Shelf Life and Clostridium botulinum Toxin Development during Storage of Modified Atmosphere-packaged Fresh Catfish Fillets

Shelf life (onset of sensory spoilage) and potential for toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E in retail type packages of fresh catfish fillets in high barrier film were investigated under selected atmospheres when stored under refrigeration and temperature-abuse conditions. Shelf life of fillets in all atmospheres decreased with increase of storage temperature from 4°C to 16°C. Trimethylamine content associated with onset of spoilage was different for each storage temperature and atmosphere. Surface pH and K-values were not good indicators of onset of sensory spoilage. Toxin development coincided with sensory spoilage at 16°C storage for fillets packaged in either atmosphere. At 4°C, none of the MA-packaged fillets became toxic, even after 37 days of sensory spoilage.     

Shelf Life of Fresh Tilapia Fillets Packaged in High Barrier Film with Modified Atmospheres

The effect of modified atmospheres (MAs) (75% CO₂:25% N₂; 50% CO₂: 50% N₂; and 25% CO₂: 75% N₂) and 100% air on shelf life of fresh tilapia fillets packaged in high barrier film bags was evaluated at refrigeration temperature (4.0°). Fillets packaged in 100% air spoiled after 9 days, as indicated by sensory characteristics, and had increased surface pH, TMA content, K-value and high microbial counts. When levels of CO₂ were increased from 25 to 75% in the package atmosphere, the shelf life of MA-packaged tilapia fillets was extended 4–21 days more than that of fillets packaged under 100% air. Although fillets packaged under 75% CO₂:25% N₂ were judged by sensory characteristics to be acceptable for more than 25 days, their K-value was high (93.1%). K-values were independent of spoilage and correlated only with length of storage of the MA-packaged fillets.     

Germination, Growth, and Toxin Production of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum as Affected by Multiple Barriers

ABSTRACT The effect of combinations of pH (6.5, 5.75), NaCl (0.25,1.75%), and incubation temperatures (7,13 °C) on spore germination, outgrowth, and time to toxicity of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum was examined in a broth system. Spores of four toxin type E and nonproteolytic type B were inoculated (10⁴/ml) into Tryptone Peptone Glucose Yeast Extract (TPGY) broth. Cultures were monitored for three weeks, or until toxin was detected. A modified FSIS‐amplified ELISA (comparable in sensitivity to the mouse bioassay) was used to screen cultures for neurotoxin. Combinations of the most inhibitory level for each barrier reduced the degree and rate of germination, the lag and growth rate of vegetative cells, and the time to toxicity.     

石家庄市肉毒梭菌在环境中的分布研究

目的:了解石家庄市肉毒梭菌在环境中的分布情况,为预防、诊断、治疗肉毒梭菌食物中毒提供科学依据.方法:按照地貌,均匀抽取8个县(市、区),采集土壤、食品和水3类样品,检测肉毒梭菌污染情况.结果:采集土壤、水、食品3类样品共350份,肉毒梭菌检出15份,检出率为4.3%,其中,12份为8型肉毒毒素,3份为A型肉毒毒素.发生过肉毒中毒的县(市、区)肉毒梭菌检出率高于未发生过的县(市、区)(P<0.05).山区与平原肉毒梭菌检出率差异无统计学意义.结论:石家庄市外环境中肉毒梭菌污染较以前严重,并且存在A型肉毒毒素.     

新疆豆制品生产环境中肉毒梭菌的分离鉴定

从新疆伊犁察布查尔县的土壤中分离到1株优势菌,该分离株生长特性与A型肉毒梭菌(Clostridiumbotulinum type A)一致,为革兰氏阳性粗大杆菌,在EYA培养基上菌落边缘呈锯齿状,表面粗糙不规则,有较大的乳浊环。根据分离株的形态、生理生化特性,结合琼脂糖凝胶凝胶电泳图像、16SrDNA V6-V8序列(GenBank登录号:JN248616)与系统发育树分析,将其鉴定为A型肉毒梭菌。     

昆明市首起由疑似肉毒梭菌引起食物中毒的实验室快速检测

目的快速查明昆明市一起疑似由肉毒梭菌引起食物中毒事件的病原菌的具体类别。方法根据GB4789.12-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验肉毒梭菌及肉毒毒素检验》,样品在庖肉培养基中35℃厌氧增菌5 d后镜检,用2个不同生产厂家的肉毒梭菌实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)检测试剂进行检测并进行肉毒毒素分型。结果镜检符合典型的肉毒梭菌的特征,2个不同生产厂家的肉毒梭菌Real-time PCR检测结果均为阳性,且均检测出E型肉毒毒素。Real-time PCR检测只需在增菌后4～6 h的检测时间,即可得到结果,且无需进行菌体的纯化培养,鉴定时间节约至少96 h。结论此次事件为食用被E型肉毒梭菌及其毒素污染食品而引起的细菌性食物中毒事件,用Real-time PCR检测方法可对肉毒梭菌食物中毒事件作出快速判定。     

Prevention of Clostridium botulinum Type A, Proteolytic B and E Toxin Formation in Refrigerated Pea Soup by Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014

The ability of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 to inhibit Clostridium botulinum toxin production in pea soup was investigated. Soup containing C. botulinum spores (10³/g) with and without L. plantarum (10⁶/g) were evaluated. Soup containing only type A spores was toxic on days 1 and 2 when incubated at 35°C and 25°C, respectively. Soup containing only proteolytic type B spores was toxic on days 2 and 5 at 35°C and 25°C, respectively. Soup containing only type E spores was toxic at 25°C, 15°C, and 5°C in 7, 7, and 63 days respectively. No toxin was found in soup containing C. botulinum spores plus L. plantarum at any temperature studied.     

乳制品中肉毒杆菌安全事件警示

自恒天然乳粉事件发生后,对我国乳品行业产生了一定的不良影响,由此引发了一系列的问题。本文重点阐述了国际上一些国家在乳制品或食品标准中对肉毒杆菌及其毒素的限量标准现状及检测方法,以期为我国乳制品或食品中肉毒杆菌及其毒素标准的制订提供基础参考,为我国乳品加工行业提供相关技术指导。     

罗非鱼片渗透处理中的水分传递特性

为了研究水产食品原料在不同的渗透处理条件下的水分传递规律,本实验选择了罗非鱼片为研究对象,采用食盐溶液作为渗透液,在改变渗透液浓度、固液比和鱼片厚度的条件下,研究了罗非鱼片的水分迁移变化特性.结果表明,鱼片在10%浓度的盐水溶液中表现为吸水增重,在20%以上的盐水中才会出现渗透脱水现象;在渗透液浓度和鱼片厚度不变的条件下,鱼片的脱水率随着固液比的增大而升高;同时厚度对鱼片脱水率的影响与渗透时间有关,渗透时间的延长会降低较薄鱼片的脱水率.     

某企业婴儿肉毒中毒乳粉相关样品中肉毒梭菌的分离与分型

目的 对从某企业获取的30批次婴儿配方乳粉样品进行肉毒毒素和肉毒梭菌检测,对分离到的1株B型肉毒梭菌进行全基因组测序分析。方法 参照GB 4789.12—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 肉毒梭菌及肉毒毒素检验》对样品进行肉毒梭菌分离及肉毒毒素分型实验;对分离到的菌株进行全基因组测序,并分析菌株的遗传特征。结果 30批次样品中均未检出肉毒毒素;将增菌液进行小鼠腹腔注射后,4批次乳粉样品出现了典型小鼠肉毒中毒症状,但仅从1批次乳粉样品中分离到肉毒梭菌。基因组测序分析显示,该菌为Ⅰ群B型肉毒梭菌,毒素基因簇为Ha型,毒素基因为B2亚型。结论 针对背景微生物复杂的婴儿配方乳粉中肉毒梭菌检测,不应以菌种分离作为金标准,而应以增菌液小鼠毒性实验结合肉毒抗血清保护实验作为确认方法。全基因组测序可对分离菌种进行精准鉴定和相关遗传特征分析,为中毒事件处理提供可靠的技术支撑。     

Development of Botulinal Toxin and Sensory Deterioration During Storage of Vacuum and Modified Atmosphere Packaged Fish Fillets

Toxin production by C. botulinum type E was studied in cod, whiting, and flounder filets packaged in air-permeable film, vacuum packages and packages flushed with N₂ or CO₂ during storage at 8°, 12° or 26°C. Cod and whiting filets were flushed with CO₂ and stored continuously at 4°C or cycled between 4° or 8° and 26°C. Cod and whiting fillets were flushed with gas mixtures and stored at 8°C or 26°C. Flounder deteriorated rapidly and was rejected by sensory evaluation prior to toxin detection during vacuum or modified atmosphere storage at 12°C and 8°C but after toxin detection at 26°C. Toxin was present either prior to or simultaneously with sensory rejection of cod and whiting fillets for all vacuum or modified atmosphere treatments and temperature regimens.     

应用PCR-DGGE研究液熏罗非鱼片贮藏过程中的菌相变化

采用基于PCR反应的变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE),对液熏罗非鱼片在贮藏过程中的菌相组成及变化进行分析,旨在为液熏罗非鱼的贮藏条件提供理论基础。研究结果表明:用DGGE法总共分离到13个条带,测序比对相似度在90%以上的菌种有10种,分别是:2株肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),2株梭菌(Clostridium),2株乳球菌属(Lactococcus),2株戊糖片球菌(Pediococcuspentosaceus),1株明串珠菌(Leuconostoc),以及1株假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),乳酸菌(LAB)占所有菌株的50%。贮藏早期(2 d)和末期(7 d)的菌相较为复杂,可辨识条带10,贮藏中期(2~7 d)菌相条带表现出集中和明显的特点,可辨识条带仅在5条左右,微生物多样性减少,图谱结合测序分析表明贮藏期的优势菌种为乳酸球菌(Lactococcus)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcuspentosaceus)和梭菌(Clostridium)。     

不同包装与贮藏条件对两种低盐腌制罗非鱼片的品质影响

为了开发低盐罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）深加工产品,延长其货架期,以本实验室开发的低盐腌制罗非鱼片、复合低盐腌制罗非鱼片为对象,通过普通包装（对照）、真空包装和气调包装,测定鱼片在4 ℃（冷藏）和－3 ℃（微冻）贮藏过程中汁液流失率、感官评分、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、菌落总数等指标,分析不同包装方式和不同贮藏条件下的品质变化规律。结果表明：不同包装方式的两种低盐腌制罗非鱼片在4 ℃和－3 ℃贮藏过程的感官评分随贮藏时间延长逐渐下降,pH值呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而汁液流失率、TBARS值、TVB-N含量、菌落总数均随着贮藏时间的延长呈现上升的趋势。综合各项指标的变化规律,复合低盐组罗非鱼片比低盐组罗非鱼片在贮藏过程中能更好地维持品质,气调包装的鱼片品质优于真空包装和普通包装。在4 ℃贮藏时,气调包装的两种低盐腌制罗非鱼片货架期均为12 d,比普通包装和真空包装分别延长8 d和4 d;在－3 ℃贮藏时,气调包装组的货架期均达到43 d,比普通包装组和真空包装组分别延长25、10 d。两种低盐腌制罗非鱼片采用气调包装、－3 ℃贮藏可明显保持产品的品质和延长货架期,这为罗非鱼低盐深加工产品的开发生产提供技术支持。     

Production and Stability Studies of a Neurotoxin Produced by Clostridium sp. RKD

ABSTRACT: A neurotoxigenic Clostridium sp. (RKD) isolated from intestine of decaying fish produced a neurotoxin that was neutralized by botulinum antitoxin (A+B+E) when tested by mouse protection bioassay. An amplicon of expected size (approximately 700 bp) was generated with primers specific for BoNT/B. Toxin was maximally released in the culture supernatant in the late stationary phase and was dependent on media composition. Growth was optimal in trypticase peptone yeast-extract glucose (TPYG) medium in a pH range of 7.5 to 8.0 and at a temperature between 35°C to 40°C while toxin production was optimum at 37°C (3 to 4 × 10³ minimum lethal dose per milliliter) without any protease treatment. There was no correlation between growth and toxin production when cells were grown in media containing different concentrations of NaCl (0% to 5%). Toxin in the culture supernatant was more stable (50% reduction at 50°C in 90 min) than the partially purified fraction. Toxicity was destroyed gradually after increasing the number of freeze-thaw cycles and was almost completely inactivated after 5 cycles. It was completely inactivated by overnight treatment of 1 N NaOH while it retained 1.5% activity with a similar treatment with 1 N HCl.     

我国首例由丁酸梭菌引起婴儿E型肉毒中毒实验室诊断研究

目的对一起疑似婴儿肉毒中毒进行实验室诊断研究。方法对1例疑似婴儿肉毒中毒病例的粪便、食用过的食品和生活环境涂抹共计30份标本/样品进行梭菌分离鉴定及肉毒毒素检测,对分离菌株进行产毒试验。结果将患儿粪便标本培养物上清液腹腔注射小鼠后可致小鼠出现典型肉毒毒素中毒表现(竖毛、呼吸困难并出现典型的蜂腰、四肢麻痹),继而死亡,且培养物上清液经胰酶处理后毒性增强,表现为小鼠出现中毒及死亡时间较未处理组明显缩短。但培养物上清液经100℃加热处理后再次染毒动物,小鼠未出现中毒和死亡。混合型肉毒毒素诊断血清及单价抗E型肉毒毒素诊断血清可对小鼠起到保护作用。从患儿的粪便标本中分离到G~+芽胞杆菌,该菌在哥伦比亚血平板上呈不规则半透明扁平菌落,边缘根状生长,并携带E型肉毒毒素产毒基因,16S rRNA将其鉴定为丁酸梭菌,产毒试验结果显示该菌株可产E型肉毒毒素。结论该起婴儿中毒事件是由感染产E型肉毒毒素的丁酸梭菌引起。     

竹叶抗氧化物结合不同包装方式对鲜罗非鱼片保鲜效果的影响

以感官特性、菌落总数、汁液流失率、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值及硫代巴比妥酸(2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值为评价指标,研究竹叶抗氧化物结合不同包装方式对鲜罗非鱼片保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,竹叶抗氧化物对鲜罗非鱼片具有良好的抗菌和抗氧化作用,0.1 g/100 m L竹叶抗氧化物处理的罗非鱼片比对照组货架期延长了4~6 d;竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装均能够明显抑制微生物生长繁殖,降低TVB-N值和TBA值,减缓感官品质的下降速率,延长货架期;冰藏条件下各组鲜度指标均明显优于冷藏条件,冰藏条件下0.1 g/100 m L竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装处理的罗非鱼片保鲜效果提高明显,货架期增加至18 d。研究表明,竹叶抗氧化物结合真空包装或气调包装在鲜罗非鱼片保鲜方面具有应用的潜力。     

鲜切草鱼片的鲜度变化及微生物生长规律研究

对鲜切草鱼片在4℃冷藏过程中的鲜度变化进行研究,并采用选择性培养基对鱼片中的微生物生长规律进行分析.实验表明4℃冷藏的鲜切草鱼片在冷藏3d内处于一级鲜度范围,冷藏8d后鱼肉严重腐败,其在4℃冷藏的贮藏期限为5～6d;在冷藏期间各种腐败微生物数量均呈现明显的上升趋势,初步确定腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和乳酸菌为鲜切鱼片中生长的优势菌群.     

Extension of the Retail Display Life of Fresh Beef Packaged in Modified Atmosphere by Varying Lighting Conditions

ABSTRACT: The effect of lighting conditions (darkness and either a standard supermarket fluorescent, a low-UV, color-balanced lamp, and the supermarket fluorescent with a UV filter) on the retail display life of fresh beef steaks packaged in a modified atmosphere was studied. Lighting without UV radiation led to a significant delay of meat spoilage, as assessed by surface color (a* and MetMb percentage), lipid oxidation (TBARS value), bacterial counts and sensory evaluation (discoloration and odor). Shelf life of fresh meat was extended from 12 to 22 to 28 d, similar to that of display in the darkness, by using either the low UV lamp or the fluorescent with a UV filter.     

罗非鱼副产物综合利用技术研究及产品开发进展

介绍了罗非鱼副产物中蛋白质利用和鱼油提取等技术,并概述了相关风味食品开发进展,展望了罗非鱼副产物利用的前景,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

电子鼻技术研究臭氧水处理对罗非鱼鱼片的新鲜度的影响

采用电子鼻PEN3系统对经不同臭氧水处理的罗非鱼肉进行检测。对传感器进行相关性分析与Loadings分析,由W1C、W5S、W1S、W1W、W2S、W2W和W3S组成新的传感器阵列。对优化后的传感器阵列进行主成分分析,结合挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstances,TBARS）值综合评价臭氧水处理对罗非鱼鱼片的新鲜度的影响。结果表明,利用电子鼻技术得到罗非鱼鱼片的贮藏品质区分结果与TVB-N值、TBARS值0级动力学分析结果基本一致;1 mg/L臭氧水处理5 min不能明显地减缓罗非鱼鱼片在贮藏期新鲜度下降,5 mg/L臭氧水处理10 min能明显地减缓罗非鱼鱼片在贮藏期新鲜度下降。