用灵敏值确定纯β核素的液闪测量效率

纯β核素液闪测量技术应用广泛,实际工作中往往需要确定核素的测量效率;但除~3H、~(14)C等半衰期较长的核素外,多无系列猝灭标准源,给工作带来很多不便。本文根据国外有关方面研究,做了以~3H标准源为基准、通过理论计算求出其它纯β核素在均相条件下的测量效率和猝灭校正曲线,进而求得放射性的活度。本方法使用简便、结果可靠,实用性强。     

Behavior of reinforced-concrete-framed shear walls

Based on equilibrium and compatibility conditions, as well as a softened stress-strain relationship for normal strength concrete, a truss model theory was derived to predict the strength and behavior of low-rise reinforced-concrete-framed shear walls. A new softened stress-strain relationship was recently proposed for normal and high-strength concrete. Both the softening models of concrete are based on the shear panels under static loads. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to examine the applicability of both the softening models to low-rise framed shear walls; (2) to determine the effect of dynamic shear forces with low frequency (0.2 Hz) on the behavior of such walls.     

Characterization of an energy source for modeling hypothetical core disruptive accidents in nuclear reactors

The experimental methods for and results of determining the expansion characteristics of the detonation products of an energy source that simulates the pressure-volume change relationships for sodium vapor expansions during hypothetical core disruptive accidents in a fast test reactor are presented. Rigid cylinder-piston experiments performed at two scales (ratio 1:3) to determine a pressure-volume relationship as a function of source mass and expansion environment are described. Some of these measurements are compared with code calculations for the source. The results show: (1) that the pressure-volume relationship depends significantly on the presence of water in the cylinder and comparatively little on the timescale of the expansion, the presence of steel balls in the water, or a Mylar sheet on the water surface; and (2) the experiment's scale. A relationship between the measured work energy from the source and the charge mass is presented, and pressure-volume change measurements are compared with previous experimental measurements and with theoretical calculations for a 150 MWsec hypothetical core disruptive accident. The measurements and code calculations of the pressure-volume relationship for the source agree reasonably well.     

EDXRF方法测量菱镁矿中镁元素含量

采用间接测量的方法,对菱镁矿的化学分析过程进行处理,建立目标元素Mg与中间观测元素Ba之间的对应关系,以Ba的能量色散X射线荧光(Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence,EDXRF)测量结果,计算出菱镁矿测试样品中镁的含量为29.43%,相对标准偏差为0.58%。借助于具有含量梯度的验证样品对方法的准确性进行了验证,得到的定标曲线具有良好的线性关系,测量结果显示准确度和可靠性高、稳定性和重复性好。该方法克服了EDXRF对轻元素直接探测效率低、结果精度差的缺点,为镁的测量提供了一种快速、准确、经济的检测思路和方法。     

Effects of Alloy Elements on Irradiation Embrittlement of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel: Insights from Neural Network Modelling

As one of the key components that can not be replaced in PWR, the safety and stability of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel determine the safety and economy of the reactor. The irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel is the limiting factors for the operation of PWR. The irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel is closely related to its alloy composition. Based on the machine learning method, the relationship between key alloy components (Cu/Mn/Ni/Si/P) and irradiation embrittlement of RPV steel was constructed. The results show that the relationship between the alloy composition and irradiation embrittlement is basically consistent with the traditional cognition. The irradiation embrittlement is sensitive to Cu content, and Cu-Ni has synergistic effect on irradiation embrittlement. In low Cu alloys, Mn-Ni and Ni-Si have synergistic effects on embrittlement.     

利用神经网络方法研究合金元素对反应堆压力容器钢辐照脆化的影响

反应堆压力容器（RPV）作为压水堆中不可更换的关键部件之一,其安全和稳定是决定反应堆安全经济运行的重要因素。RPV钢的辐照脆化问题是制约RPV在堆内安全服役的关键。RPV钢的辐照脆化与其合金成分关系密切。本文利用神经网络方法研究了RPV钢中关键合金成分（Cu、Mn、Ni、Si、P）与辐照脆化之间的关系。研究结果表明,基于神经网络方法得到合金成分与辐照脆化的关系与传统认知基本一致,辐照脆化对Cu含量最敏感,Cu-Ni对辐照脆化存在协同作用,低Cu合金中Mn-Ni、Ni-Si对脆化存在协同作用。     

Diagnostics of a microhollow cathode discharge at atmospheric pressure

Based on a sandwich-like structure, a microhollow cathode discharge device is designed, and a stable discharge is realized by injecting helium into the discharge region of the device at atmospheric pressure. A wall probe is used to determine the relevant parameters of the plasma generated by the device, such as particle density, electron temperature, and the electron distribution function. At the same time, a sink parameter is used to correct the electron distribution function of the wall-probe diagnostics, and to further study the relationship between electron density and the electron temperature of the corrected electron distribution function.     

脉冲萃取柱下澄清段的吹气法管道设计原则

本工作实验考察吹气管道体积对吹气法在线测量脉冲萃取柱真实振幅的影响。实验结果表明：当吹气管道总体积与吹气杯体积之比不大于4时,吹气法在线测量的真实振幅与表观振幅呈线性关系。同时,就满足乏燃料后处理中脉冲萃取柱下澄清段压降在线测量的吹气管道的要求进行了讨论。根据这一要求,确定了吹气系统的设计原则。     

Electro-Hydrodynamic (EHD) Thrust Analysis in Wire-Cylinder Electrode Arrangement

The thrust generation by electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) effect has been studied for a wire-cylinder arrangement under high DC voltage. Series of measurements have been conducted in order to determine the relationship between generated thrust and corona discharge current, as well as its dependence on geometrical characteristics of the electrodes, e.g. electrode gap, wire and cylinder radii. The experimental investigation has shown a linear relationship between the generated thrust and the discharge current, while parametric analysis showed that increased electrode gap and emitter radius reduces the thrust. On the other hand, large gaps favor the thrust per unit power ratio.     

偏置电压对Si-PIN探测器的性能影响

偏置电压对Si-PIN型半导体探测器将产生两方面的影响.偏置电压越高,结电容越小;另一方面,偏置电压越大,探测器的漏电流就越大.而探测器的结电容,漏电流是影响谱仪系统能量分辨率的最重要的因素.结合一些实验结果,从两个方面来讨论偏置电压对于由Si-PIN探测器构成的X射线谱仪能量分辨率的影响,以及探测器偏置电压的合理选取原则.     

MC法模拟质子治疗中靶区定位

本文利用MCNPX程序模拟了质子束入射靶区的输运过程。通过~(16)O(p,α~(13)N、~(13)N的β~+衰变、e~++e~-→2γ,得到湮灭光子分布,确定靶区位置与Bragg峰深度的关系。模拟结果显示,能量为60MeV~150 MeV的质子入射肌肉组织模体时,湮灭光子通量下降梯度最大的位置为Bragg峰位置,位置偏差2%;当90 MeV质子入射含GTV(肿瘤靶区)的肌肉组织模体时,Bragg峰位置发生移动,此时湮灭光子通量下降梯度最大的位置与Bragg峰位置相同,位置偏差1%。利用MC法确定靶区位置,更接近理想位置。     

Evaluation of gases'molecular abundance ratio by fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a metal-assisted method

A metal-assisted method is proposed for the evaluation of gases'molecular abundance ratio in fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(FO-LIBS).This method can reduce the laser ablation energy and make gas composition identification possible.The principle comes from the collision between the detected gases and the plasma produced by the laser ablation of the metal substrate.The interparticle collision in the plasma plume leads to gas molecules dissociating and sparking,which can be used to determine the gas composition.The quantitative relationship between spectral line intensity and molecular abundance ratio was developed over a large molecular abundance ratio range.The influence of laser ablation energy and substrate material on gas quantitative calibration measurement is also analyzed.The proposed metal-assisted method makes the measurement of gases'molecular abundance ratios possible with an FO-LIBS system.     

γ射线对水溶液中赭曲霉毒素A降解效果的研究

为了探讨γ射线辐照对于水溶液中赭曲霉毒素A的降解效果,采用60Coγ射线辐照水溶液中的赭曲霉毒素A.用赭曲霉毒素A标准溶液确定高效液相色谱检测技术的线性关系和检出限,然后基于高效液相色谱检测技术研究辐照对水溶液中赭曲霉毒素A的降解效果.结果显示,水溶液中赭曲霉毒素A的降解率随着辐照剂量的增加而增加;在4kGy的辐照剂量...     

An analysis of the wet-side heat-transfer coefficient during rewetting of a hot dry patch

A physical model for the rewetting of a hot dry patch is proposed. The mechanisms governing the rate of resorption of the dry area are the conduction of heat from the dry to the wet area and the removal of this heat by a large local heat-transfer coefficient. The coefficient is assumed to be directly proportional to the cube of the difference between the surface and saturation temperature (h = RT^ß). The wall temperature at the interface between the wet and dry side is assumed equal to the sputtering value, and the cubic relationship between the heat-transfer coefficient and surface temperature difference is assumed valid up to this temperature. Experimental data from Harwell on rewetting rates for a stainless steel tube in a steam environment at various pressures are analysed to determine R. The energy equations are solved numerically by a quasi-linearization technique combined with the finite-difference method.     

Two-Dimensional Fluid Simulation of Collisional Plasma sheath over rf Powered Electrode with Cylindrical Hole

The characteristics of collisional radio-frequency (rf) sheath dynamics over an electrode with a cylindrical hole is simulated by means of a self-consistent model which consists of two-dimensional time-dependent fluid equations coupled with Poisson equation. In addition, an equivalent-circuit model is coupled to the fluid equations in order to self-consistently determine relationship between the instantaneous potential at the rf-biased electrode and the sheath thickness.Two-dimensional profiles of the potential, the ion fluid velocity, and the distributions of the ion and electron densities within the sheath are computed under various discharge conditions, such as the discharge powers and the gas pressures. The results show that the existence of the cylindrical hole on the electrode significantly affects the sheath structure and generates a potential trap in the horizontal direction, which is particularly strong when the sheath thickness is comparable to the depth of the hole. Moreover, it is found that the collisional effects have a significant influenc eon the sheath characteristics.     

Environmental history told by mussel shells

Each year a mussel produces an incremental layer of its shell composed mainly of calcium carbonate and a small fraction of organic substance. Many other elements are simultaneously deposited in these annual layers and are assumed to be essentially immobile. Although use of shells of bivalves has been suggested for monitoring metals in natural waters, little is known of the relationship of environmental conditions and age of molluscs with the concentration and distribution of elements in the shell. The nuclear microprobe was used to determine the temporal history of concentrations of elements in a shell of the freshwater mussel Anodonta. The high spatial (3 μm) resolution allowed analyses within parts of single years.     

标准喷嘴板脉冲萃取柱脉冲振幅的在线测量

实验考察了5个标准喷嘴板脉冲萃取柱系统在吹气条件下脉冲振幅与柱重瞬间正弦信号1个周期峰面积之间关系。实验结果表明：在吹气条件下,峰面积与脉冲频率无关;流道因子随着脉冲振幅和脉冲频率增加而增大,与脉冲萃取柱柱高、柱径和连续相密度无关。在此基础上,获得了吹气法在线测量脉冲振幅的经验关联式。      

密度-电导-温度法测量铀-酸体系中铀和硝酸

提出了密度-电导-温度法测量铀-酸溶液中铀和硝酸含量。建立铀-酸溶液的密度、电导率和铀质量浓度、硝酸浓度以及温度之间的数学模型,该模型为一非线性二元二次方程组。只要测出铀-酸溶液的温度、密度和电导率,代入上述方程组,即可由计算机计算出铀-酸体系中铀和硝酸浓度。结果表明:当铀-酸体系中铀质量浓度范围在50~200g/L、硝酸浓度范围在1~4mol/L时,该法对铀和硝酸浓度的测量相对误差均在±5%之间。     

Release of short-lived fission products from UO2 fuel: Effects of operating conditions

To support accident “source-term” studies, we have carried out a series of in-reactor tests to determine the behaviour of short-lived fission products (Xe, Kr, I) in operating UO₂ fuel under a variety of conditions. The linear power range examined was 1762 kW/m to a maximum burnup of about 220 MW. h/kg U.Under normal operating conditions, release of the short-lived xenons and kryptons was described by a λ(decay constant)^?0.5 relationship, characteristic of diffusion; there was a strong temperature-dependence of release in the thermally-activated diffusion range. Release during shutdown and startup transients was dependent on prior operating temperature, while under oxidizing conditions enhancement of release up to a factor of 4.5 was observed. Under loss-of-coolant conditions, release was described by a λ^?1 relationship, characteristic of movement of stored inventory. Most release accompanied the re-wet portion of the transient, consistent with enhancement due to fuel cracking. No iodines exited from the fuel elements under normal, oxidizing or loss-of-coolant conditions.     

RELAP5程序预测第一类密度波不稳定边界的能力验证

为估算低温核供热堆的第一类密度波不稳定（Type-I DWO）边界,以确定其微沸腾运行模式的参数区间,本文建立了低温核供热堆NHR200相似性实验回路HRTL200的RELAP5数值模型。通过对比模拟结果与实验结果,评价了RELAP5/MOD3.2程序模拟Type-I DWO的一般特性以及预测不稳定边界的能力,分析了进、出口阻力系数、相间摩擦对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,RELAP5程序模拟Type-I DWO 的一般特性与实验符合较好;运行压力不高于25 bar（1 bar=105 Pa)时,程序计算的不稳定边界的过冷度边界值与实验值偏差在3 K以内;运行压力大于30 bar时,采用准确的相间摩擦关系式可以改善预测结果。因此,选取与回路相匹配的相间摩擦关系式后,RELAP5程序可以用于模拟和预测Type-I DWO。