Evolution of a mining induced fracture network in the overburden strata of an inclined coal seam

The geological conditions of the Pingdingshan coal mining group were used to construct a physical model used to study the distribution and evolution of mining induced cracks in the overburden strata. Digital graphics technology and fractal theory are introduced to characterize the distribution and growth of the mining induced fractures in the overburden strata of an inclined coal seam. A relationship between fractal dimension of the fracture network and the pressure in the overburden strata is suggested. Mining induced fractures spread dynamically to the mining face and up into the roof as the length of advance increases. Moreover, the fractal dimension of the fracture network increases with increased mining length, in general, but decreases during a period from overburden strata separation until the main roof collapses. It is a1so shown that overburden strata pressure plays an important role in the evolution of mining induced fractures and that the fractal dimension of the fractures increases with the pressure of the overburden.     

Structural motion of water-resisting key strata lying on overburden

Water-preserved mining is one of the important parts of the 'Green Mining' technological system. The purpose of wa-ter-preserved mining is to prevent water from bursting out in coal mines and thus to protect water resources. The principle of wa-ter-resisting key strata (WKS) is proposed to establish a model capable of guiding and developing water-preserved mining technol-ogy. The experimental model of the WKS is constructed following requirements of the Data Image Correlative Method (DICM).Five experimental schemes are designed according to different combined patterns of the WKS. The water-resisting performance of the WKS is analyzed from observation of structural stability. All of them provide referential value for water-preserved mining.     

卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面采动覆岩破坏特征研究

煤矿开采过程中覆岩破坏容易引发工作面溃砂、突水事故,为了保证卧龙湖煤矿8101工作面安全开采,根据矿区覆岩工程地质特征及矿区岩层柱状图,建立了FLAC3D数值模拟模型.通过FLAC3D软件模拟,得到了工作面推进时的覆岩应力场及覆岩塑性区分布图,由此分析得出在开切眼和煤壁处覆岩主要为剪切破坏,采空区上部主要为拉伸破坏,得到煤层开采时覆岩最大主应力1.78MPa,最大导水裂隙带高度31m.     

Rock parameters inversion for estimating the maximum heights of two failure zones in overburden strata of a coal seam

In order to enter effective parameters of rock mass in a numerical model, the relationships between mechanical parameters of rock and rock mass were obtained by an inversion method and an orthogonal test, given our measurements of the maximum heights of two failure zones in the Longdong coal mine.Using the maximum heights of the caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone as test indices the modulus of elasticity, the Poisson ratio, cohesion and tension strength as test factors and different values of reduction enhancement factors as test levels, an orthogonal test was designed to obtain an optimum simulation scheme. From the analysis of different values of reduction enhancement factors which affect the test indices, an optimum factor combination for modification of parameters could be inferred. By using modified parameters in our numerical simulation, the maximum heights oftbe caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone in the extensive Xiyi area were determined as 15.06 m and 36.92 m. These values were almost the same as those obtained by similar material simulation (8.5 m and 37.0 m) and empirical prediction (8.4 m and 34.4 m). These results indicate that the modification of parameters is a rational method.     

颍上县松散层厚度分布调查分析

文章调查了颍上县松散层厚度及其分布情况,提出了农村饮水工程需要的资料.     

Characteristics of mining gas channel expansion in the remote overlying strata and its control of gas flow

The technology of pressure relief gas drainage is one of the most effective and economic for preventing gas emissions in underground mines. Based on current understanding of strata breakage and fracture development in overlying strata, the current study divides the overlying strata into the following three longitudinal zones in terms of the state of gas flow: a turbulent channel zone, a transitional circulation channel zone and a seepage channel zone. According to the key strata discrimination theory of controlling the overlying strata, the calculation method establishes that the step-type expansion of the mining gas channel corresponds to the advancing distance of working face, and this research also confirms the expanding rule that the mining gas channel in overlying strata follows the advancing distance of mining working face. Based on the geological conditions of Xinjing Coal Mine of Yangquan, this paper researches the expanding rule of mining gas channel as well as the control action of the channel acting on the pressure relief flow under the condition of the remote protective layer, and got the distance using inversion that the step-type expanding of mining gas channel is corresponding to the advancing distance of working face, which verifies the accuracy and feasibility of theoretical calculation method proposed in this study. The research provides the theoretical basis for choosing the technology of pressure relief gas drainage and designing the parameters of construction.     

梯形断面明渠流速分布的研究

为研究梯形断面明渠的流速分布律,应用经过实测资料验证的三维紊流数学模型,对12种不同底坡、不同糙率以及不同宽深比组合情况下的梯形断面明渠水流流速分布进行了数值仿真.结果表明,在明渠底部内区流速分布能很好地符合对数分布,但在明渠外区流速分布更符合乘幂函数分布,等效线平均流速沿横向的分布接近于乘幂函数分布.通过最小二乘拟合,得到了梯形断面明渠垂线流速分布律和等效线平均流速横向分布律.按流速分布律计算的流速值与实测值吻合较好,表明所给出的断面流速分布律是合理可靠的,可应用于梯形断面明渠流量的精确测量.     

窄深矩形断面明渠流速分布的研究

建立了一个三维紊流数学模型,对实际灌区中的窄深矩形断面明渠水流的流速分布进行了数值模拟.计算结果与实测结果符合得较好,表明数学模型及参数是合理可靠的. 运用该模型,对2种底坡、2种糙率以及3种宽深比组合情况下的窄深矩形断面明渠水流的流速分布进行了数值模拟,得出了窄深矩形断面明渠垂线流速分布律和垂线平均流速横向分布律,并应用实测资料验证了上述流速分布律. 结果表明,在明渠底部内区流速分布能很好地符合对数分布律,但在明渠外区流速分布则符合抛物线分布,垂线平均流速沿横向的分布接近于幂函数分布,给出的断面流速分布经验公式具有很好的精度.     

弯曲型河道水流流速分布及阻力试验

弯曲型河道水流运动规律及阻力特性在水利工程许多领域中占有十分重要的位置.对正弦派生曲线、梯形断面的连续弯曲型河道开展了物理模型试验,采用日本ACM2-RS型X-Y方向2轴电磁流速计对水流流速进行了测量,并对水流阻力进行了分析.结果表明,弯顶水流纵向时均流速分布接近抛物线型,最大流速点位于上部水面以下,整体上大下小,而顺直过渡段水流纵向时均流速分布最大流速点位于底部,整体上小下大;弯道段纵向垂线平均流速横向分布沿程依次为自由涡、均匀流及强迫涡分布;弯顶中垂线水流横向环流随流量、水深的增大而增大,零流速点的相对水深值大致在0.4～0.6范围以内;弯曲型河道水流阻力系数随着过水断面平均水深、水力半径的增大而增大,随着过水断面宽深比的增大而减小.     

江汉盆地白垩-下第三系水化学与油气分布

江汉盆地下第三系潜江组和新沟嘴组是主要油气勘探目的层,水化学资料较多。本文以下第三系潜江组、新沟嘴组和白垩系渔洋组的水化学资料、试油成果为依据,研究了江汉盆地白垩-下第三系水化学特征与油气分布关系,将江汉盆地划分为有利区、较有利区和较差区三种油气保存区。     

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.     

Formation and evolution of gas flow channels in the abutment pressure area

The permeability of coal ahead of the working face obviously changes dues to changes in abutment pressure. The formation and evolution of gas flow channels within the abutment pressure area was studied by analyzing the fracture extension mechanism and fracture development in different zones of the abutment pressure area. Fracture and damage mechanics theory is used to understand the observations. The following two techniques were used to understand the evolution of gas flow channels: field observation of the characteristic fractures at different positions relative to the working face and fluorescence micrographs of prepared coal samples. Bending tensile fractures develop along an approximately vertical direction that forms a microscopic network of channels in areas of stress concentration. The abutment pressure affects the local stress and, hence, the local gas conduction. The fractures induced by large deformation and plastic flow form macroscopically networked channels in the reduced stress area. Closer to the working face the gas flow channels evolve from microscopic to macroscopic and from isolated to network. Gas permeability continuously increases during this time. This is corroborated by field observations of the displacement of top coal and the gas flow from gas extraction drillings.     

煤层底板岩体参数概率分布及Bayes优化

正确确定煤系岩体力学参数的概率分布是承压水上采煤底板稳定可靠性分析的关键。以淮北矿区部分煤矿下组煤底板砂岩强度参数为例,以K-S检验法对数据进行概率分布拟合,获取参数分布类型及统计量。以此大样本概型为先验函数,具体工作面底板岩体小样本参数的概型为似然函数,基于Bayes方法对其优化,得到验后分布的概型参数。计算结果表明,下组煤底板砂岩强度参数全部接受正态分布和对数正态分布,优化后的方差有所下降,可以提高底板采动稳定可靠性分析结果,从而达到优化目的。     

Evolution and application of in-seam drilling for gas drainage

The presence of seam gas in the form of methane or carbon dioxide presents a hazard to underground coal mining operations. In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past three decades for gas drainage to reduce the risk of gas outburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation. The drilling practices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development of technology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe mining environment underground. Early practice was to adapt equipment from other fields, with rotary drilling being the only form of drilling available. This form of drainage allowed various levels of gas drainage coverage but with changing emphasis, research and development within the coal industry has created specific equipment, technology and practices to accurately place in-seam boreholes to provide efficient and effective gas drainage. Research into gas content determination established a standard for the process and safe levels for mining operations to continue. Surveying technology improved from the wire-line, single-shot Eastman survey instruments which was time-dependent on borehole depth to electronic instruments located in the drill string which transmitted accurate survey data to the drilling crew without time delays. This allowed improved directional control and increased drilling rates. Directional drilling technology has now been established as the industry standard to provide effective gas drainage drilling. Exploration was identified as an additional benefit with directional drilling as it has the ability to provide exploration data from long boreholes. The ability of the technology to provide safe and reliable means to investigate the need for inrush protection and water drainage ahead of mining has been established. Directional drilling technology has now been introduced to the Chinese coal industry for gas drainage through a practice of auditing, design, supply, training and ongoing support. Experienced drilling crews can offer site specific gas drainage drilling services utilising the latest equipment and technology.     

银行分销渠道整合的位置-产量模型研究

在新金融条件下，如何有效整合银行传统的分销渠道而使其在新的挑战面前不失昔日风采，这是金融理论界和实践界近年来一直在探讨的问题。本文从博弈论的角度，建立一个位置—产量博弈模型来探讨此问题，通过求解博弈模型的均衡解，得出的结论是，当银行产品替代性较大时，银行的分销渠道应尽量分散化；当银行产品具有互补性时，银行的分销渠道应尽量集中化；当银行产品没有替代性或互补性时，银行的分销渠道选择具有较大任意性。据此，分析了我国银行网点设置不合理的原因及提出了有效整合我国银行业分销渠道的两点建议。     

银行分销渠道整合的位置-产量模型研究

在新金融条件下,如何有效整合银行传统的分销渠道而使其在新的挑战面前不失昔日风采,这是金融理论界和实践界近年来一直在探讨的问题。本文从博弈论的角度,建立一个位置-产量博弈模型来探讨此问题,通过求解博弈模型的均衡解,得出的结论是,当银行产品替代性较大时,银行的分销渠道应尽量分散化;当银行产品具有互补性时。银行的分销渠道应尽量集中化;当银行产品没有替代性或互补性时,银行的分销渠道选择具有较大任意性。据此,分析了我国银行网点设置不合理的原因及提出了有效整合我国银行业分销渠道的两点建议。     

Temperature distribution and control in liquefied petroleum gas fluidized beds

Temperature distribution and control have been investigated in a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluidized bed with hollow corundum spheres (Al2O3) of 0.867-1.212 mm in diameter at moderately high temperatures (800-1100℃). Experiments were carried out for the air consumption coefficient a in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 and the fluidization number N in the range of 1.3 to 3.0. Particle properties, initial bed height, a and N all affect temperature distribution in the bed. Bed temperature can be adjusted about 200℃ by combined the adjusting of a and N.     

Investigation on fracture models and ground pressure distribution of thick hard rock strata including weak interlayer

Dynamic disasters, such as rock burst due to the breaking of large area stiff roof strata, are known to occur in the hard rock strata of coal mines. In this paper, mechanical models of the fracturing processes of thick hard rock strata were established based on the thick plate theory and numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that, based on the fracture characteristics of the thick hard rock strata, four fracture models could be analyzed in detail, and the corresponding theoretical failure criteria were determined in detail. In addition, the influence of weak interlayer position on the fracture models and ground pressure of rock strata is deeply analyzed, and six numerical simulation schemes have been implemented. The results showed that the working face pressure caused by the independent movement of the lower layer is relatively low. The different fracture type of the thick hard rock strata had different demands on the working resistance of the hydraulic powered supports. The working resistance of the hydraulic powered supports required by the stratified movements was lower than that of the non-stratified movements.     

瓦斯分布与风量及瓦斯涌出量关系的数值模拟

煤矿瓦斯事故频发,危害严重,用计算机模拟矿井掘进巷道中的瓦斯分布与积聚是优化通风方案的重要手段.本文根据流体动力学理论,对局部通风掘进巷道中的瓦斯分布与积聚进行数值模拟,分析了在风量和瓦斯涌出量变化的情况下瓦斯体积分数的分布规律.结果表明,当风量和瓦斯涌出量成比例变化时,低体积分数区域的瓦斯大致按比例变化,高体积分数区域的瓦斯体积分数并不是成比例变化.