.The burning temperature increases with increasing Ce by insulation work at different temperatures.The influence of Ce on maximum insulation work time was also studied.The maximum insulation work time increases with increasing Ce and decreases with the melting temperature .There is a tendency for Ce to concentrate on the surface of melting AZ91D alloy.Ce will react with MgO and O2 .The resultant will fill the cavity of MgO film to form multifilm.So the density of surface film of liquid Mg will increase to prevent burning.     

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of die casting AZ91D-Fly ash cenosphere composites

The feasibility of incorporating fly ash cenospheres in die cast magnesium alloy has been demonstrated. The effects of fly ash cenosphere additions on the microstructure and some of the salient physical and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy (AZ91D) metal matrix composites were investigated. The control AZ91D alloy and associated composites, containing 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of fly ash cenospheres (added), were synthesized using a die casting technique. A microstructural comparison showed that microstructural refinement – occurred due to the fly ash additions and became more pronounced with an increase in the percentage of the fly ash added. The metal matrix areas nearer to the fly ash particles exhibited a greater degree of refinement than was observed in the areas further away from these particles. Both filled and unfilled fly ash cenospheres, and porosity were observed in the composite microstructures. The composite specimen densities decreased and the coefficient of thermal expansion did not change significantly as the volume percent of fly ash was increased within the range investigated. The hardness values of the composite specimens exhibited an increase in proportion to the increase in percentage of added fly ash. The tensile strength of the composites also increased as the concentration of fly ash cenospheres was increased. In contrast, the Young’s modulus of these composite samples, as measured by non-destructive pulse-echo method, decreased as the percentage of fly ash in the composite was increased. SEM micrographs of the tensile fracture surfaces showed broken cenospheres on the fracture surface and evidence of ‘pull outs’, where fly ash particles were previously embedded in the matrix. Compression testing results showed that the presence of 5 wt.% cenospheres decreased the compressive strength and compressive yield strength of the composite relative to that of the AZ91D matrix alloy. Surprisingly, a significant change in compression strength was not observed for the composites with 10 and 15 wt.% cenospheres in comparison to the AZ91D matrix alloy. In contrast to the tensile tests, no cenosphere remnants were observed on the compressive test fracture surface of the composites. This observation suggests that the fracture of the composite was initiated within the AZ91D matrix by normal void nucleation and growth, followed by crack propagation through the matrix, avoiding any of the cenospheres, leading to composite fracture of the matrix.     

An investigation on the high stress sensitivity of fatigue life of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy under constant amplitude fatigue loading

In the present work, an investigation on the high stress sensitivity of the fatigue life of the AZ31 rolled magnesium alloy under constant amplitude fatigue loading has been carried out. Different damage parameters were involved to quantify fatigue damage accumulation at the various scales of material volume corresponding to the changing fatigue damage mechanisms that prevail at the various stages of the fatigue life. The experimental work included mainly nano‐indentation measurements to evaluate hardness evolution at the nano‐scale due to cyclic plasticity, results of micro‐crack monitoring by using the replication technique and fractographic analysis to obtain the fracture characteristics of the fatigue specimens after failure. The hexagonal close‐packed structure of the alloy and the resulting difficulty for the activation of five independent slip systems required for homogeneous plastic deformation were considered to determine the high stress sensitivity of the fatigue life observed for the rolled AZ31 alloy under the investigated loading conditions.     

Influence of residual fatigue damage on the fracture toughness parameters of an AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy

The present investigation has been carried out in order to study the influence of the previous accumulated fatigue damage induced during high cycle fatigue (HCF), on the fracture toughness parameters of an AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy. The results show that previous fatigue damage accumulated in HCF does not affect the tensile static mechanical properties of the material, but gives rise to a significant debit of the toughness properties on this aluminium alloy. The fracture toughness results have shown that the crack opening displacement at a crack extension of 0.2 mm (COD_0.2) decreases in the range of ∼18 to 36% whereas the value of the non-linear fracture mechanics parameter  J _0.2, decreases in the range of ∼11 to 25% at applied maximum stresses of 200 and 275 MPa, respectively. Optical microscopy observations conducted on the surface of the specimens subjected to HCF damage indicate the existence of microcracks ∼15 to 25 μm long nucleated along the grain boundaries of the material. Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces after the tearing tests show the predominance of a ductile fracture mechanism for the material prior to residual fatigue damage, whereas a mixed ductile–brittle fracture mechanism and the presence of flat facets were observed on the fracture surfaces of the specimens with a fatigue damage of 0.70.     

异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材的超塑性工艺及变形机制

经过异步轧制工艺获得AZ31镁合金薄板。在300~450℃范围内,分别通过5×10-3,1×10-3s-1和5×10-4s-1不同应变速率进行高温拉伸实验研究其超塑性变形行为,计算应变速率敏感指数m值、超塑性变形激活能Q及门槛应力σ0值。通过EBSD分析和扫描电镜观察拉伸断裂后的断口形貌,分析AZ31镁合金的超塑性变形机制。结果表明:AZ31镁合金的塑性变形能力随着变形温度的升高及应变速率的降低而增强。当拉伸温度为400℃、m=0.72、应变速率为5×10-4s-1时,AZ31具有良好的超塑性,伸长率最大为206%。温度为400℃时,异步轧制AZ31镁合金的超塑性变形是以晶格扩散控制的晶界滑移和基面滑移共同完成的。