耐高温聚芳醚酰胺超滤膜的研制与应用

以杂萘联苯聚芳醚酰胺(PPEA)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂通过相转化法制备超滤膜.研究了添加剂种类,制膜过程中停留蒸发时间及凝胶浴温度对膜性能的影响.将PPEA超滤膜应用于硫化染料含盐粗产物水溶液的脱盐实验,膜的通量随操作压力或温度提高明显增加,而对染料的截留率保持在100%.在0.3MPa,80℃下经过3个循环约210min的恒容脱盐实验,染料溶液中的盐即可除净.在6h 5个循环的染料脱盐实验中,膜对染料的截留率基本不变,第五循环的初始通量约为260L/(m2·h),仅比第一循环时降低约10L/(m2·h).     

新型聚醚砜/磺化聚醚砜共混超滤膜制备方法的研究

基于自制的磺化聚醚砜(SPES)溶液,直接将SPES溶液与聚醚砜(PES)共混配制铸膜液,制备新型的聚醚砜/磺化聚醚砜(PES/SPES)共混超滤膜,简化了制膜过程.考察了铸膜液中PES与SPES总固含量、凝固浴温度、预蒸发时间和添加剂对PES/SPES共混膜结构与性能的影响.研究发现,随铸膜液温度的降低和铸膜液中酸含量的增加,铸膜液的比浓黏度增加;制备的共混膜断面为致密皮层和多孔支撑层组成的不对称结构;随铸膜液PES/SPES总固含量的增加,共混膜的水通量降低,截留率升高;随凝固浴温度升高和预放置时间延长,共混膜水通量增加,截留率降低;聚乙二醇200(PEG200)和丙酮的加入有利于改善膜性能,当加入量为2%时,共混膜的水通量都高于460L/(m~2·h),对PEG6000截留率都大于85%.     

正渗透膜对印染废水中铬的处理特性

利用水通道蛋白正渗透(FO)膜对含铬模拟废水和印染废水进行处理,分别研究了汲取液浓度和原料液pH对FO膜的水通量、盐返混通量及重金属铬截留效果的影响.结果表明,汲取液浓度对通量影响显著,处理模拟废水时,当氯化钠浓度从0.5 mol/L增加到2.0 mol/L时,膜的水通量从9.7 L/(m~2·h)增加到16.9 L/(m~2·h),盐返混通量从4.35 g/(m~2·h)增加到7.65 g/(m~2·h).而在处理印染实际废水的时候,膜的水通量从6.5 L/(m~2·h)增加到13.3 L/(m~2·h),截留率随汲取液浓度的增加而减小;另外随原料液pH的不断提高,对重金属铬的截留率也不断提高,在模拟废水的pH从3.0增加到11.0的过程中,对铬的截留率从98.8%增加到了99.7%,而对印染实际废水的处理中铬的截留率均高于99.5%,此外随着氯化钠浓度的提高,铬的截留率有所下降.这些数据可为FO应用于印染废水和重金属处理提供一定的参考.     

改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的制备与性能的研究

以接枝马来酸酐的改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF-g-MAH)为膜材料,采用浸没沉淀相转化方法制备超滤膜.在绘制PVDF-g-MAH-溶剂-水体系的三元相图基础上,研究并讨论铸膜液中溶剂体系、聚合物浓度以及添加剂浓度配比对膜性能和结构的影响,比较了接枝前后超滤膜的亲水性和抗污染性.研究结果表明:在聚合物-溶剂二元体系发生相分离过程中,4种溶剂体系所需非溶剂(水)的量的顺序为:DMAC>NMP>DMF>DMSO;以DMAC溶剂制备的铸膜液,制得的膜表面相对致密,纯水通量小,截留率高;随着聚合物浓度的提高,膜的通量下降,截留率提高;同时SEM照片也显示了随聚合物浓度的增加,超滤膜表层趋于致密,支撑层指状孔孔径缩小,孔数增多;超滤试验结果表明,在截留率相同的前提下,用PVDF制备的超滤膜纯水通量为104.6 L/(m2·h),而PVDF-g-MAH制得的超滤膜纯水通量为230L/(m2·h),同时对比了连续超滤BSA溶液12 h后的膜通量衰减状况,两种膜的通量的衰减率分别为36%和15.4%,表明以改性材料制备的超滤膜的亲水性和抗污染性能均得到提高.     

聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺超滤膜的制备与性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,分别以氯化锂(LiCl)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙二醇(PEG)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备PMIA超滤膜,研究了聚合物浓度、添加剂的种类对铸膜液体系及膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明,随着PMIA、LiCl、PVP和PEG含量的增加,铸膜液的黏度增加;随着PMIA、PVP和PEG含量的增加,铸膜液的热力学稳定性降低,但是LiCl的加入使铸膜液的热力学稳定性提升.通过对膜结构和性能的分析可知,随着PMIA、LiCl和PVP含量的增加,膜的孔隙率和纯水通量降低,而PEG的增加则使膜的孔隙率和纯水通量先增加后降低,当PMIA质量分数为12%,PEG质量分数为6%时,膜纯水通量高达707.43L/(m2·h),所有膜对BSA都具有较高的截留率,均在99%以上.     

PEG的分子量和浓度对PES中空纤维膜结构和性能的影响

探究添加剂聚乙二醇(PEG)的不同分子量及浓度对于干-湿相转化法制备的聚醚砜(PES)中空纤维超滤膜结构和性能的影响。结果显示,随着PEG分子量由600增大到20 000,膜通量先增后减,在PEG分子量为6 000时最大,为177.41 L/(h·m2);截留率、拉伸强度则均逐渐下降。随着PEG-6 000浓度由4%增大到10%,膜通量逐渐上升,截留率、拉伸强度逐渐下降。     

海藻酸钙水凝胶过滤膜的制备及其对硫酸钙的截留

以尿素为致孔剂制备了海藻酸钙(CA)水凝胶过滤膜,测试了其通量、截留率和力学性能;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测其过滤硫酸钙前后的表面形貌。结果表明,增加尿素含量,均导致膜应力和应变的下降;而膜的纯水通量则迅速增大,尿素含量为3.0%(质量分数)时达到28.7 L/(m2·h),为最大;0.2 MPa下,过滤1.7 g/L硫酸钙时对Ca2+和SO2-4的截留率分别为83%和92%,稳定通量达到21.7 L/(m2·h)。     

NaA分子筛改性聚砜超滤膜的通量及截留性能

利用溶液相转化法,在铸膜液中加入分子筛NaA和PEG来协同提高聚砜超滤膜的水通量和截留率,研究了分子筛的含量对聚砜超滤膜的形貌结构,表面粗糙度,水通量,蛋白质截留率和亲水性的影响。利用场发射扫描电镜、扫描探针原子力显微镜、膜评价仪和接触角仪分别对该膜的形貌、水通量、蛋白质截留率和亲水性进行表征。结果表明分子筛含量从0g增加到3.0g,聚砜超滤膜的水通量从140L/(m2·h)提高到500L/(m2·h),对胃蛋白酶的截留率从78.8%提高到92.7%,对牛血清蛋白的截留率从97.6%增加到99.0%以上。分子筛NaA可以协同提高聚砜超滤膜的水通量和蛋白质截留率。     

不同分子量聚丙烯腈共混膜的制备与表征

将普通分子量聚丙烯腈(C-PAN,Mw=18 000)与超高分子量聚丙烯腈(UHMW-PAN,Mw=1 780 000)共混,采用干-湿相转化法制备不对称共混膜.考察了聚合物浓度、共混比、凝胶浴温度、刮膜厚度、添加剂浓度等对膜结构及性能的影响.采用扫描电镜、纯水通量和BSA截留率等测试手段对所制备膜的结构及性能进行表征.结果表明:共混比及成膜过程对共混膜的结构及性能有重要影响.当铸膜液浓度为12%,C-PAN/UHMW-PAN共混比为2∶3,凝胶浴温度为40℃,刮膜厚度为100μm时,共混膜的纯水通量为580L/(m~2·h),BSA截留率为99.99%.随添加剂浓度增加,交联膜大孔结构减少,海绵状孔结构增加,导致其纯水通量降低,BSA截留率增加,膜的结构可以通过上述因素进行结构调控.     

交联法制备聚酰亚胺中空纤维纳滤膜

以不同分子量的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和小分子二元胺作为交联剂,对聚酰亚胺(PI)中空纤维膜进行化学交联来制备耐溶剂纳滤膜.考察了PEI分子量和交联时间对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,膜分离性能随PEI分子量的增加变差,随交联时间的增加变好.用PEI600作为交联剂,交联时间为4h时,膜的纯水通量为8.3L/(m~2·h·MPa),对PEG1000的截留率为97.0%.3种小分子交联剂中,用乙二胺交联膜的分离性能较好,纯水通量为25.8L/(m~2·h·MPa),对PEG1000的截留率为82.6%.纳滤膜对药物三七总皂苷体系有良好的分离性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...