茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

低温贮藏李子细胞壁酶活性变化对果胶降解的影响

细胞壁酶活性变化对果胶降解及果实软化影响较大。本文以"半边红"李子为原料,研究0℃和10℃低温贮藏时果胶物质和主要细胞壁多糖降解酶(PE,exo-PG,endo-PG,EG)活性变化,通过相关性研究阐明细胞壁酶活性对果胶降解的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏时,四种细胞壁降解酶活性变化各不相同,较低的温度能够在一定程度上抑制各酶活性。0℃和10℃温度贮藏时,PE活性变化在5d之后显著差异,exo-PG活性变化在整个贮藏期差异显著。0℃和10℃贮藏李子endo-PG和EG活性在前10 d贮藏过程中变化差异均不明显。endo-PG和EG活性变化趋势接近,且endo-PG活性峰值出现比EG晚。相关性分析表明,原果胶和SSP与WSP含量变化显著负相关;PE活性与ASP和HSP含量变化显著正相关,PG对原果胶和SSP向WSP转化的过程中起到较为重要的作用。EG对李子果胶降解的影响作用不大。     

低强度微波处理对猕猴桃细胞壁降解酶活性的影响

采用不同强度的微波处理"皖翠"猕猴桃果实,研究低强度微波处理对果实品质、果肉硬度、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶和β-半乳糖苷酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,32.5 W/5 min和65 W/3 min低强度微波处理可保持较高的果肉硬度,延缓可溶性糖、有机酸和VC的降解,抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、纤维酶和β-半乳糖苷酶酶活性,有利于猕猴桃的贮藏保鲜。     

细胞壁组分变化与果实成熟软化的关系研究进展

果实软化是由细胞壁结构和组分的变化引起的,果实细胞壁的主要成分为果胶、纤维素和半纤维素,还有少量的蛋白质。根据近年来国内外有关果实成熟软化的研究现状,从细胞壁的化学组成与结构、细胞壁结构的变化和细胞壁组分的变化等3个方面综述了果实成熟软化的生理生化机制。     

不同成熟度橄榄果实冷藏期间细胞壁代谢对采后冷害的响应特性

研究冷藏期间橄榄果实细胞壁代谢的变化,探讨不同成熟度橄榄果实冷害发生与细胞壁组分含量、细胞 壁降解酶活性的关系。以白露、寒露、立冬、大雪节气时采摘的‘檀香’橄榄果实为材料,在温度（2±1）℃、 相对湿度85%～90%冷库内贮藏,定期测定橄榄果实冷害指数、果肉细胞壁组分含量和细胞壁降解酶活力的变化。 结果表明,不同成熟度橄榄果实冷藏期间冷害发生与其细胞壁组分降解密切相关,冷害指数与离子结合型果胶 （ionic-soluble pectin,ISP）、共价结合型果胶（covalent-soluble pectin,CSP）、半纤维素和纤维素含量呈负相 关;且果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、β-半乳糖苷酶 （β-galactosidase,β-Gal）和纤维素酶（cellulase,CEL）等细胞壁降解酶的活力变化不平衡或活力提高是导致冷藏 橄榄果实细胞壁结构解体、细胞壁代谢异常、冷害发生的主要原因。同时,与成熟度Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅶ的橄榄果实相比, 成熟度Ⅴ保持较低的果实冷害指数及冷藏中后期果肉PME、PG、β-Gal和CEL活力,延缓冷藏中后期果肉水溶性果 胶、ISP、CSP、半纤维素和纤维素含量降低。因此认为,成熟度Ⅴ的橄榄果实可较好维持细胞壁结构的完整性, 有效减轻冷害发生。     

嘎拉苹果果实质地发育软化与细胞壁降解及其基因表达的关系

以嘎拉苹果为试材,分析了果实发育软化过程细胞壁组分、细胞壁酶活性及其酶基因表达的变化。结果表明,发育期,细胞壁物质(CWM)及其组分均先升后降,果胶中共价结合果胶(CSP)含量最高,纤维素含量远高于半纤维素,此期CSP和纤维素含量与硬度显著相关,细胞壁酶表现不同的活性变化和基因表达,并与细胞壁组分存在一定相关性,表明细胞壁降解参与了果实发育期的相关生理过程。采后CSP含量快速降低,水溶性果胶(WSP)含量开始增加,纤维素和半纤维素含量降低,均与硬度显著或极显著相关;细胞壁酶中,β-Gal活性和基因表达量增幅最快,α-Af和PG次之,PME活性和基因表达的增加时期相对滞后,且β-Gal和α-Af活性与硬度和各细胞壁组分的相关性强于PG和PME,PG与CSP和半纤维素表现较强相关性,而在PME上的相关性最差,说明细胞壁代谢与嘎拉果实软化密切相关,β-Gal和α-Af可能对果实软化的作用更强。     

李子采后软化过程中细胞壁酶活性对果胶降解的影响

以半边红李子为实验材料,利用质构分析仪研究其常温贮藏软化过程,并考察主要细胞壁酶（果胶酯酶PE、外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶exo-PG、内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶endo-PG和葡聚糖苷酶EG）活性变化对果实软化及原果胶降解为可溶性果胶（WSP、ASP、HSP、SSP）的影响。结果表明,李子常温贮藏过程中PE活性变化较小,exo-PG活性一直不断下降,endo-PG活性不断升高,EG活性贮藏前期略有下降,8d之后开始不断升高。李子果肉硬度和粘性降低与原果胶和SSP降解关系密切,ASP降解与粘度降低极显著相关（p<0.01）,HSP降解与果肉硬度下降显著相关（p<0.05）。果肉硬度和粘度变化与exo-PG活性极显著（p<0.01）和显著（p<0.05）相关。endo-PG活性变化对果肉硬度下降影响比较明显（p<0.05）。PE活性变化与原果胶、ASP、HSP、WSP含量变化均显著相关（p<0.05）;exo-PG活性变化与原果胶、HSP含量变化极显著相关（p<0.01）,与SSP、WSP含量变化显著相关（p<0.05）;endo-PG对原果胶和HSP的降解影响比较大（p<0.05）。EG对果胶降解影响较小。      

甘薯在贮藏期间细胞壁降解酶活性的变化

研究了紫心甘薯、黄心甘薯在贮藏100 d期间果胶和细胞壁降解酶的变化情况,以期得出变化规律。以施保克溶液浸泡处理甘薯,置于7℃贮藏,以室温贮藏的甘薯为对照,定期进行生理指标检测。结果表明:贮藏期间,7℃贮藏结合施保克处理能防止甘薯的原果胶过快下降,延缓多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶活性的升高。7℃贮藏结合施保克处理可以较好保持原果胶含量,在实际生产中可以提高甘薯的贮藏品质。     

60Co-γ辐照对冷藏蓝莓果实软化相关指标的影响

为探讨辐照对蓝莓果实硬度的影响机制,本研究围绕不同辐照剂量对冷藏蓝莓腐烂率、失重率、果实硬度、细胞壁物质、细胞壁多糖含量以及细胞壁水解酶活性的影响展开系统的研究。结果发现较低剂量的辐照处理（0.5 kGy）对蓝莓冷藏保鲜的效果不显著,较高剂量的辐照剂量（3.0 kGy）加速了冷藏后期蓝莓果实的软化进程,2.5 kGy辐照处理能够降低冷藏期间蓝莓果实中PE（果胶甲酯酶）、PG（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶）、Cx（纤维素酶）三种水解酶的活性,抑制WSP（水溶性果胶）含量升高和ESP（离子型果胶）、SCSP（共价型果胶）、4KSF（连接松散半纤维素）、24KSF（连接紧密半纤维素）含量的下降,从而降低果胶不溶性向可溶性的转变和保证半纤维素的连接作用,最终有效延缓冷藏蓝莓果实软化进程。     

蓝莓外表皮蜡质及其对果实软化的影响

为了探讨蓝莓外表皮蜡质对采后蓝莓果实的保护效果,研究蓝莓外表皮蜡质结构及其对果实采后软化的影响。研究结果表明:蓝莓失去外表皮蜡质后会加速果实软化。外表皮蜡质的存在降低了腐烂率和失重率,抑制了果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性和纤维素酶(Cx)活性,延缓了纤维素和原果胶的降解和可溶性果胶的上升,保持了果实硬度。由此说明蓝莓外表皮蜡质与果实软化密切相关。     

Naturally fermented black olives: Effect on cell wall polysaccharides and on enzyme activities of Taggiasca and Conservolea varieties

Black olives of Taggiasca (Ta) and Conservolea (Co) varieties were processed according to the Greek style method in order to investigate the effect of this type of table olive processing on cell wall composition. Naturally black processing involves the storage in brine of fully ripe olives for several months, allowing a spontaneous fermentation by a mixed flora followed by fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The smaller fruits of Ta variety are richer in pectic polysaccharides, accounting for half of total cell wall polysaccharides (12 mg/fruit), whereas in Co they accounted for one third (23 mg/fruit). Fresh Co olives had higher proportion of glucuronoxylans and xyloglucans (33%), whereas these polysaccharides accounted for 22% in Ta. The processing did not cause significant variations in the cell wall polysaccharide composition of Ta fruits, although pectic polysaccharides became more soluble in aqueous solutions. Conversely, processed Co olives had slightly higher amounts of galacturonan-rich pectic polysaccharides than the unprocessed fruits, suggesting that the long stage in brine might have contributed to the stabilisation and/or the biosynthesis of new polysaccharides. The changes caused by processing on cell wall polysaccharides appear to be closely related to the activity and availability of cell wall degrading enzymes.     

浓香型白酒风味成分对乙醇代谢及关键酶活性影响的体内实验研究

选用不同产地的四种浓香型白酒样品（编号为SC1、SC2、SC3、JS）,建立小鼠灌胃模型,分别灌胃白酒、高醇白酒、高酯白酒和相同浓度的酒精溶液,随后测定小鼠的行为指标,血液中乙醇和乙醛含量以及肝脏中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）活性。结果表明,灌胃给药后,白酒中高浓度异丁醇、正戊醇和异戊醇显著降低了小鼠的协调能力（P＜0.05）;血液中乙醇含量（3 692～23 237 mg/L）和乙醛含量（18～84 mg/L）均升高;增加白酒中大多数醇类和酯类含量均能抑制ADH（30.93～45.73 U/L）和ALDH（87.98～104.61 U/L）活性,且对ADH抑制作用更显著（P＜0.05）;增加SC2和SC3酒样中丁酸乙酯含量可以同时促进ADH（34.73 U/L、35.11 U/L）和ALDH（104.61 U/L、103.52 U/L）的活性。体内实验结果表明,不同产地的白酒及其差异化风味成分（增量变化）对乙醇代谢和关键代谢酶有不同程度的影响。     

Variation in antioxidant enzyme activities and nonenzyme components among cultivars of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and V. ashei derivatives

Fruit from 42 blueberry (Vaccinium species) cultivars, including 36 rabbiteye cultivars (Vaccinium ashei Reade), 3 V. ashei hybrid derivatives and 3 northern highbush (V. corymbosum L.) standards, were evaluated for antioxidant activities (AA), levels of antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)], and antioxidant nonenzyme components [ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH)]. The results of this study showed that cultivars had varying levels of AA, a wide range of antioxidant enzyme activities and various amounts of nonenzyme components. The correlations between AA and all of the enzyme activities or nonenzyme components were positive and high in the 42 cultivars tested in this study. The correlation (R²) values between AA and CAT, SOD, DHAR, MDAR, GSH-POD, GR, G-POD and AsA-POD were 0.91, 0.91, 0.91, 0.91, 0.90, 0.90, 0.90, and 0.90, respectively. The correlations between AA and ASA and GSH were 0.94 and 0.92, respectively. Among all 42 cultivars, ‘Early May’ had the highest activities of the AA, AsA-POD, G-POD, DHAR and MDAR and the highest amounts of ASA and GSH, whereas ‘Elliott’ had the highest levels of GR, GSH and SOD.     

磷酸钠对粉红单端孢离体生长和细胞壁降解酶分泌的影响

目的 探讨外源磷酸钠对粉红单端孢（Trichothecium roseum, T. roseum）菌丝生长、孢子超微结构及分泌细胞壁降解酶活性的影响。方法 同一浓度的T. roseum孢子悬浮液等量接种到含不同质量浓度的磷酸钠（0.12、0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg/mL）培养基中恒温培养,并定期测定菌落直径。制备孢子悬浮液用于孢子表面形态和超微结构观察及细胞壁降解酶活性测定。结果 磷酸钠处理明显抑制了T. roseum的菌丝生长,扫描电镜和透射电镜结果显示,磷酸钠明显抑制了T. roseum孢子生长,表现为表面粗糙且皱缩凹陷,同时孢子的超微结构发生了不规则变化。此外,磷酸钠还显著抑制了培养2 d后T. roseum分泌的果胶裂解酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸转移消除酶、果胶甲基反式消除酶、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶活性。结论 磷酸钠处理可直接抑制T. roseum生长,并有效抑制其分泌细胞壁降解酶的活性。     

Effects of harvest date and grass species on silage cell wall components and lactation performance of dairy cows

This study evaluated the effect of harvest date and forage species on the concentration of hydroxycinnamic acids in silage and its relationship to dairy cow performance. Tall fescue and timothy were harvested at a regular date on June 27 and July 8, respectively, or at a late date on July 8 and 25, respectively, in the first regrowth. Forage was treated with a salt-based additive and ensiled in hard-pressed round bales. Forty-seven lactating dairy cows were used in a block design. Cows received 1 of 4 treatments: (1) tall fescue harvested at regular date (RTF), (2) timothy harvested at regular date (RTI), (3) tall fescue harvested at late date (LTF), and (4) timothy harvested at late date (LTI). Diets were formulated to have the same forage-to-concentrate ratio (46:54 on a dry matter basis). Harvesting at late date increased fiber components, but only for timothy, where LTI contained greater neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin concentrations than the other silages. Concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acids were affected by forage species, where concentrations of esterified ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were greater for tall fescue silages than for timothy silages. Cows fed the RTI diet showed the greatest intakes of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein. Feeding diets containing timothy silages increased milk yield and energy-corrected milk yield compared with tall fescue diets when averaged over harvest dates. Cows fed the RTI diet had greater milk protein yield than cows fed the RTF and LTF diets, and milk lactose yield was greater for cows fed diets containing timothy silage compared with tall fescue silage when averaged over harvest dates. Cows fed the LTF diet showed greater urinary N excretion compared with the LTI diet, but RTI showed the lowest urinary N and urea N excretions when calculated as percent of N intake. Cows fed diets containing timothy silage excreted more uric acid than cows fed tall fescue diets. Allantoin excretion was greater for cows eating the RTI and LTI diets compared with cows eating the RTF diet. Cows fed the RTI diet had a greater estimated microbial N flow and a greater excretion of hippuric acid than the RTF and LTF groups. In conclusion, besides the effect of harvest date on increasing the fiber components of timothy, concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acids were mainly affected by forage species; consequently, milk production was only affected by forage species. This indicates that hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid, which cross-links to glucuronoarabinoxylans, was a major factor regulating milk production of cows fed tall fescue- and timothy silage-based diets, where lower hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations were responsible for greater milk yield.     

糙米酵素乳饮料的功能成分及其抗氧化活性研究

将发芽糙米粉制成糙米酵素,经过一系列工艺制成风味独特的糙米酵素乳饮料。对其功能成分进行分析后并对其抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明:糙米酵素乳饮料中的γ-氨基丁酸含量为0.225 mg/L,谷胱甘肽含量为48.9 mg/kg。其抗氧化性研究表明当质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,糙米酵素乳饮料对DPPH·的清除率高达83%,对超氧阴离子(O^2-·)的清除率为48%。     

Effects of phenolic compounds in blueberries and muscadine grapes on HepG2 cell viability and apoptosis

Although blueberries and muscadine grapes have high contents of polyphenols, few studies have been conducted to assess their potential effects on cancer cells. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of different fractions of phenolic compounds in blueberries and muscadine grapes on HepG2 liver cancer cell viability and apoptosis. Three cultivars of blueberries (‘Briteblue’, ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Powderblue’) and four cultivars of muscadine grapes (‘Carlos’, ‘Ison’, ‘Noble’, and ‘Supreme’) were assessed in this study. Polyphenols were extracted and further separated into phenolic acids, tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins using a HLB cartridge and LH-20 column. The major compounds of different fractions were characterized. The phenolic acid fractions of muscadine grapes and blueberries showed a 50% inhibition of HepG2 cell population growth at the level of 1–2 mg/mL. The greatest inhibitory effects were observed from the anthocyanin fractions with 50% inhibitions of cancer cell population growth at concentrations of 70–150 and 100–300 μg/mL in blueberries and muscadine grapes, respectively. The flavonol and tannin fractions showed intermediate activities. In addition, DNA fragmentation was measured by using a Cell Death Detection ELISA kit to assess the induction of apoptosis. The anthocyanin fraction resulted in a two- to fourfold increase in DNA fragmentation compared to control in both muscadine grapes and blueberries. These findings of inhibition of cancer cell growth and induction of apoptosis suggest that blueberries and muscadine grapes may contribute to reduction in liver cancer risk.     

Effects of three biological thiols on antimutagenic and antioxidant enzyme activities

The antimutagenic and antioxidant enzyme activities of captopril (CAP), cysteine (CYS), and glutathione (GSH) were evaluated for finding concentration-dependent inhibitory effects against: (1) the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (IQ), an indirect mutagen; and (2) N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a direct mutagen toward Salmonellatyphimurium TA98 and TA100. Of the three thiols, CYS and GSH exhibited better inhibitory effects against IQ-induced mutation toward TA98 and TA100, respectively. GSH also showed a protective effect against MNNG-induced mutation toward TA98 and TA100, meanwhile, CAP showed the least inhibitory effect. CYS, GSH, and CAP also dose-dependently increased the activities of glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in hepatic BNL cells. CAP showed the superior inducing effects on glutathione transferase activity. These data suggested that the bioactive properties of biological thiols might contribute to their effects of antimutagenic activities as well as regulation on activities of antioxidant enzymes.     

采后处理对果蔬细胞壁组成的影响

果蔬采后的贮藏寿命及食用品质与其细胞壁组成的变化密切相关。以延长果蔬采后的储藏寿命和最大限度保留其营养成分为目的的采后处理技术不断涌现,但有关这些技术背后的机理一直缺乏系统研究。为推动我国果蔬储藏技术的深入研究,本文在大量查阅和总结文献的基础上,对采后钙、1-甲基环丙烯、热处理及高压处理对果蔬细胞壁的影响进行综述,并就这方面今后的重点研究方向提出了建议。      

转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分的影响

采用盆栽试验,以耐草甘膦大豆M88、抗虫耐草甘膦大豆ZB及常规大豆中黄13为研究对象,比较分析转基因大豆对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响。结果表明,在大豆成熟期时,与常规大豆中黄13相比,M88、ZB根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、速效磷含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量显著下降。根际土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮含量则表现不同,其变化随大豆品种的不同而不同。相较于常规大豆中黄13,M88根际土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量无显著差异;ZB根际土壤脲酶活性显著下降,而铵态氮含量则显著上升。