Experimental investigation on mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler with flammable and non-flammable refrigerant mixtures

The mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson (MR J-T) cryocoolers have a wide application area covering the temperature range from 80 K to 200 K. The significant advantages of the system are simplicity of its design and working reliability with high level performance. The present paper discusses the experimental results of MR J-T cooler with different flammable and non-flammable mixture compositions. The work highlights the use of pressure-enthalpy and temperature-enthalpy diagrams for these mixtures to support the experimental results. A record lowest temperature of 65 K and a cooling capacity of 6 W at 80 K are obtained for a single stage MR J-T system starting at 300 K. Further, using a mixture of minimum flammable refrigerants, temperatures below 100 K is achieved.     

120 K～150 K温区混合工质内复叠节流制冷机的实验研究

混合工质节流制冷机在许多方面获得越来越广泛的应用,本文提出了利用内复叠节流制冷系统获得120K－150K温区的制冷方安分析了它的应用前景,建立了相应的单级油润滑制冷压缩驱动的实验系统。无热负荷时最低温度达到112K,在130K时获得了60W的制冷量,135K时获得了74W的制冷量。     

Performance of the one-stage Joule–Thomson cryocooler fed with a nitrogen–hydrocarbon mixture and built from mass-produced components made for the refrigeration industry

This paper describes the theoretical performance and working parameters of a Joule–Thomson (J-T) cryocooler that is supplied with a nitrogen–hydrocarbon mixture and works in a closed cycle. Nowadays, they are the subject of intensive research in different laboratories around the world, especially in Asia and the USA. The industrial application of this type of cooler is significantly limited by the high values of working pressure for pure nitrogen. Supplying the system with a mixture of nitrogen and hydrocarbons makes it possible to reduce the level of the working pressure down to that which is achieved by commercially available compressors produced for the refrigeration industry. A theoretical analysis of the performance of the cooler is presented, along with the experimental results for different mixtures. The described cooler is characterized by high reliability, simple construction in the low-temperature section, and relatively low manufacturing costs. The system produces about 10 W of cooling power at an approximate temperature of 90 K. The cooling power can be used to cool down high-temperature superconductor magnets, in nanotechnology, for cryomedical applications, and to liquefy small amounts of nitrogen, argon, oxygen, or methane.     

热固性树脂基复合材料固化过程的三维数值模拟

针对热固性树脂基复合材料成型工艺的固化过程建立了数学模型,并采用有限单元法进行了三维瞬态数值分析。编制了有限元模拟程序CURESIM,通过具体数值模拟算例,表明本文中所建立的分析模型及算法具有较高的可靠性。模拟的固化过程并不特指某一成型工艺,因而模拟的数值方法具有一定的普遍性。模拟程序可以计算得到任意时刻复合材料内温度及固化度分布,通过数值模拟可以有效地优化固化加热工艺参数,提高产品质量。      

激光增材制造热-力耦合数值模拟研究现状及进展

激光增材制造技术加工过程中温度变化迅速而剧烈,导致成形件内部产生复杂的热应力和残余应力,这是成形件发生应力变形、翘曲、开裂等加工缺陷的根本原因。并且,剧烈的温度变化使得难以直接使用实验观察其温度场和应力场演变规律。因此,通过建立有限元模型进行数值模拟的方法来分析热-力耦合场的分布以及其对成形件质量的影响尤为必要。总结了金属激光增材制造技术温度场和应力场的数值模拟研究进展及现阶段存在的一些问题,进一步探讨了金属激光增材制造技术在数值模拟方面的未来发展方向。     

液氢温区单级高频多路旁通型脉冲管制冷机

为了既能降到液氢温区又能确保制冷机的温度稳定性,开展了仅采用长颈管,不使用双向进气进行调相的单级高频多路旁通型脉冲管制冷机的实验研究。首先用数值计算的方法获得了多路旁通开度是否最佳的判据。研制出的制冷机在充气压力1.73MPa,输入电功220W时,无负荷最低制冷温度能够降到23.6K,为目前所报道的在没有双向进气时单级高频脉冲管制冷机获得的最低温度。在达到稳定状态后,制冷机性能稳定,温度波动幅值小于0.1K。在220W输入电功下,能够在29.2K获得0.516W,34.3K获得1.0W的制冷量。     

A design method of thermoelectric coolerConception d'un refroidisseur thermoélectrique

A system design method of thermoelectric cooler is developed in the present study. The design calculation utilizes the performance curve of the thermoelectric module that is determined experimentally. An automatic test apparatus was designed and built to illustrate the testing. The performance test results of the module are used to determine the physical properties and derive an empirical relation for the performance of thermoelectric module. These results are then used in the system analysis of a thermoelectric cooler using a thermal network model. The thermal resistance of heat sink is chosen as one of the key parameters in the design of a thermoelectric cooler. The system simulation shows that there exists a cheapest heat sink for the design of a thermoelectric cooler. It is also shown that the system simulation coincides with experimental data of a thermoelectric cooler using an air-cooled heat sink with thermal resistance 0.2515°C/W. An optimal design of thermoelectric cooler at the conditions of optimal COP is also studied. The optimal design can be made either on the basis of the maximum value of the optimal cooling capacity, or on the basis of the best heat sink technology available.     

微型压缩机驱动的微型混合工质J-T制冷器实验研究

为研究微型混合工质节流制冷器的降温性能,搭建了微型压缩机驱动微型混合工质节流制冷器的制冷系统,并得到了初步实验研究结果。采用Aspen微型压缩机驱动微型J-T节流制冷器,应用混合制冷剂实现深度制冷。微型J-T节流制冷器采用微小通径的不锈钢毛细管制作,其通道特征尺寸为0.3mm。初步实验表明,微型J-T节流制冷器达到了180K温区。由于采用微型压缩机驱动,系统结构紧凑,可在便携生物储存设备、低温医疗以及电子器件冷却等领域应用。     

多元混合物节流制冷工质最佳配比计算

混合物作为节流工质能大大提高制冷机的热力性能。然而即使采用相同组元组成的混合物在配比不同的情况下,节流制冷机的性能也会不同。报道了针对应用于Ｊ－Ｔ节流制冷机的混合物工质配比的优化计算。以热力学完善度为目标函数,采用复合形优化算法,设计了一套混合物最佳配比优化计算程序。计算结果对实际混合物制冷循环设计有一定指导意义。     

BEM computation of 3D Stokes flow including moving front

Liquid composite molding (LCM) includes all composite-manufacturing methods, where the liquid state resin is forced into the dry preformed reinforcement. In this study, numerical simulation of the resin infusion is presented based on a coupled approach involving Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Level Set Method. The method developed can handle stationary and transient flows by solving the Stokes equations. The numerical results on a square packed set of fibers show excellent agreement with the analytical model. The comparison between experimental and simulation results of flow front patterns revealed a fair accordance.     

大型工业用蒸发式冷却器的换热模型与仿真

在分析大型工业用蒸发式冷却器的稳态换热模型的基础上,针对工作介质无相变的蒸发式冷却器编制了稳态传热仿真程序,利用该程序,可以进行设计计算以及设备内部流体温度或焓值分布的模拟计算,并分析了配风量和配水量对换热面积的影响.最后利用该仿真程序设计了全年运行的蒸发式冷却器配风量的调节方案,以达到节约设备能耗的目的.     

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机特性研究

从实验和数值计算两个方面研究了1台工作频率为300 Hz的单级脉冲管制冷机的制冷特性.实验方面,验证了平均压力、入口压比、惯性管长度以及均流化元件对其制冷性能的影响,该制冷机在平均压力为3.96 MPa、入口压比为1.21时获得了79.6 K的最低制冷温度;数值计算方面,基于线性热声理论的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,以验证程序的有效性.     

粘着应力拉伸过程数值模拟及粘着应力模型

为了精确计算粘性介质压力成形过程中粘性介质/板材界面粘性附着作用,分析了压力、剪切速率、温度等因素对粘着应力的影响,提出了粘着应力计算模型.将提出的粘着应力模型引入有限元分析软件中,对粘着应力拉伸过程进行了数值模拟,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证提出模型的可靠性.结果表明:采用建立的模型预测的试样伸长量及应变分布与实验测量结果具有较好的一致性.说明建立的粘着应力模型可以准确反映板材/粘性介质界面粘着应力大小,为精确模拟粘性介质压力成形过程提供了模型.     

Estimation of performance of a J-T refrigerators operating with nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures and a coiled tubes-in-tube heat exchanger

The exergy efficiency of Joule-Thomson (J-T) refrigerators operating with mixtures (MRC systems) strongly depends on the choice of refrigerant mixture and the performance of the heat exchanger used. Helically coiled, multiple tubes-in-tube heat exchangers with an effectiveness of over 96% are widely used in these types of systems. All the current studies focus only on the different heat transfer correlations and the uncertainty in predicting performance of the heat exchanger alone. The main focus of this work is to estimate the uncertainty in cooling capacity when the homogenous model is used by comparing the theoretical and experimental studies. The comparisons have been extended to some two-phase models present in the literature as well.Experiments have been carried out on a J-T refrigerator at a fixed heat load of 10 W with different nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures in the evaporator temperature range of 100–120 K. Different heat transfer models have been used to predict the temperature profiles as well as the cooling capacity of the refrigerator. The results show that the homogenous two-phase flow model is probably the most suitable model for rating the cooling capacity of a J-T refrigerator operating with nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures.     

Connecting hose’s operating characteristics and its effect on the cooling performance of an 80 K Oxford split-Stirling-cycle cryocooler

In this paper, a mathematical model on the connecting hose of a one-stage Oxford split-Stirling cryocooler has been made to simulate its dynamic performance. A set of governing equations has been discretized by method of characteristics and dissolved by a numerical method. The present paper emphasizes the validation of this model against experimental results of pressure phase lag and amplitude attenuation through connecting hose, and cooler performance vs. connecting hose in different dimensions. The comparison shows acceptable agreement between the simulation and experimental results.     

波纹管内高压成形焊接区变形特征研究

准确建立焊接管材母材、热影响区和焊缝的材料力学模型,是焊接波纹管内高压胀形工艺分析的前提条件。基于焊接区单向拉伸试验和硬度测试等条件建立焊接区混合材料准则,确定了热影响区和焊缝的材料力学模型。通过波纹管液压胀形工艺仿真与试验,研究胀形液体压力和凹模初始高度等工艺参数对波纹管变形特征的影响,并结合变形前后的组织分析发现,焊接区的枝状晶组织使成形后波纹管焊接区与母材壁厚存在差异,并且变形后马氏体相的存在促进裂纹的形核,引起后期使用中的应力腐蚀破裂。     

U形地埋管地源热泵系统动态性能数值模拟

地源热泵系统全年动态性能模拟对系统方案设计具有重要意义。基于一维非稳态传热数值模型,给出了U形地埋管地源热泵耦合模拟算法。根据建筑逐时负荷、地质情况以及热泵机组性能等条件,耦合模拟方法能够给出长期地温、水温以及系统能耗信息,为方案评估提供依据。与基于解析模型的模拟算法进行了交叉比较,表明数值模型计算准确,计算速度快,具有工程实用性。对某案例进行全年逐时分析,根据模拟结果对钻孔数目及钻孔间距的选择提出相应的建议。     

电主轴冷却系统设计与仿真优化

为解决电主轴因内部温度场复杂而造成冷却效果差的问题,设计了一种用于电主轴冷却的水冷机系统。根据电主轴热特性分析结果,提出了水冷机冷却方案,计算了相关的传热参数,并建立了电主轴温度-流速控制模型。然后,利用ANSYS Fluent软件对电主轴进行了流体冷却有限元仿真,并通过电主轴冷却实验对仿真结果进行了验证。通过对比仿真结果和实验结果可知,冷却后电主轴电机定子最高温度约下降了60%,转轴的形变量约降低了70%。结果表明：利用水冷机系统对电主轴进行冷却具有良好的冷却效果,这可为高精密机床主动热控制技术的研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Transient tumbling chaos and damping identification for parametric pendulum

The aim of this study is to provide a simple, yet effective and generally applicable technique for determining damping for parametric pendula. The proposed model is more representative of system dynamics because the numerical results describe the qualitative features of experimentally exhibited transient tumbling chaotic motions well. The assumption made is that the system is accurately modelled by a combination of viscous and Coulomb dampings; a parameter identification procedure is developed from this basis. The results of numerical and experimental time histories of free oscillations are compared with the model produced from the parameters identified by the classic logarithmic decrement technique. The merits of the present method are discussed before the model is verified against experimental results. Finally, emphasis is placed on a close corroboration between the experimental and theoretical transient tumbling chaotic trajectories.