华丰井田4煤层顶板砾岩水突出影响因素分析

在分析砾岩分布特征及其水文地质特征的基础上,以矿山压力控制理论为指导,运用岩层沉降理论推断了华丰矿1409工作面在采厚为6.5m的情况下,导水裂隙带发育高度为96.2m,揭示了导水裂隙能够导致顶板砾岩水突出.结合矿山压力观测资料和顶板突水量资料,阐述了矿山压力和顶板砾岩突水突出之间的因果影响关系.根据2407工作面冲击地压监测资料,阐明冲击地压对顶板突水的促进作用.建立了顶板水沿工作面下平巷突出运移的模型,阐明了斑裂线是导致砾岩水大量突出的主要导水通道.     

大采深巨厚砾岩综放开采地表沉陷规律

以常村煤矿工程地质资料和地表移动观测站资料为依据,详细分析了2113工作面地表终态下沉、动态下沉和终态水平移动的特征,从机理上研究了大采深巨厚砾岩开采条件下地表形变异常的原因.通过走向方向最大下沉点下沉速度的变化规律和工程实测资料,得出了地表形变与井下冲击地压的关系,确定了地表移动与变形的角量参数.结果表明,受关键层的控制,在整个观测过程中,地表始终处于缓慢下沉状态,且在沉降过程中不存在下沉突变点;下沉速度的反弹可以作为冲击地压危险的预报信息,巨厚砾岩层的运动是发生矿震的主要力源之一.     

结构复杂厚煤层综放开采相似模拟研究

以现场实测资料为基础,通过实验室相似模拟试验对含厚夹矸结构复杂厚煤层的综放开采对工作面含厚夹矸顶煤的冒放性、放煤工艺及放出规律、夹矸层极限厚度的确定等问题进行了研究,并指出了含夹矸顶煤活动规律对放顶煤开采的影响.     

煤层厚度变化区域矿震活动规律研究

为更有效地预防采掘期间深部煤层分叉或厚度变化区域冲击矿压的发生,以某矿回采工作面为工程实践背景,基于矿震活动在能量释放与震动频次方面的变化特征及在空间上的分布规律,分析了煤层分叉及煤层厚度变化对冲击矿压的影响。结果表明:在大能量矿震发生前,日震动频次连续处于高位而日释放能量较长时间维持低水平;在煤层厚度变化区域,矿震活动活跃,容易发生大能量矿震。通过对矿震进行"时间-空间"分析,可以确定矿震集中区域和能量积聚时间段,从而可对煤层厚度变化影响区域进行有针对性的卸压防冲工作。     

Top coal caving mining technique in thick coal seam beneath the earth dam

It is important to study the mining technology under structures for raising the coal resources recovery ratio. Based on the geological and mining conditions, the top coal caving harmonic mining technique in thick coal seam beneath the earth dam was put forward and studied. The 5 factors such as the panel mining direction, panel size, panel location, panel mining sequence and panel advance velocity were taken into account in this technique. The dam movement and deformation were predicted after the thick coal seam mining and the effects of mining on the dam were studied. By setting up the surveying stations on the dam, the movement and deformation of the dam were observed during mining. By taking some protective measures on the dam, the top coal caving mining technique in thick coal seam beneath the earth dam was carried out successfully. The study demonstrates that harmonic mining in thick coal seam is feasible under the dam. The safety of the earth dam after mining was ensured and the coal resources recovery ratio was improved.     

Fracture evolution and pressure relief gas drainage from distant protected coal seams under an extremely thick key stratum

When an extremely thick rock bed exists above a protected coal seam in the bending zone given the condition of a mining protective seam, this extremely thick rock bed controls the movement of the entire overlying stratum. This extremely thick rock bed, called a "main key stratum", will not subside nor break for a long time, causing lower fractures and bed separations not to close and gas can migrate to the bed separation areas along the fractures. These bed separations become gas enrichment areas. By analyzing the rule of fracture evolution and gas migration under the main key stratum after the deep protective coal seam has been mined, we propose a new gas drainage method which uses bore holes, drilled through rock and coal seams at great depths for draining pressure relief gas. In this method, the bores are located at a high level suction roadway (we can also drill them in the drilling field located high in an air gateway). Given the practice in the Halzi mine, the gas drainage rate can reach 73% in the middie coal group, with a gas drainage radius over 100 m.     

大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面冲击矿压治理研究

为了解决大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面的冲击矿压问题,以古城煤矿2106工作面为例,采用现场分析、实验室试验、数值模拟的方法对其发生机理进行了研究.结果表明在此条件下开采时发生的冲击矿压与煤岩性质、采深、坚硬顶板厚度及顶板的周期来压有密切关系.当冲击矿压发生的煤层具有强冲击倾向性,煤层硬度系数大于3、采深900 m以上、顶板岩层坚硬且厚度大于20 m时,冲击矿压发生具有突然性和猛烈性;主要发生在顶板周期来压期间、超前支护50m范围内,此时工作面的CH4和CO气体含量同时升高.对此提出了钻屑法等预测预报的方法和煤体爆破卸压与柔性支护等治理措施.     

鹤壁六矿二_1煤层厚度变化及其影响因素

鹤壁六矿二＿１煤层的相对厚煤带（大于８ｍ）与相对薄煤带（小于８ｍ）呈相同排列，且总体上呈北东向展布，并显示出由北东向南西煤层厚度呈造减的趋势。在影响二＿１煤层厚度变化的诸因素中，聚煤环境、聚煤古构造是普遍的、主要的，而河流冲刷、后期构造的影响则是局部的、次要的，由于煤厚变化而影响了六矿回采率、采掘部署、矿井正规化循环作业、工作面的划分等，故针对性地提出了在采掘过程中应采取的技术措施的建议。     

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine, the universal discrete element (UDEC) software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4# coal seam. Besides, this study researched on the influence of face advancing length, speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones (HWFFZ), and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow. Based on those mentioned above, this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies: draining the roof water before mining, draining goaf water, reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness. These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the field, thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.     

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness. In this study, impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed. The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway. Based on the roadway excavation range, a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly. The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability. The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions. The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.     

厚煤层全煤巷采区巷道布置关键技术研究

在分析煤矿开采过程中大量矸石排放造成矿区土地资源浪费、水资源破坏和大气污染现状的基础上，根据采煤技术发展现状，提出了厚煤层采区全煤巷布置系统，并对厚煤层采区煤层上山(或煤层大巷)的维护、采空区排水和防灭火等关键技术进行了研究，以实现厚煤层矿井的安全、高效、洁净开采。     

急倾斜煤层开采诱发地表裂缝数值模拟

为了研究急倾斜煤层开采诱发地表裂缝的演化过程,探讨急倾斜煤层开采诱发地裂缝分布规律.利用可描述拉张破裂的有限元方法,对地表裂缝演化过程进行数值模拟.结果显示:最大拉应力集中在地表,地表优先于采空区破裂,采空区下山方向对应的地表一侧形成裂缝.急倾斜煤层开采地表和采空破裂的顺序与水平、倾斜煤层的破坏顺序相反.煤层倾角很陡时,地表先破裂到一定程度后,采空区才开始破裂.煤层倾角很缓或水平时,采空区先破裂,之后地表才破裂.     

Floor stress evolution laws and its effect on stability of floor roadway

According to the distribution of abutment stress in a stope, this research established the mechanical model of mining abutment pressure transmission in floor base on the theory of semi-infinite plate body in elasticity. This study takes the 762 working face of Haizi Coal Mine as a case in point, and analyzed the dynamic evolution law of seam floor stress during the mining process. With an organic combination of the mining floor stress and surrounding rock stress, the study obtained the change laws of the maximum principle stress and the minimum one for the floor roadway surrounding rock when mining the upper working face. Considering the non-constant pressure force state and the cracks revolution mechanisms of floor roadway surrounding rock, the research built the mechanical model of roadway stress. Simulation results verify the reliability of the above conclusions. Moreover, this model could provide the theoretical basis and technical support for controlling floor roadway surrounding rock.     

Systematic principles of surrounding rock control in longwall mining within thick coal seams

Effective surrounding rock control is a prerequisite for realizing safe mining in underground coal mines.In the past three decades, longwall top-coal caving mining(LTCC) and single pass large height longwall mining(SPLL) found expanded usage in extracting thick coal seams in China. The two mining methods lead to large void space left behind the working face, which increases the difficulty in ground control.Longwall face failure is a common problem in both LTCC and SPLL mining. Such failure is conventionally attributed to low strength and high fracture intensity of the coal seam. However, the stiffness of main components included in the surrounding rock system also greatly influences longwall face stability.Correspondingly, surrounding rock system is developed for LTCC and SPLL faces in this paper. The conditions for simultaneous balance of roof structure and longwall face are put forward by taking the stiffness of coal seam, roof strata and hydraulic support into account. The safety factor of the longwall face is defined as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and actual load imposed on the coal wall.The influences provided by coal strength, coal stiffness, roof stiffness, and hydraulic support stiffness,as well as the movement of roof structure are analyzed. Finally, the key elements dominating longwall face stability are identified for improving surrounding rock control effectiveness in LTCC and SPLL faces.     

分级循环荷载下保护层开采扰动煤岩强度及裂隙特性研究

针对回采时反复采动作用下的保护层开采扰动煤岩极易诱发巷道围岩失稳的问题,采用分级循环荷载模拟实际回采工程中采动应力的长期作用,研究保护层开采扰动煤岩在循环荷载作用下的力学强度及变形破坏特性.试验结果表明,在加卸载过程中,受保护层开采扰动煤样的体积膨胀变形明显,煤样内部结构破坏程度比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更高.在加卸载后期,受保护层开采扰动煤样表现为塑性破坏,未受保护层开采扰动煤样发生明显的脆性破坏.相比于未受保护层开采扰动煤样,受保护层开采扰动煤样的峰值强度下降,单位体积（直径为50 mm,高度为100 mm）内的煤样裂隙体积显著增加,峰值强度和裂隙体积占比均沿煤层走向分布较为均匀.处于断层带的未受保护层开采扰动煤样的彼此物性差异较大.受保护层开采扰动煤样比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更符合“煤岩破坏时,裂隙空间复杂程度与峰值强度存在反向对应分布”规律.     

Feasibility analysis of gob-side entry retaining on a working face in a steep coal seam

Based on the decline in exploitation of coal resources, steep coal seam mining and mining face tensions continue to explore the feasibility analysis of steeply inclined faces in the gob. One of the key factors in utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in steep coal seams is to safely and effectively prevent caving rock blocks from rushing into the gob-side entry by sliding downwards along levels. Using theoretical analysis and field methods, we numerically simulated the mining process on a fully-mechanized face in a steep coal seam. The stress and deformation process of roof strata has been analyzed, and the difficulty of utilizing the technology is considered and combined with practice in a steep working face in Lvshuidong mine. The feasibility of utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in a steep coal seam has been recognised. We propose that roadways along the left lane offshoot body use a specially-made reinforced steel dense net to build a dense rock face at the lower head. The results show that the lane offshoot branch creates effective roof control, safe conditions for roadway construction workers, and practical application of steeply inclined gob.     

特厚煤层综放开采导水裂隙带高度的数值模拟

以抚顺老虎台矿开采工程实践为例,针对特厚煤层的开采特点,应用立体弹塑性数值模拟方法,对综放条件下特厚煤层上覆岩体破坏规律、应力分布特点以及应力场演变规律、上覆岩体移动与变形规律及上覆岩层导水裂隙带高度的演变特性及发展规律进行了研究,所得研究结果可直接应用于老虎台矿的安全生产.     

Criterion of local energy release rate of gob instability in deep mines considering unloading stress path

The stress path characteristics of surrounding rock in the formation of gob were analyzed and the unloading was solved. Taking Chengchao Iron Mine as the engineering background, the model for analyzing the instability of deep gob was established based on the mechanism of stress relief in deep mining.The energy evolution law was analyzed by introducing the local energy release rate index(LERR), and the energy criterion of the instability of surrounding rock was established based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The results show that the evolution equation of the local energy release of the surrounding rock is a quartic function with one unknown and the release rate increases gradually during the mining process.The calculation results show that the gob is stable. The LERR per unit volume of the bottom structure is relatively smaller which means that the stability is better. The LERR distribution showed that there was main energy release in the horizontal direction and energy concentration in the vertical direction which meets the characteristics of deep mining. In summary, this model could effectively calculate the stability of surrounding rock in the formation of gob. The LERR could reflect the dynamic process of energy release,transfer and dissipation and that provided an important reference for the study of the stability of deep mined out area.     

深部软岩巷道合理喷层厚度确定

为分析深部软岩巷道锚喷支护合理喷层厚度,以淮南矿区具有典型特征某深部采区软岩巷道为例,采用FLAC3D软件,建立了合理应变软化数值计算模型,基于数值模拟方法分析不同喷层厚度围岩塑性范围及位移场分布,在此基础上进一步分析不同巷道埋深喷层厚度对围岩松动破碎影响。结果表明:深部巷道喷层对围岩塑性圈范围及松动破碎都有显著控制作用。针对淮南矿区典型深部巷道,合理喷层厚度应为200 mm。     

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.