CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响

我国燃煤锅炉飞灰的主要处理方式是将灰堆积在灰场。由于燃煤锅炉飞灰中含有多种有害重金属元素,如砷、硒等,在自然界雨水,尤其是酸雨的浸润作用下,有害重金属元素会释放出来．污染环境和水源。研究了CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响,为解决我国燃煤锅炉飞灰存放的重金属污染问题,提供一个切实可行的思路。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

循环流化床锅炉灰渣对混凝土强度的影响

以利废为目的,进行循环流化床锅炉灰渣对混凝土强度影响的研究.结果表明：单掺循环流化床锅炉炉渣对混凝土强度不利,且间接冷却炉渣对混凝土强度的影响小于直接冷却炉渣;双掺循环流化床锅炉灰渣可使混凝土强度得以改善,且随循环流化床锅炉灰渣掺量的增加,混凝土的强度总体仍呈下降趋势,掺量在25%以内变化的灰渣对混凝土抗折强度的影响明显小于对抗压强度的影响.     

Glass-ceramics made from arc-melting slag of waste incineration fly ash

Grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash mixed with glass cullet additive respectively were melted in the electronic arc-furnace. The product, arc-melting slag, was further treated by crushing, pressing and heat treatment in order to make the glass-ceramics. The crystallization behaviors of the produced glass-ceramics were examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics from grate fly ash is wollastonite (CaSiO₃) with small amount of diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆), and that from fluidized bed fly ash is diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆). It is found that the glass-ceramics sintered at 850 °C and 1 000 °C from grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash respectively have the optimal physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. Glass-ceramics samples, produced from incinerator fly ash with desirable properties and the low leaching concentration of heavy metals, can be the substitute of nature materials such as marble, granite and porcelain tiles.     

循环流化床锅炉中灰颗粒的演化特征

循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉内的燃烧及传热与炉内床料的状态密切相关,而炉内床料主要是由燃煤含有的矿物组分经过燃烧、爆裂和磨耗过程形成的。对多家循环流化床电站锅炉选用煤种和不同部位的灰进行取样,使用可视化显微仪,获取了粒度分布和灰颗粒的微观形貌特征。根据循环流化床锅炉内灰颗粒的机械强度和耐磨性能的不同,将灰颗粒归为三类不同性质的灰,以此为基点,分别采用固定床燃烧后冷态振动筛分的方法和流化床实验台热态流化后筛分的方法,对比分析了灰颗粒在燃烧过程中的演化特征。结果表明:三类灰颗粒在不同的燃烧温度和时间的演化过程存在明显的不同。从而对循环流化床中的床料粒径分布的确定提供了理论依据。     

Characteristics of MSWI fly ash during vitrification

The vitrification characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash were investigated. Effects of temperature on the binding efficiency of heavy metals, the change of chemical compositions and the weight loss of fly ash in the range of 800-1350 ℃ were studied. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of the United States was used to analyze the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and molten slag. Results indicate that chemical compositions, the weight loss of fly ash and the binding efficiency of heavy metals in fly ash have a tremendous change in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. The percentage of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 increases with the increasing temperature, whereas it is contrary for SO3, K2O, Na2O and Cl; especially when the temperature is 1260 ℃, the percentage of these four elements decreases sharply from 43.72% to 0.71%. The weight loss occurs obviously in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. Heavy metals of Pb and Cd are almost vaporized above 1000 ℃. Cr is not volatile and its binding efficiency can reach 100% below 1000 ℃. Results of TCLP indicate that the heavy metal content of molten slag is beyond stipulated limit values.     

燃煤循环流化床锅炉N2O的生成、消解与控制

循环流化床锅炉除了具有与煤粉锅炉相当的燃烧效率、低廉的脱硫设备投资和运行成本、以及相对低的NOx排放浓度等优点外,还有一个致命的弱点,那就是远高于煤粉锅炉的N2O排放浓度.N2O不仅具有温室效应,而且强烈破坏平流层臭氧,造成臭氧空洞,此外在大气中具有超稳定性.总结了近年来循环流化床锅炉N2O的生成原理、消解机制和减排措施等方面的研究成果,对一些减排措施作出了更加合理的解释,并分析了各个减排措施的限制性条件,以期为循环流化床锅炉N2O的排放控制提供更加符合实际的理论指导.     

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

掺固硫灰干粉砂浆的性能研究

对掺固硫灰干粉砂浆的性能进行了研究。讨论了固硫灰细度、掺量及与粉煤灰复掺对干粉砂浆工作性能、力学性能和膨胀性的影响。结果表明：经预处理固硫灰可以应用于干粉砂浆中,且掺量为10%时效果最佳。固硫灰与粉煤灰等矿物掺合料复掺可以改善干粉砂浆性能。     

220 t/h循环流化床锅炉燃烧调整的试验研究

通过对某电厂220t/h循环流化床锅炉进行燃烧调整试验,分析了几个主要的影响因素,并讨论了这些因素对飞灰含碳量的影响,在结合实际运行情况的基础上。给出了一个经济运行工况的参数范围,对该类锅炉的经济运行提供了一定的理论依据。     

粉煤灰性质比较研究及综合利用途径探讨

目的为更有效利用不同性质的粉煤灰．方法采用水泥性质实验、化学分析、XRD分析及SEM分析．结果化学成分差异不大的PF灰和AFBC灰，PF灰的细度大、晶相含量小、活性大、强度贡献大、需水性小；PF灰颗粒细小，球形颗粒相对较多，颗粒表面相对较光滑；AFBC灰颗粒相对较粗大，不规则颗粒较多，表面较粗糙，且孔洞较多．提出了一种新粉煤灰的分类方法和高效利用途径．结论将粉煤灰按发电方式及含钙量分为高钙PF灰、低钙PF灰、高钙AF—BC灰和低钙AFBC灰，更有利于粉煤灰在建筑工程和生产建筑材料方面的分类利用．     

超临界循环流化床锅炉水煤比控制

本文在分析传统煤粉炉水煤比控制的基础上,针对超临界循环流化床锅炉具有很大的燃烧惯性和床料热惯性的特性,提出了利用风量、氧量构造热量信号,并将构造的热量信号引入给水系统中,作为给水流量指令的前馈信号,再用中间点温度或焓值修正作为给水流量指令。热量信号的引入克服了循环流化床锅炉由于床料热惯性、燃烧惯性、给煤量内部扰动和煤质变化对给水控制的不利影响。设计的水煤比控制系统不仅适用于循环流化床锅炉,同时也适用于煤粉炉。     

Comparisons of Fly Ash and Deposition Between Air and Oxy-FuelCombustion in Bench-Scale Fluidized Bed with Limestone Addition

In Oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed, the residual CaO particles may react with high concentration of CO₂ in flue gas to form bonded deposit on heat transfer surfaces in backpass when limestone is used as a sorbent to capture SO₂.In this paper, experiments were designed on ash deposition in a bench-scale fluidized bed under oxy-fuel and air atmosphere. A novel ash deposit sampling probe was used to simulate the tubes of tail surfaces. The chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit from both air-firing and oxy-fuel firing cases were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), respectively. The degrees of carbonation reaction of ash deposits were measured by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis. The results showed that there are distinct differences in fly ash deposition rate between oxy-fuel and air firing cases, and oxy-fuel combustion with limestone addition can affect chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit, especially for elements of Ca, Na, K, and S. However, the carbonation reaction degree of ash deposits is found weak, which is due to the relatively low CaO content in ash deposit or not long enough of the sampling time.[JP]     

440 t/h循环流化床锅炉存在问题与对策

针对440 t/h循环流化床锅炉运行中的故障问题,提出了对原设计的修改方案,可解决播煤风风量低、锅炉床温低、冷渣器及气力输送系统存在的问题,对提高循环流化床锅炉的运行效率有重要意义.     

飞灰冲刷角度变化对锅炉常用钢材磨损影响的试验研究

在试验研究和理论分析的基础上,本文定义了一个无固次角度系数,并用于定量反映塑性材料的冲蚀磨损率随飞灰冲刷角度变化的规律,同时建立了无因次角度系数计算式,可供工程实际应用.     

多管流化罐返料器的冷态模型实验研究

为满足循环床沸腾炉飞灰复燃系统的需要,本文提出了一种新型飞灰返料器—多管流化罐返料器.与传统的飞灰返料器不同,该设备有数根输灰管平行工作.借助于相似理论,笔者建立了多管流化罐试验台,并对其性能进行了实验研究.结果表明.新设备作为飞灰复燃系统的返料器具有显著的优越性.     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash with Cement and Its Leaching Behaviors of Heavy Metals

The solidifying qffect of cement addition on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash ( MSWFA for short, collected from the gas exhaust system of MSW incinerator), the interaction of MSWFA with cement and water and the leaching of heavy metals from cement-solidified MSWFA are investigated. The main results show that : ( 1 ) when MSWFA is mixed with cement and water, 112 evolution, the formation and volume expansion of AFt will take place, the volume expansion can be reduced by ground rice husk ash addition ; (2) heavy metals do leach from cement-solidified MSWFA and at lower pH more leaching will occur; (3) compared with cement - so-lidified fly ash, the leachate of solidified MSWFA is with higher heavy metal contents ; (4) with the increment of cement addition leached heavy metals are decreased ; and (5) concentrations of Zn , Mn , Cu and Cd in all the leachates can meet the relevant Standards of Japan, but as the regulations for soil and groundwater protection of Japan are concerned, precautions against the leaching of Pb , Cl^- and Cr^6 and so on are needed.     

利用热等离子体熔融垃圾焚烧飞灰

为了评价垃圾焚烧飞灰的热等离子体熔融处理效果, 研究SiO2和CaO对重金属固化效果和重金属毒性浸出特性的影响. 在飞灰中添加一定比例的SiO2和CaO, 配置成不同的配灰样品, 利用纯氩热等离子体在1 400～1 500 ℃下, 对飞灰及配灰进行熔融玻璃化的实验研究, 分别利用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDX)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和毒性浸出方法(TCLP)分析飞灰和熔渣的化学组成、微观结构、晶相组成和重金属毒性浸出特性. 结果表明, 热等离子体熔融所得熔渣为无定形的玻璃体, 重金属浸出质量浓度均远低于毒性标准. SiO2和CaO的添加都可以改善重金属固化效果, CaO比SiO2对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb挥发的抑制效果更好. SiO2的添加可以改善熔渣中重金属的浸出特性, 而CaO的作用与之相反.     

MSWI fly ash based novel solidification/stabilization matrices for heavy metals

The possibilities of MSWI fly ash as a major constituent of novel solidification/stabilization matrices for secure landfill were investigated by mixing MSWI fly ash with rich aluminum components, which was added as bauxite cement or metakaolinite instead, to form Friedel and Ettringite phases with high fixing capacities for heavy metals. The physical properties, heavy metals-fixing capacity, mineral phases and its vibration bands in the novel matrices were characterized by compressive strength, TCLP（toxic characteristic leaching procedure）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） , DTG （derivative thermogravimetry）, and FTIR （fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, respectively. The Tessier＇s five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to analyze the fractions of chemical speciation for Pb, Cd and Zn ions. The experimental results indicate that Friedel-Ettringite based novel solidification/stabilization matrices can incorporate Pb, Cd and Zn ions effectively by physical encapsulation and chemical fixation, and it exhibits a great potential in co-landfill treatment of MSWI fly ash with some heavy metals-bearing hazardous wastes.