TC4钛合金选区激光熔化与层间激光冲击强化复合工艺

目的 改善激光选区熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)工艺成形的TC4合金的内部缺陷,提高疲劳寿命。方法 选用TC4钛合金为研究对象,提出了SLM结合层间激光冲击(3D-Laser Shock Peening,3D-LSP)与热处理的强化工艺,对复合制造工艺下的微观组织、内部缺陷和力学性能演变进行了研究,并建立了复合强化工艺制造样品的疲劳寿命模型。结果 在激光冲击影响区域内形成了0.2 mm深度的高幅值残余压应力,并在1 mm深度范围内改善了应力场,且显微硬度得到了提升,内部缺陷数量减少了36%,疲劳寿命提升了40%以上。结论 实现了SLM增材制造TC4钛合金的缺陷在线闭合、微观组织改性和疲劳寿命的提升,揭示了层间激光冲击对内部缺陷的闭合机理,为金属SLM复合增材制造的研究与应用奠定了理论基础。     

毫秒激光致光学薄膜损伤阈值的测试与分析

根据ISQ-11254分别测量了脉宽1 ms,波长1 064 nm激光作用下TiO2/SiO2高反膜、增透膜的损伤阈值,结合高分辨率CCD和光学显微镜观测了损伤形貌,分析了毫秒量级激光损伤光学薄膜的损伤机理.结果表明:脉宽1 ms激光作用下TiO2/SiO2增透膜的损伤阈值为高反膜的2.4倍,损伤区域为若干分离的损伤点...     

Laser damage thresholds of optical coatings

Since the very beginning of laser technology, Laser Induced Damage Thresholds (LIDT) of optical components were always an obstacle for the application of laser systems operating at high power levels. Also, further progresses in the development of new high power laser concepts are often directly limited by the availability of advanced optical components with high quality and LIDT-values. Nowadays, in the course of the development of optical materials with excellent quality and power handling capability, the problem of laser induced damage has shifted from the bulk to the surface of the optical component. The optical surface is objected to various production steps and environmental influences, which modify its structure and composition. Especially, the thin film coating, which is deposited on the optical surface to adapt its reflectance and transmittance to the application, contributes predominantly to the reduction of the LIDT-values. As a consequence, the measurement and optimization of the power handling capability of thin films is considered as one of the primary research areas in modern optics technology and is supported by an extensive scientific community.In the present paper, a brief review will be given on selected fundamental damage mechanisms in thin films considering different operation conditions of modern laser systems. Also, the current standards for the measurement of LIDT will be described, and examples illustrating some practical aspects of high power optical coatings will be presented. Finally, recent trends in laser technology will be discussed in respect to research in laser induced damage.     

Use of Femtosecond Laser Technique for Studying Physically Small Cracks

Since small crack propagation behavior is strongly affected by microstructure, very small artificial notches with a length in the submillimeter range are needed for a systematic study of microcrack behavior. Laser processing technique with ultrashort pulses is a micromachining tool which will not cause any serious mechanical damage in metallic materials. Small artificial starter notches were manufactured in medium carbon steels with this technique and some fatigue tests were carried out. Laser affected zones could be observed at the notch boundary but cracks were initiated from the notch tips and propagated steadily. The crack paths were very tortuous like natural small cracks. The experimental results showed that the femtosecond laser processing technique is useful to introduce a small notch and allows systematic investigation of microcrack behavior.     

激光技术在过滤器壳体制造中的研究与应用

目的 研究火箭发动机关键部件过滤器壳体的改良加工方案,以替代传统的化学铣切、手工氩弧焊等工艺,提高产品尺寸精度和生产效率。方法 改良加工方案采用激光切割、激光焊接等技术,利用激光切割精度高、成形快的优点,实现镂空区域的一次成形,避免化铣周期长、易于产生飞边且打磨困难的问题;利用激光焊接热输入量低、焊接变形少的特点,使镂空状态下单边宽度3.5 mm的筋条焊接成为可能。结果 通过设置合理的工艺参数,可以有效保证产品尺寸精度并控制焊接变形,提高生产效率。结论 使用该工艺方法已成功制备了产品,并经过了发动机试车考核。     

High Power Laser for Peening of Metals Enabling Production Technology

Laser shot peening, a surface treatment for metals, is known to induce compressive residual stresses of over 1 mm (0.040 inch) depth providing improved component resistance to various forms of failure. Additionally recent information suggests that thermal relaxation of the laser induced stress is significantly less than that experienced by other forms of surface stressing that involve significantly higher levels of cold work. We have developed a unique solid state laser technology employing Nd:glass slabs and phase conjugation that enables this process to move into high throughput production processing.     

Failure Analysis of Laser Weld Joint of X2NiCoMo18-8-5 Steel

Laser welded T-shaped steel joints were received in debris form. The debris were recovered from the crashed component. Different metallurgical analysis was made on these debris to reach the root cause of the failure. In this regard, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were utilized for the confirmation of different observations. Huge deposits of oxidation products were observed on the thick part (i.e., plate) of the T-shaped joint. For the confirmation of these products a set of simulated experiments were also performed.     

Laser reflector arrangement on H2A-lRE satellite for monitoring spin rate and optical degradation

We devised a unique array of cube-corner reflectors on a spherical satellite so that laser ranging could be used to detect the spin rate and the optical degradation. On the H2A-LRE satellite, there are reflectors made of synthetic silica and ones made of BK7 glass. We report that the degradation of the BK7 reflectors, as well as the spin rate of the satellite, can be monitored through a spectral analysis of laser-ranging data. The center-of-mass correction of the Laser Ranging Equipment satellite was calculated at 210 +/- 10 mm for all possible systems and throughout the degradation process of the BK7 reflectors.     

A Novel Strategy For Monitoring Laser Thermal Therapy Based on Changes in Optothermal Properties of Heated Tissues

Laser thermal therapy uses near-infrared optical energy to heat and thereby treat diseased tissues such as solid tumors. A method to monitor the progress of laser thermal therapy by detecting temperature-induced changes in optical propagation has been developed. The advantage of a point optical monitoring strategy over a conventional point temperature monitoring approach is that optical intensity measurements are indicative of a larger sampling volume of optothermal events. In porcine kidney in vivo, the optical intensity at 5 mm from a laser-coupled heating fiber decreased by 49\% after 2.5 min of heating at 3 W. In bovine tissue ex vivo, the optical intensity at 8 mm from the heating fiber decreased by 62--83 % during laser irradiation at 5 W. This substantial decrease in optical penetration is consistent with increased optical scattering by thermally damaged tissue (i.e., kidney and liver) around the heating fiber. This damage was not detected by a temperature sensor placed at the same distance from the \vadjust{\pagebreak}heating\break fiber in kidney or liver. Furthermore, in the porcine kidney experiment, smoke production occurred, which is normally concomitant with high-temperature tissue charring around the heating fiber. This was observed as a complete loss in optical intensity but was not detectable in the temperature data. The measurements in this work indicate that point optical intensity may have a greater sensitivity to important optothermal events than do point temperature measurements for monitoring laser heating in tissuesPaper presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 22--27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Laser ignition in internal-combustion engines: Sparkless initiation

Laser ignition has been implemented in a single-cylinder internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline. Indicator diagrams (cylinder pressure versus crank angle) were obtained for laser ignition with nano- and microsecond pulses of an Nd:YAG laser. The maximum power of microsecond pulses was below critical for spark initiation, while the radiation wavelength was outside the spectral range of optical absorption by hydrocarbon fuels. Apparently, the ignition starts due to radiation absorption by the oil residues or carbon deposit in the combustion chamber, so that the ability of engine to operate is retained. This initiation of spark-free ignition shows the possibility of using compact semiconductor quantum-cascade lasers operating at wavelengths of about 3.4 μm (for which the optical absorption by fuel mixtures is high) in ignition systems of internal combustion engines.     

真空环境下TC4激光熔丝增材制造工艺实验研究

目的 针对TC4金属增材制造制备的零件质量差的问题,研究真空环境下不同工艺参数对TC4激光熔丝增材制造的影响规律。方法 通过单因素单道工艺实验,研究激光功率、扫描速度、送丝比等工艺参数对单道沉积层形貌、宽度和高度的影响。结果 当激光功率小于230 W时,得到的单道表面形貌较为良好,熔覆层与基板区域结合较好,而当激光功率大于230 W时,则会在初始段产生鱼鳞状缺陷。随着激光功率从150 W增大到230 W,单道截面宽度从0.582 mm增大到1.123 mm,增大了93.0%。单道截面高度从0.443 mm降低到0.351 mm,降低了20.8%。当扫描速度小于1.5 mm/s时,单道表面也出现了“鱼鳞”状结构,导致质量下降;当扫描速度从1 mm/s增大到5 mm/s时,单道横截面宽度从1.003 mm降低至0.887 mm,降低了11.6%,而单道横截面高度则从0.332 mm增大至0.353 mm,只增大了6.32%。在不同送丝比情况下,单道表面形貌都较为良好,且随着送丝比从1增大至3,单道沉积层的高度从0.308 mm增大至0.465 mm,增大了51.0%。结论 激光功率是影响单道沉积层表面形貌和横截面宽度的重要因素,而扫描速度对横截面宽度和高度的影响幅度都很小,其影响程度远不如激光功率显著,送丝比只对单道沉积层的高度影响显著。     

Laser beam propagation in atmospheric turbulence

The optical effects of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of low power laser beams are reviewed in this paper. The optical effects are produced by the temperature fluctuations which result in fluctuations of the refractive index of air. The commonly-used models of index-of-refraction fluctuations are presented. Laser beams experience fluctuations of beam size, beam position, and intensity distribution within the beam due to refractive turbulence. Some of the observed effects are qualitatively explained by treating the turbulent atmosphere as a collection of moving gaseous lenses of various sizes. Analytical results and experimental verifications of the variance, covariance and probability distribution of intensity fluctuations in weak turbulence are presented. For stronger turbulence, a saturation of the optical scintillations is observed. The saturation of scintillations involves a progressive break-up of the beam into multiple patches; the beam loses some of its lateral coherence. Heterodyne systems operating in a turbulent atmosphere experience a loss of heterodyne signal due to the destruction of coherence.     

样条函数在激光跟踪仪测距补偿中的应用

激光跟踪仪测距精度取决于激光干涉仪(IFM)和激光绝对测距仪(ADM)的精度,就目前技术水平而言,IFM测距精度远高于ADM测距精度,因此需要对ADM测距误差进行修正。本文采用三次样条函数对激光跟踪仪全程ADM测距误差进行修正,并与线性误差修正方法进行了对比,结果显示三次样条函数能够更好地拟合误差曲线,改善修正后残余误差的均方差,均方差为0.007 mm,优于最小二乘直线拟合,从而提高激光跟踪仪测距精度和空间测量精度。     

激光直写光刻工艺技术研究

研究了利用激光直写技术制作微细图形的工艺方法，应用ＩＳＩ－２８０２型激光直写系统，通过实验，分析了激光曝光机理以及提高实用分辨力的途径。得到了激光直写系统参数与处理工艺参数之间的匹配关系，实验数据对研究制作各种掩模版、衍射光学元件以及ＡＳＩＣ电路都有应用价值。     

Fabrication and measurement of optics for the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory

The manufacture and testing of high-precision optical surfaces for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory is described. Through the use of carefully shaped polishing laps made of a nondeformable polymer material coated on a rigid base, surfaces 250 mm in diameter with radii of curvature between 7 and 15 km were polished to an accuracy of several hundred meters in the curvature and with low values of waviness and microroughness. Metrology instrumentation used to measure the optical finish included a large-aperture digital interferometer calibrated to nanometer-level accuracy for measurements of curvature, astigmatism, and waviness and an interference microscope for measurements of microroughness. The power spectra of the data from both instruments were in good agreement.     

Plasmon-polariton polarizers on the surface of single-mode channel optical waveguides in lithium niobate

Plasmon-polariton polarizers on the surface of single-mode channel optical waveguides (OWGs) in lithium niobate crystals have been studied in detail. An original technology for manufacturing polarizers in a single technological cycle has been developed. A polarizer consists of a metal (aluminum) film and a dielectric (Al₂O₃) buffer layer. An optimum polarizer configuration is found for single-mode channel OWGs matched to a standard optical fiber (SMF-28). A prototype polarizer was manufactured, which was characterized by a polarization extinction ratio of 19 dB/mm and insertion losses on a level of 0.1 dB/mm.     

基于准分子激光微加工的光热微驱动器(英文)

提出了基于光热(PT)微膨胀原理的新型光热微驱动技术.设计了一种能将纵向光热膨胀转化成横向偏转的微驱动器.以AutoCAD设计图为基础,采用KrF准分子激光微加工系统,在单层高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)上加工出长1 500μm、宽250μm、厚40μm的开关式光热微驱动器.从微驱动器的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图可以看出,微驱动器形状与AutoCAD设计值符合良好.光热微驱动实验采用脉冲频率可调的半导体激光器(4 mW,650 nm)作为驱动源.实验结果表明,在一定的脉冲频率范围(如0～17 Hz)内,光热微驱动器具有良好的静态和动态特性,其横向偏转量最大可达11μm,足以实现微开关功能.这种光热微驱动器可由激光束直接控制,具有原理新颖、结构简洁、体积小、易于加工制作等特点,在微纳米技术领域和微光机电系统(MOEMS)中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Laser surface alloying for passivation of TiPd

Q-switched laser surface alloying of 150 Å palladium vacuum deposits onto polycrystalline titanium is shown to be an effective way of passivating titanium against corrosion by acid environments. Rutherford backscattering is utilized to measure near-surface concentration profiles. The surface palladium enrichment that occurs during initial corrosion was monitored as a function of time in boiling HCl solutions. The post-laser-alloying precorrosion level of 4 at.% increases to a steady state concentration of 15 at.% after 3 h. The corrosion rates observed are comparable with those for bulk alloyed material. Laser surface alloying has advantages over both thermal diffusion and ion implantation, which have also been used to make surface alloys in order to reduce noble metal consumption.     

不锈钢激光点焊接头组织和力学性能研究

目的 改善SUS301L–HT不锈钢激光点焊焊接性能。方法 以2 mm SUS301L–HT不锈钢为母材进行激光点焊试验,并分析焊接接头的金相组织、硬度、拉伸性能以及断口形貌等。结果 焊点表面无损坏、压痕均匀、无较大焊接变形,表面无飞溅、母材颜色无明显变化。焊核区的微观组织主要是柱状晶,柱状晶依附于未熔化母材晶粒向焊核中心生长。母材硬度最高,约为309HV;焊核中心附近区域硬度适中,约为255HV,热影响区硬度最小,不到220HV。点焊接头断裂形式多为纽扣式断裂且发生在热影响区。结论 不锈钢激光点焊整体质量较好,可用于轨道列车车体加工。     

钛合金激光熔覆的研究现状与发展趋势

钛合金具有高比强、良好的耐蚀性能等优点,但其耐磨性差,限制了它在摩擦机构的应用.激光熔覆技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型表面改性工艺.在钛合金表面进行激光熔覆,可提高钛合金的表面性能,获得高硬度、耐磨性能好、低摩擦系数的熔覆层.简要阐述了钛合金表面激光熔覆的研究现状,包括激光熔覆工艺、熔覆层的组织与性能,指出了存在的问题,并展望了钛合金激光熔覆的发展方向.