Über die Fluvographie als Methode zur Erfassung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes der Hornschicht

Fluvography as a Method for the Detection of Humidity of Stratum corneum The heat transport coefficient λ before and after application of wool alcohol ointment for one hour was measured fluvographically on the back of the hand in 15 test subjects. In addition, the tourniquet test was performed to differentiate into λ of the skin with blood flow and λ_G of the skin without blood flow. The results show that the external preparation tested increases the λ_G of the skin without blood flow, but does not influence the microcirculation. In a further 60 test subjects, λ was measured on the back at symmetrical points before and after application of external preparations. The external preparations applied were wool alcohol ointment, aqueous wool alcohol ointment, white vaseline, benzoinated lard, 5% salicylic acid in wool alcohol ointment and 10% precipitated sulfur in wool alcohol ointment. All external preparations tested lead to an increase in λ. However, the increase was most pronounced with wool alcohol ointment. These results may be interpreted in terms on an increase in the water content of the stratum corneum caused by the preparations applied. However, this effect differs in intensity in the different external preparations. The measurement paradigm described may be a suitable method for measuring the water content of the stratum corneum.     

Überlegungen und Experimente zur Tensidadsorption mit Aktivkohle im Bereich geringer Tensidkonzentrationen

Considerations and Experiments on the Adsorption of Surfactants by Activated Carbon in the Range of Low Surfactant Concentration Considerations have been made on the equilibrium adsorption and adsorption kinetics of surfactants on activated carbon and means for studying the same are shown. The results of these measurements as function of surfactant concentrations, temperature and constitution are compared with known data and discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that the activated carbon adsorbs surfactants more rapidly than other compounds having the same molecular weight but containing condensed rings in molecule, which as well may occur in surface waters.     

Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Wärmeübergangs bei der Kondensation

Measures to improve heat transfer for condensation. In the search for measures to improve the heat transfer for condensation, one has to differentiate between condensation of pure vapours and that of mixtures of vapours. For pure vapours a considerable proportion of the heat transfer resistance is associated with the condensed film. The heat transfer can therefore be improved either by reducing the film thickness or by increasing the heat transport across the film. For mixtures of vapours the heat transfer coefficient at the phase interface is often decisive, and one has to investigate the vapour behaviour rather than the condensed film. The present article surveys the options available to improve the heat transfer for film condensation of pure vapours on vertical surfaces, and as well in vertical or horizontal passed pipes as on pipes in a transverse stream.     

Über eine neue,praxisnahe Bestimmung der Aktivitäten von Waschmittelenzymen

A New Procedure for the Determination of Activity of Enzymes Used in Washing Agents The enzyme has become an integral part of a modern washing agent. The properties of such enzymes are determined by a suitable testing procedure, which leads to the application of these biologically active preparations under optimum conditions. In the present paper the mode of action of the enzyme preparations is described in short, followed by a critical consideration of the testing procedures which are currently employed. As a major topic a testing system especially suitable for the washing agent industry is chosen, which takes into account the important characteristics such as range of measurement, choice of substrate, concentration-, temperature- and pH-dependence, as well as the compatibility of the enzymes with other components of the washing agent. Two practical examples are given.     

Über die Aktivität der Phospholipase B der Gerste im Verlaufe der Entwicklung des Kornes

Activity of Phospholipase B in Barley During Growth of the Seed During growth of the barley seed the activity of phospholipase B, which cleaves both the fatty acid rests from lecithin, attains a maximum 13 days after flowering. After this period the activity decreases vey rapidly. The ripe seed exhibits a exhibits a small but distinct residual activity. The action of this enzyme in the formation of lysolecithin and the deposition of the latter in the starch particle is discussed.     

Über die Änderung der Zusammensetzung des Rohmontanwachses bei Benzolextraktion von Braunkohlen

Change of Composition of Crude Montana Wax During Benzene Extraction of Lignites Studies were carried out concerning the yield and change in group composition of benzene extracts of different lignites in relation extraction parameters. Special attention was devoted to kinetics of extraction, temperature of extraction and type of lignite used. The group composition of the fractions obtained is highly characteristic, which is mainly dependent upon temperature of extraction and resin content of the lignite bitumen. At a temperature of 20° C and lower mainly resins are extracted with benzene. The studies permit the prediction of several methods for the selective extraction of lignite with benzene for the preparation of crude montana waxes having low content of resins and asphalt. Thus the choice of raw materials in the lignite extraction can be widened.