Detonation Performance of TATP/AN‐Based Explosives

The detonation velocity and performance were determined for four mixtures of triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9‐hexamethyl‐1,2,4,5,7,8‐hexoxonane, TATP), ammonium nitrate (AN) and water (W) by cylinder expansion tests. The composition of these mixtures varied in the following ranges: 21–31% TATP, 37–54% AN and 19–32% W. The obtained results were compared with those of powdery 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), AN‐fuel oil explosive (ANFO) and emulsion explosive. It was found that the tested TATP/AN/W mixtures represent typical non‐ideal explosives with relatively low critical diameter and with high sensitivity to initiation despite the high content of water due to the presence of the primary explosive (TATP). The detonation velocity is comparable to that of powdery TNT (at similar density). However, the acceleration ability is significantly lower than that of powdery TNT.     

Verification of the Explosive Quality of TH‐5

This paper reports the characteristics of the explosive TH‐5, recycled (recovered) trinitrotoluene (TNT) with max. 5 wt‐% of hexogen (RDX). The explosive TH‐5 was obtained by delaboration of warheads and melting of explosive charges based on TNT and RDX and by separation (extraction) of high explosive components. The thermal characteristics of pure (virgin) TNT and RDX, and recycled explosive TH‐5 are determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The possibility of processing TH‐5 by pressing and casting is also examined. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of TH‐5 and TNT to friction is determined, as well as compressibility of explosives, and the detonation velocity of pressed and cast charges. Based on the analysis of experimental results, the defense standard requirements for the quality of TH‐5 are defined and possibility of practical application of explosive TH‐5 was estimated.     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

Modification of W/O Emulsions by Demilitarized Composition B

A series of W/O emulsion explosives containing 30–50 wt‐% of the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT (Composition B 50/50) was prepared. Detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths of these mixtures were determined and their detonation characteristics were calculated according to the EU standard methods for commercial explosives. Thermal reactivities of the most reactive components of these W/O mixtures were examined by means of differential thermal analysis and outputs were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivities, expressed as the E_a ⋅ R⁻¹ slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlate with the squares of the detonation velocities of the corresponding explosive mixtures. It was found that fortification of the W/O emulsions by the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT allows modification of detonation velocities of the resulting emulsion explosives within relatively broad limits. However, the effect of this admixture on the relative explosive strength is not well defined. Nevertheless, fortification in this sense can give rock‐blasting explosives with a performance on the level of industrial powdered amatols.     

Thermal and Sensitivity Study of Dihydroxyl Ammonium 5,5′‐Bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50)‐based Melt Cast Explosive Formulations

Dihydroxyl ammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) is a promising energetic material with predicted performance similar to RDX as well as to CL‐20. In the present study, TKX‐50 was evaluated as a possible replacement for RDX in TNT‐based, aluminized as well as non‐aluminized melt cast formulations. Thermal analysis reveals the compatibility of TKX‐50 with benchmark explosives like RDX and TNT in explosive formulations. This paper describes the thermal and sensitivity study of TKX‐50 with RDX and TNT‐based melt cast explosives. The result indicated that TKX‐50 can be effectively used as a RDX replacement in melt cast explosive formulations. TKX‐50/TNT‐based aluminized composition shows more thermal stability than RDX/TNT based composition, which clearly indicated the usefulness of TKX‐50 in melt cast explosive formulations.     

Detonation Products as a Function of Initiation Strength,ambient gas and binder systems of explosives charges

The way of initiating an insensitive high explosive can influence the start of a detonation reaction remarkably. In order to study the extent of this influence, different boosters and different booster structures for the initiation of explosive mixtures containing TNT and nitroguanidine (NQ) have been used. The experiments have been conducted in a 1.5 m³ containment from which the detonation products could be taken and analyzed. In those cases where we only used a 10 g RDX booster together with a detonation cap no. 8, we had not a complete detonation reaction by initiating cylindrical charges of TNT/NQ and TNT/AN. This means that unreacted TNT was analyzed in the solid residue, mainly consisting of carbon soot. On the other hand, we had a complete detonation using an additional booster of about 18 g detonation sheet, placed on the front side of the cylindrical explosive, having the same diameter as the explosive charge. Another part of the investigations deals with the determination of the influence of different argon pressures on the composition of the detonation gas and the solid residue. Between vacuum and one bar argon a strong change not only of the gas but also of the soot residue was measured. A stronger influence on the products was found using a confinement with glass tubes. The investigation of Al-containing charges exhibited a very different behavior compared with charges without Al. No more influence of vaccum or of different ambient gas pressure could be observed. By investigation of two composite explosive charges (PBX) containing binder systems of different energies and different oxygen balances, a great influence on the reaction of Al was found. The PBX charges with the better O₂-balance containing the energetic GAP-binder reacted nearly completely with the Al, opposite to the charge containing the polyisobutylene (PIB) binder system.     

溶剂萃取法回收TNT的安全性研究

为了更好地利用回收的废弃火炸药,以甲苯作为溶剂,利用溶剂萃取法从B炸药中回收TNT组分;采用液相色谱法测定回收TNT的纯度;采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和5 s爆发点实验对回收的TNT和对比样品进行了热安定性分析;测定了回收TNT的撞击感度和摩擦感度。结果表明,液相色谱法测得回收TNT纯度为94.19%,对比样品TNT纯度为96.66%;不同升温速率下,回收TNT熔化峰温较对比样品降低了0.9~1.4℃,分解峰温降低了5℃左右,活化能降低3.51 kJ/mol,表明回收TNT的热安定性有所降低;回收TNT的5 s延滞期爆发点为422.7℃,较纯TNT文献值低约53℃,比对比样品TNT高28.5℃;5 s爆发点变化与其所含杂质种类有关,回收TNT中的杂质对热感度的影响较小;回收TNT的撞击感度为8%,摩擦感度为4%,与对比样品相比均下降,表明回收TNT的安全性较好,能满足再利用的要求。     

A Low‐Sensitivity Composition Based on FOX‐7

1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX‐7) is considered to be an explosive combining comparatively high performance and low sensitivity. In the present study, FOX‐7 has been evaluated as a possible replacement of RDX in TNT‐based melt‐cast compositions. A composition containing FOX‐7, TNT, Al and wax, and a method of preparing it were proposed. Its sensitivity to impact, friction, shock wave, jet impact, fast heating, and its thermal stability were tested. Some detonation parameters like the detonation pressure, velocity and heat were measured. Moreover, the Gurney velocity, the so‐called effective exponent of the expansion isentrope and the JWL equation of state of the detonation products were determined from the results of a cylinder test. The detonation characteristics were compared with that obtained for cast TNT.     

Dependence of detonation velocity on charge density for foamed alumotol (Al/TNT) and TNT mixtures

Experimental data are presented on the dependence of the critical diameter and detonation velocity of cast and liquid porous TNT and TA-15 alumotol (Al/TNT) on charge density. The results of the detonation velocity measurements are compared with calculations. Based on this comparison, it is proposed that the reaction during detonation of alumotol is substantially heterogeneous and this is confirmed by plotting the detonation velocity as a function of density for model mixtures of TNT with various amounts of aluminum and an inert component. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 88–93, July–August 1998.     

熔铸混合炸药用载体炸药评述

介绍了TNT、3号炸药、DNTF、TNAZ、DNAN、DNP等典型熔铸载体炸药的物化性能、爆炸性能、安全性能、结晶和凝固性质铸装质量,分析了作为载体炸药所存在的优点和不足,提出了利用优势克服不足的途径.认为TNT通过改性仍然是熔铸炸药的主要载体炸药;3号炸药具有系统研究的必要;DNTF通过降低冲击波感度和强化结晶控制研...     

Strength of Commercial Explosives

Strength is determined for mixtures of Amatol (79/21 AN/TNT) with various additives and mixtures of ammonium nitrate and aluminum of various compositions. The results obtained and literature data are used to obtain a formula for calculating the relative strength of commercial explosives containing two parameters — explosion heat and volume of explosion products. The strength of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and aluminum (under powerful initiation leading to overcompressed detonation) exceeds the strength of the reference explosive (Amatol) when the aluminum content is 10—40%. In this case, maximum strength is observed for a mixture containing 30% aluminum. The experimental results and calculations using the proposed formula are in satisfactory agreement.     

Combustion heat of the Al/B powder and its application in metallized explosives in underwater explosions

An underwater explosion test is used to determine the detonation properties of metallized explosives containing aluminum and boron powders. An oxygen bomb calorimeter (PARR 6200 calorimeter, Parr Instrument Company, USA) is used to obtain the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures. As the content of boron powders is increased, the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures increases, and the combustion efficiency of boron decreases. The highest value of the combustion heat is 38.2181 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 40%. All metallized explosive compositions (RDX/Al/B/AP) have higher detonation energy (including higher shock wave energy and bubble energy) in water than the TNT charge. The highest total useful energy is 6.821 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 10%. It is 3.4% higher than the total energy of the RDX/Al/AP composition, and it is 2.1 times higher than the TNT equivalent.     

Pyrotechnic Flash Compositions

Flash compositions are used in fireworks as well as in pyrotechnic articles for technical purposes like report signals, battle simulation and practice devices, birdscaring ammunition and anti-riol-devices for instance. The special hazards in manufacture and use of these compositions result from the combination of both a high sensitivity and a strong explosive effect. The paper presents the safety characteristic data of some flash compositions (thermal and mechanical sensitivity and sensitivity to dectonation shock). In particular, the explosive strength of flash compositions is compared with soem values found for commercial explosives. Furthermore a comparison between a KClO₄/Al-mixture and TNT is made on the basis of shock wave measurements.     

超(近)临界水氧化法降解炸药废水的工艺优化与动力学研究

炸药工业排放废水中含TNT、RDX、HMX等多种剧毒物质,一般难以生物降解甚至不可生物降解,处理非常困难.并且炸药废水的COD很大,对水体污染严重.文中采用超(近)临界水氧化技术,对TNT, RDX和HMX模拟炸药废水进行正交实验及反应动力学研究,在降解TNT, RDX和HMX同时降低废水的COD值.得到最佳氧化降解工艺条件为:反应温度648 K,反应时间5 min,模拟炸药废水:氧化剂(H_2O_2) (体积比)= 10:1,处理后废水的COD=38 mg·L~(-1),COD降解率为98.65%.动力学研究结果表明,在573 K、603 K、623 K、653 K时的表观速度常数k分别为:0.01030、0.02069、0.03709和0.04699.TNT、RDX、HMX氧化反应的活化能、指前因子和平均反应级数分别为:61.31 kJ·mol~(-1),4251,1.56.     

Influence of HMX particle size on the synthesis of nanodiamonds in detonation waves

The effect of the particle size of HMX in alloys with TNT on the synthesis of nanodiamonds in a detonation wave was studied experimentally. Mixtures with a TNT content of 40 to 90% and the specific surface area of HMX varied in the range of 5–510 m²/kg were investigated. For all mixtures, an increase in the particle size of HMX was found to lead to an increase in the yield of nanodiamonds with the maximum yield shift toward alloys with increased TNT content. The results are explained using a model based on the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium between the components of the heterogeneous explosive during detonation. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 79–84, March–April, 2008.     

Quantitative effect of gritty contaminants on the sensitivity of high explosives to initiation by impact

Simplifying postulates facilitate the derivation of a two-parameter equation which relates the deterioration in impact insensitivity to the magnitude of grit additions. The impact insensitivity (?_max) of an adulterated explosive is related to the insensitivity (?_max) of the uncontaminated explosive by the equation: θ where g is the weight fraction of added particulate grit (mixtures contained 0-0.1% grit) and R and k are constants which depend on the explosive-grit system and the method of testing. The equation was found to be in reasonable accord with the results of a series of tests using TNT, RDX and HMX in various admixtures with fine, gritty particles.     

密度分级法分离废旧梯黑铝炸药中的RDX与铝粉

为了研究分离回收废旧梯黑铝炸药中各成分的高效低成本的物理方法,采用控温离心和控温水洗结晶,回收梯黑铝炸药中的TNT组分;再根据RDX与铝粉的密度差异,使用密度分级法,分离RDX与铝粉,优化了分离条件,对回收物质进行DSC和XRD表征,并测试其撞击感度。结果表明,在密度为2.0g/cm3的溴化锌溶液中,控温30℃、离心转速2500r/min等条件下,回收RDX和铝粉回收率分别为67.6%和86.5%,纯度分别为77.2%和94.6%;回收的RDX热安定性良好,存在少量铝粉和TNT与RDX的共熔物,且基本没有独立存在的TNT组分,其撞击感度为90%;回收铝粉中含有微量氧化铝粉和炸药成分;两种回收物组分中均不含溴化锌。该物理方法可有效实现废旧梯黑铝炸药各组分的高效绿色回收。     

Comparative brisant characteristics of some classes of industrial emulsion explosives

The four types of mixtures consisting of the two bases (aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitroamide) and the two additions (hollow glass microballoons and gunpowder) are considered in this work. On the base of thermodynamic computations of an ideal detonation and accompanying processes (shock and rarefaction waves) there were obtained not only the dependences of detonation parameters on addition quantities to mixtures, but the pressure versus particle velocity diagrams, too, which in comparison with Hugoniots relatively soft (water) and hard (aluminium) substances allowed to determine values of pressure in the shock waves being produced in surroundings nearby the end-wall and lateral surface of a charge. It is proposed to characterize the brisant effect of an explosive by a value of relative brisance which is calculated as percentage ratio of pressures of shock waves generated in surroundings under the same conditions by detonation products of the given explosive and the standard one. It is shown that the brisant effect of the new emulsion explosives is comparable and even can exceed that of TNT of maximal density. It is shown as well that the brisant ability of industrial emulsion explosives can be raised by 60 and more percents by replacing ammonium nitrate with ammonium dinitroamide and hollow glass microballoons with powders being obtained as a result of military industry conversion and utilization of munitions.     

粗制TNT在工业炸药中的应用研究

采用了一种新的制备方法，将粗制TNT应用于工业炸药中，对其制成品的爆轰性能进行了测定，实验证明粗制TNT可制备出性能可靠的工业炸药。     

Relative Explosive Strength of Some Explosive Mixtures Containing Urea and/or Peroxides

Several mixtures, based on urea derivatives and some inorganic oxidants, including also alumina, were studied by means of ballistic mortar techniques with TNT as the reference standard. The detonation pressure(P), detonation velocity(D), detonation energy(Q), and volume of gaseous product at standard temperature and pressure (STP), V, were calculated using EXPLO5 V6.3 thermochemical code. The performance of the mixtures studied was discussed in relation to their thermal reactivity, determined by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is shown that the presence of hydrogen peroxide in the form of its complex with urea (i.e. as UHP) has a positive influence on the explosive strength of the corresponding mixtures which is linked to the hydroxy-radical formation in the mixtures during their initiation reaction. These radicals might initiate (at least partially) powdered aluminum into oxidation in the CJ plane of the detonation wave. Mixtures containing UHP and magnesium are dangerous because of potential auto-ignition.