双液相萃取植物油脂和鱼油油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

通过把双液相萃取菜籽油和棉籽油的脂肪酸组成和市售油脂脂肪酸成份的对比，说明双液相工艺不改变油脂脂肪酸成分，海鱼鱼油中含有较高的二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和二二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ），通过简单的物理方法，即可把ＥＰＡ＋ＤＨＡ含量富集到接近５０％。     

EPA和DHA的提取和富集：Ⅰ.原料和化学型式的选择

论述了提取ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的重要意义和原料的选择方法，讨论了富集ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ时化学型式的选择原则     

超临界二氧化碳富集提纯鱼油中EPA和DHA的研究进展（Ⅱ）

综述了近看来 人们用超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－ＣＯ２）从鱼油中富集提纯ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的各类实验装置，讨论了鱼油的预处理方法，萃取操作条件对ＳＣ－ＣＯ２提纯ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的纯度和收率的影响，介绍了一个工业化双塔连续逆流萃取模拟流程。对我国鱼油资源的利用进行了分析。     

气相色谱法测定奶粉中的EPA和DHA

本文采用气相色谱法测定奶粉中的ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ。ＦＩＤ检测定量。本方法的最低检测线：ＥＰＡ为２．０×１０－９ｇ；ＤＨＡ为５．０×１０－９ｇ。变异系数：ＥＰＡ为ＣＶ％＝２．３７；ＤＨＡ为ＣＶ％＝２．６２。平均回收率：ＥＰＡ为９７．８４％；ＤＨＡ为９７．９１％。     

鱼油乙酯在超亚临界二氧化碳中溶解度的测定和关联

在２５℃、４０℃和５０℃下，测定了含二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）共７７．５９％的鱼油乙酯在超亚临界二氧化碳中的溶解度，并得到了相应条件下的ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的分离度。用ＰＲ和ＳＲＫ方程对所测溶解度数据进行了关联。     

功能油脂EPA、DHA的开发及其保健性能

功能油脂ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ的开发及其保健性能张相年（广州军区总医院药局广州，５１００１０）一、前言近年来，有大量的文献报道ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ对人体的有益性。海鱼油富含的ｎ－３型脂肪酸ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ（即二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸）是人体必需脂肪酸，具有良好的...     

利用生物技术生产廿碳五烯酸和廿二碳六烯酸

根据现在的了解，能产生有意义含量的廿碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和廿二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）的微生物有真菌和藻类。在微生物中，多不饱和脂肪酸的合成通常是以单不饱和脂肪酸、油酸为底物。合成途径中，有两个主要的反应，即碳链的增长和去饱和作用。ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的生成通过ω－３代谢途径。微生物脂肪酸构成的质量和数量都受培养基的组分，通气、光照强度、温度和培养时间等环境因素的影响。大多数用于提取鱼油中的ＥＰＡ的方法也可用于微生物脂质中的ＥＰＡ的提取。几种方法被提出来生产高含量的ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ。它们一般是基于下列技术的结合：溶剂提取、尿素包合法、分子蒸馏、分馏、液相色谱法和超临界二氧化碳提取。     

色相色谱法测定奶粉中的EPA和DHA

本文采用气相色谱法测定奶粉中的ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ。ＦＩＤ检测定量。本方法的最低检测线：ＥＰＡ为２．０×１０＾９ｇ；ＤＨＡ为５．０×１０＾－９ｇ。变异系数：ＥＰＡ为ＣＶ％＝２．３７；ＤＨＡ为ＣＶ％＝２．６２。平均回收率：ＥＰＡ为９７．８４％；ＤＨＡ为９７．９１％。     

鱼油中二十碳五烯酸、二十一碳六烯酸混合乙酯提取方法的研究

本文用尿素沉淀法和分子蒸馏法研究了二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）、二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）乙酯的分离提纯．实验表明,尿素沉淀法能够将ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ乙酯提纯到９０％,分子蒸馏法能提纯到７０％以上。但分子蒸馏法提纯工序简单,效率高,尿素沉淀法工序繁杂,效率低．     

超临界二氧化碳富集提纯鱼油中EPA和DHA的研究进展（Ⅱ）鱼油的预处理和实验装置

综述了近年来人们用超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－ＣＯ_２）从鱼油中富集提纯ＥＰＡ（廿碳五烯酸）和ＤＨＡ（廿二碳六烯酸）的各类实验装置。讨论了鱼油的预处理方法、萃取操作条件对ＳＣ－ＣＯ_２提纯ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的纯度和收率的影响。介绍了一个工业化双塔连续逆流萃取模拟流程。对我国鱼油资源的利用进行了分析。     

Different specificity of two types of Pseudomonas lipases for C20 fatty acids with a Delta5 unsaturated double bond and their application for selective concentration of fatty acids

Two kinds of lipases, AK-lipase and HU-lipase, produced by two different Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, AK102 and HU380, respectively, were evaluated as to fatty acid hydrolysis specificity using six types of oil containing higher amounts of C20 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, AA, or 20:4omega6), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, DGLA, or 20:3omega6), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or 20:5omega3), mead acid (5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, MA, or 20:3omega9), 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (20:2omega9) and 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4omega3). Although HU-lipase did not show any specificity for C20 fatty acids with respect to the presence or absence of a Delta5 unsaturated bond, it exhibited comparatively low reactivity for 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or 22:6omega3). In contrast, AK-lipase was less reactive for C20 fatty acids with a Delta5 unsaturated bond. However, the specificity of hydrolysis of AK-lipase gradually decreased as the reaction proceeded. Utilizing this fatty acid specificity, we concentrated either EPA or DHA from fish oils containing both EPA and DHA by means of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and urea adduction. Hydrolysis and urea adduction of refined cod oil including 12.2% EPA and 6.9% DHA with HU-lipase provided free fatty acids with 43.1% EPA and 7% DHA, respectively. The resulting yield of concentrated total fatty acids comprised 2.6% of the fatty acids from the cod oil. Thus, EPA was particularly concentrated in the fatty acids derived from refined cod oil on partial hydrolysis with HU-lipase followed by urea adduction. On the other hand, hydrolysis of cuttlefish oil with AK-lipase followed by urea adduction increase slightly the EPA composition from 14.2% to 16.8%, and markedly enhanced the composition of DHA from 16.3% to 44.6% in the hydrolyzed fatty acids. The yield of purified total fatty acids by urea concentrate was 9.4% of the fatty acids from the cuttlefish oil. Thus, DHA was particularly concentrated in the fatty acids derived from on partial hydrolysis with AK-lipase followed by urea adduction. We concluded that EPA and DHA concentrates can be easily and inexpensively obtained using HU-lipase and AK-lipase, respectively. Furthermore, it might be possible to separate and concentrate C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without a Delta5 double bond from PUFAs rich oils including both fatty acids.     

Concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil by hydrolysis and urea complexation

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzed from sardine oil were concentrated by urea complexation. The enzymatic hydrolysis was effected in aqueous emulsion using five commercial lipases from Pseudomonas, three immobilized (PS-CI, PS-CII and PS-DI) and two soluble lipases (AK-20 and PS-30). EPA and DHA were determined by gas–liquid chromatography as methyl esters. Results showed that an immobilized lipase preparation (PS-CI) produced the highest degree of hydrolysis for EPA and DHA (81.5 and 72.3% from their initial content in the oil) after 24 h. After complexation of saturated and less unsaturated free fatty acids, the highest concentration of EPA (46.2%) and DHA (40.3%) was obtained using an ethanolic solution with 20% (w/w) urea and 12% (w/w) PS-CI hydrolyzed with a 78% yield. Combination of enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis with urea complexation is a promising method to obtain highly concentrated n-3 PUFA from sardine oil.     

气相色谱法测定鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸、 二十二碳六烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸

目的通过优化鱼油中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的测定条件,建立鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA气相色谱定量检测分析方法。方法采用正己烷处理样品,经色谱柱(Agilent,Elite-WAX,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离鱼油中的EPA、DHA、DPA甲酯标准品,并进行定量检测。结果 EPA浓度在0.36~3.6 mg/m L、DHA浓度在0.37~3.7 mg/m L、DPA浓度在0.16~1.62 mg/m L的范围内与峰面积的线性良好,相关系数r0.999。在80%、100%、120%添加水平下,EPA、DHA和DPA的检出限分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.009%,EPA、DHA和DPA的回收率分别为96.2%、96.4%、95.7%。结论气相色谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA的含量测定。     

鱼粉加工压榨液中EPA和DHA富集工艺优化及其特性分析

为富集鱼粉加工压榨液中EPA和DHA,采用尿素包合和分子蒸馏相结合的方法对EPA和DHA进行富集,并优化工艺,同时对富集后鱼油进行理化指标及脂肪酸分析.结果表明,尿素包合条件为:尿素/鱼油1.5:1(m/m)、溶剂/鱼油6:1(v/m)、结晶温度0℃、结晶时间15 h、包合次数1次;分子蒸馏条件为:蒸馏温度110℃、刮...     

超临界CO_2萃取精馏EPA与DHA的实验研究

采取超临界 CO2萃取—精馏技术,对经尿素包合预处理的鱼油脂肪酸乙酯在超临界 CO2流体中的溶解情况进行了考察,探索了 EPA、 DHA的分离提纯工艺,并讨论了实验的影响因素。实验结果表明：采取温度梯度结合逐步升压法,能使鱼油脂肪酸乙酯按碳链长度依次分离, EPA＋ DHA提纯至 90％,两次分离后, EPA提纯至 67％, DHA提纯至 90％以上。     

Mechanisms of Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Loss from Pacific Saury and Comparison of Their Retention Rates after Various Cooking Methods

The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), a fatty fish and staple of the Japanese diet, have been reported to decrease after cooking. This study compared the DHA and EPA contents remaining in saury after grilling, pan‐frying or deep‐frying to center temperatures of 75, 85, or 95 °C, and examined physical loss, lipid oxidation, and thermal degradation as mechanisms of DHA and EPA loss. Temperature changes inside the saury were monitored using thermocouples, while DHA and EPA contents, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and measurements of lipid oxidation (that is, carbonyl value and thiobarbituric acid value) were determined chemically. Visualization of temperature distribution inside fish samples during cooking revealed large differences in heat transfer among cooking methods. True retention rates in grilled (DHA: 84 ± 15%; EPA: 87 ± 14%) and pan‐fried samples (DHA: 85 ± 16%; EPA: 77 ± 17%) were significantly higher than deep‐fried samples (DHA: 58 ± 17%; EPA: 51 ± 18%), but were not affected by final center temperatures despite differences in cooking times. Physical loss via cooking losses (grilling and pan‐frying) or migration into frying oil (deep‐frying) accounted for large quantities of DHA and EPA loss, while lipid oxidation and thermal degradation did not appear to be major mechanisms of loss. The antioxidant capacity of saury was not significantly affected by cooking treatments. The results of this study suggest that minimization of physical losses during cooking may increase DHA and EPA contents retained in cooked Pacific saury.     

Optimization of omega-3 enriched-diacylglycerol production by enzymatic esterification using a response surface methodology

Incorporation of an eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) moiety into diacylglycerol (DAG) oil using lipase-catalyzed esterification was optimized using an ethyl ester form of EPA/DHA. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize reaction parameters (time, temperature, and substrate mole ratio) for incorporation of DHA and EPA into DAG oil. Predictive models for DHA+EPA contents of DAG and the amount of DAG produced after esterification were adequate and reproducible. DHA+EPA contents of DAG significantly increased with reaction time and substrate mole ratio (p<0.05). In contrast, the reaction temperature negatively affected the amount of DAG after esterification. Synthesis of DHA+EPA-enriched DAG was optimized for a maximum DAG content with the highest DHA+EPA content, in which 630.0 mg of DAG containing 34.8% DHA and EPA was predicted using the RSM model. The optimal reaction conditions were predicted at 20.6 h, 57.9 and a DHA/EPAenriched ethyl ester: DAG oil ratio of 2.5:1.     

Omega-3 fatty acids affected human perception of ground beef negatively

The objective was to determine the impact of increasing levels of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n3) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n3) on beef palatability. Two commercial supplements of EPA and DHA were added to 85% lean ground beef patties (176.2 ± 3.76 g) with different levels (0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 1% as-is). Olive oil was added so that all patties contained 1% added lipid. A control treatment was also prepared with no supplement or olive oil. Sensory evaluation and fatty acid analysis was conducted. Ground beef flavor decreased linearly (P<0.001) with increasing levels of EPA and DHA. Off-aroma and off-flavor increased linearly and then plateaued with increasing levels of EPA (P<0.0001). In conclusion, EPA had a greater negative impact on beef palatability than DHA. Also, the panelists were more sensitive to EPA in off-flavor perception than off-aroma.     

Oregano and rosemary extracts inhibit oxidation of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in menhaden oil

ABSTRACT:  Capabilities of methanol extracts from oregano and rosemary in retarding oxidation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5 (EPA), in menhaden oil were investigated. The fish oils after mixing with the extracts at different concentrations were oxidized in an accelerated study by heating at 150 °C for 30 min or incubating at 60 °C for 5 d. After heating at 150 °C, only 15.9% of DHA and 18.5% of EPA remained in the fish oil without extract, while 38.8% to 65.9% of DHA and 44.7% to 69.0% of EPA were retained in the fish oil mixed with 1% to 5% of oregano extract. The highest retained DHA (56.9%) and EPA (58.0%) in the fish oils mixed with rosemary extract were observed at 2.5% addition. Increasing rosemary extract to 5% lowered its capability of inhibiting DHA and EPA oxidation. After incubation at 60 °C for 5 d, the highest inhibition capability was also found at 2.5% of added rosemary extract, and the oil retained 88.2% DHA and 88.3% EPA. However, only 18.8% DHA and 23.6% EPA were retained in the fish oil mixed with 5% of oregano extract and no DHA and EPA were detected in the fish oil without extract after 5-d incubation at 60 °C. Thus, antioxidant activity of the rosemary extract was greater than that of oregano extract, but was sensitive to heat. The rosemary extract also demonstrated higher DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging capability, which was approximately 3 times higher than oregano extract, although there was no significant difference in the total phenolic contents between both extracts.