扩散渗析法回收硫酸稀土溶液中硫酸研究

对扩散渗析法回收硫酸稀土溶液中硫酸进行了实验研究,结果表明,料液中稀土浓度0～0．2mol／L范围内的较小变化对硫酸回收率没有明显影响;料液流量越大,即设备单位膜面积处理能力越大,硫酸回收率越低,回收液硫酸浓度及稀土截留率也越低,控制硫酸回收率在70％～80％较为合适;水料流量比越大,硫酸回收率越大,但回收液硫酸浓度及稀土截留率均降低,控制水料流量比在1左右较为合适;扩散渗析法能达到有效回收硫酸稀土溶液中硫酸的目的．     

扩散渗析法回收精氨酸生产中的盐酸

为了解决精氨酸生产过程中的无机酸回收和循环再利用问题,采用阴膜扩散渗析法,针对模拟的精氨酸和盐酸混合液,在静态扩散条件下测定了盐酸的渗析系数,并考察动态扩散渗析操作参数如流速、流速比对酸回收率的影响.结果表明,采用DF-120阴离子交换膜,在静态扩散渗析中,盐酸能够顺利地透过膜,精氨酸几乎不能透过;动态扩散实验中流速、流速比对酸的回收率和回收酸的浓度有重要影响:随着流速的增加,盐酸的回收率逐渐降低,精氨酸的截留率基本上没有改变,均达到98.5％以上;流速为2 mL/min时,盐酸回收率最高,可达82％;水/料液流速比增大时,盐酸的回收率增大,但是过高的水/料液流速比又会使回收酸的浓度降低.经济核算表明,对于一个年产30 t精氨酸的装置,相对于中和法,膜扩散渗析法一年能节省的化学原料总费用约98万元,投资回收期为8个月.     

扩散渗析回收含铜退镀液中的硝酸

采用扩散渗析法回收含铜退镀液中的HNO3,考察流量、流量比、温度等因素对硝酸的回收率、回收液中硝酸浓度以及铜和镍离子截留率的影响.将单级扩散渗析仪改装成新的三级扩散渗析仪,考察了三级逆流扩散渗析对实验结果的影响.单级扩散渗析的结果表明,最佳条件:水/料的流比为1∶1、流量90 mL/h、温度19℃,其硝酸回收率为86.95％、回收浓度6.04 mol/L、Cu2+和Ni2+的截留率分别为90.19％、92.71％.相对于单级扩散渗析,自行改装的三级扩散渗析过程能达到更高回收酸浓度和单位时间内处理更多的料液.在含铜退镀液体系下,利用国产扩散膜实现了扩散渗析对于H+和金属离子具有良好的分离,同时达到了回收硝酸浓度高于原退镀液的效果.     

扩散渗析法回收不锈钢酸洗废液中硝酸

采用扩散渗析法回收不锈钢表面酸洗废液中的硝酸.实验比较了两种扩散渗析膜用于酸回收的分离性能,考察了废酸流量、废酸浓度等对动态扩散渗析回收酸的浓度和金属离子的截留率的影响.实验结果表明:APS型阴离子交换膜的性能略优于DSV型膜,在合适的条件下,硝酸回收率大于85%,金属离子截留率大于95%.结果表明扩散渗析对于酸和金属盐的分离是一个极其有效的工艺.     

阴离子交换膜渗析法回收含硫酸钠的高浓度硫酸废水

根据Fick扩散定律 ,提出了测定H2 SO4和Na2 SO4在阴离子交换膜中扩散速度的方法 .静态法测定结果显示 ,对含 2 5 0～ 3 5 0g/LH2 SO4、1 0 0～ 1 2 0g/LNa2 SO4的废水 ,常温下 ,A2 0 和 3 3 62BW膜中H 平均扩散速度分别为 8.0× 1 0 -4m/h和 7.8× 1 0 -4m/h,Na 平均扩散速度分别为 5 .9× 1 0 -5m/h和 6.6× 1 0 -5m/h,这预示两膜都能实现废酸中H2 SO4和Na2 SO4的有效分离 .动态法分离废酸结果表明 ,H2 SO4回收率达 83 .4% ,回收酸中Na2 SO4含量下降至 5 .2 g/L     

电渗析法回收含Cu,Fe,Ni硫酸溶液中的硫酸

本文研究了用电渗析法从含铜、铁、镍离子的酸性溶液中回收硫酸的行为。测定了电流密度、给液的初始酸浓度、金属离子类别和浓度对硫酸回收效率的影响，实验结果表明：给液中初始硫酸浓度为１０￣２００ｇ／ｌ，金属离子浓度４￣５０ｇ／ｌ时，硫酸可以通过电渗析法有效地进行回收，有少量金属离子随同硫酸一起进入产物液，对产物液的污染程度为：铜＞＞铁＞镍，这一现象可由实验所测得的膜电阻：铜＜铁＜镍得到解释。电渗析过程中硫     

扩散渗析处理化纤厂酸性废水

用均相阴离子交换膜分离废液中硫酸和硫酸钠。废酸中的悬浮物,容易造成膜污染,需要适当的预处理。试验系统的酸回收率、盐截留率、回收酸与废酸浓度比均可达70％－80％。根据试验结果给出了工业装置估算。     

废退锡液中硝酸和锡的综合回收

通过考察铁盐、铜盐和亚锡盐对硝酸扩散系数的影响研究了采用扩散渗析法从废退锡液中回收硝酸的可行性,实际样品的研究表明,扩散渗析法回收硝酸的回收率在70％以上．余液利用离子膜-电沉积法回收其中的金属锡,最佳工艺条件为:温度30-40℃、槽电压3．5 V、电流密度1．0-2．3 A／dm2,并保持阳极液搅拌,此时锡的回收率达62％,电流效率在60％以上．结果表明,扩散渗析-离子膜-电沉积组合工艺可有效回收硝酸型废退锡液中的硝酸和锡,以实现其资源化利用．     

液膜法从金矿贫液中除氰及回收氰化钠的小型工业化试验

本文提出了一种用乳化液膜法处理金矿含氰废水的新工艺,建立了规模为日处理量10～20m~3的一套小型工业化试验的液膜装置。研究了传质的影响因素及操作参数对除氰和回收氰化钠的影响。经运转操作证明,用该工艺流程能有效地从锌粉置换后的含氰贫液中将氰化钠浓缩回收并可重复使用,同时,使排放液中的游离氰根离子浓度低于0.5mg/L,达到国家排放标准。整个过程,氰的去除率达99％以上,氰化钠的回收率高于90％。经三个月的运转操作进行了经济估算,证明液膜法较其它方法优越。     

关于采用冷却结晶设备从微蚀液回收硫酸铜资源回收利用探讨

电路扳制作业定期排放以硫酸／双氧水一种微蚀液,主要是蚀刻电路板上不需要的金属铜,该微蚀液会造成废水处理水质不稳定,并产生大量的金属污泥,造成贵金属铜的大大浪费。本文从微蚀液的来源及其特点出发,对国内外主要处理方法进行了简要的介绍,对各种方法的特点及适用性进行了分析,并指出了以硫酸／双氧水一种微蚀液资源回收利用的主要发展方向。     

Recovery of sulfuric acid from waste aluminum surface processing solution by diffusion dialysis

Diffusion dialysis with anionic ion exchange membranes was employed to recover sulfuric acid from the waste acid solution of aluminum surface processing plant. Experiments were conducted to examine the dialyzer performances under various operating conditions, including feed flow rates, sulfuric acid concentration in the feed solution, temperature and number of pieces of ion exchange membrane. Diffusion dialysis was found very efficient for this purpose. Based on the test results, optimum operating conditions of these variables were identified. Preliminary economic evaluation of the process indicated that diffusion dialysis is highly viable for sulfuric acid recovery due to its short payback period.     

Recovery of H2SO4 from waste acid solution by a diffusion dialysis method

A diffusion dialysis method using anion exchange membrane was used to recover H2SO4 from waste sulfuric acid solution produced at the diamond manufacturing process. Effects of flow rate, operation temperature, and metal ion concentration on the recovery of H2SO4 were investigated. The recovery of H2SO4 increased with the concentration of H2SO4 and operation temperature. It also increased with the flow rate ratio of water/H2SO4 solution up to 1, above which no further increase was observed. The flow rate did not affect the rejection of Fe and Ni ions. About 80% of H2SO4 could be recovered from waste sulfuric acid which contained 4.5M free-H2SO4 at the flow rate of 0.26x10(-3) m3/hm3. The concentration of recovered H2SO4 was 4.3M and the total impurity was 2000 ppm. Preliminary economic evaluation has revealed that the dialysis system is highly attractive one that has payback period of only few months.     

Recovery of nitric acid from waste etching solution using solvent extraction

As part of our efforts to identify effective ways and means to keep source water safe, the concept of risk assessment and management is introduced in this paper to address the issue of risk assessment and management of arsenic in source water in China. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk are calculated for different concentrations of arsenic in source water using the corrective equation between potential health risk and concentration of arsenic in source water with purification process taken into consideration. It is justified through analyses that risk assessment and management is suitable for China to control pollution of source water. The permissible content of arsenic in source water should be set at 0.01 mg/L at present in China, and necessary risk management measures include control contaminated sources and improvement of purification efficiency.     

Recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards by a mechanical method using a water medium

Research on the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (PCB) is at the forefront of environmental pollution prevention and resource recycling. To effectively crush waste PCB and to solve the problem of secondary pollution from fugitive odors and dust created during the crushing process, a wet impacting crusher was employed to achieve comminution liberation of the PCB in a water medium. The function of water in the crushing process was analyzed. When using slippery hammerheads, a rotation speed of 1470 rpm, a water flow of 6 m³/h and a sieve plate aperture of 2.2 mm, 95.87% of the crushed product was sized less than 1 mm. 94.30% of the metal was in this grade of product. Using smashed material graded −1 mm for further research, a Falcon concentrator was used to recover the metal from the waste PCB. Engineering considerations were the liberation degree, the distribution ratio of the metal and a way to simplify the technology. The separation mechanism for fine particles of different densities in a Falcon concentrator was analyzed in detail and the separation process in the segregation and separation zones was deduced. Also, the magnitude of centrifugal acceleration, the back flow water pressure and the feed slurry concentration, any of which might affect separation results, were studied. A recovery model was established using Design-Expert software. Separating waste PCB, crushed to −1 mm, with the Falcon separator gave a concentrated product graded 92.36% metal with a recovery of 97.05%. To do this the reverse water pressure was 0.05 MPa, the speed transducer frequency was set at 30 Hz and the feed density was 20 g/l. A flow diagram illustrating the new technique of wet impact crushing followed by separation with a Falcon concentrator is provided. The technique will prevent environmental pollution from waste PCB and allow the effective recovery of resources. Water was used as the medium throughout the whole process.     

Recovery of mercury from dental amalgam waste

Dental amalgam waste contains metals such as mercury, silver and tin. Extraction of mercury by distillation was realized in a testing equipment filled with argon at ambient pressure. The influence of temperature and time on the recovery of mercury was investigated. The minimum temperature at which the distillation started was 360°C. For a fast and complete extraction a temperature of at least 500°C was needed.     

Tuning the diffusion dialysis performance by surface cross-linking of PPO anion exchange membranes--simultaneous recovery of sulfuric acid and nickel from electrolysis spent liquor of relatively low acid concentration

The results of the development of the industrial diffusion dialysis technology and the unit based on it for sulfate acid recovery from nickel electrolysis waste have been considered. Unlike most acid recovery systems, this system has a relatively low acid concentration and the main aim is to recover both nickel and acid sulfate by recycling the waste and the recovered acid to the respective steps of electrolysis process. So the waste volume control seems to be the most important thing. To satisfy with this new request, the membrane is surface-cross-linked with aqueous ammonium to decrease waste volume expansion caused by the water osmosis. The results showed that the best membrane for such operation is the one that cross-linked at least 8 h with a volumetric expansion factor (volumetric ratio of waste to feed) less than 1.1. Pilot diffusional runs were conducted with this membrane at various feed flow rate and flow ratio of stripping water and feed. After comprehensively considering all factors, the range of feed flow and the flow ratio has been recommended to be 1.2-1.8 l/h and 1.05-1.1, respectively. Under these conditions, nickel leakage can be controlled within 4% and the acid recover ratio can attain as high as 66-72%. The recovered acid can be recycled to the back-extraction step by mixing it with high concentration acid and the waste recycled to the initial leaching stage by adjusting the acid concentration to recover valuable metal nickel and the residual acid. Therefore, the new technology discards nothing and shows many advantages whether in environmental aspect or economical aspect and thus should be deserved attention.     

Investigation of radiation scattering by sulfuric acid drops

A study was made of the scattering of radiation by polydispersed drops of sulfuric acid, with gamma and log-normal distributions of the drops according to size. Scattering functions, attenuation coefficients, and backscattering coefficients were calculated.The study was conducted according to a plan of bilateral collaboration between the A. V. Lykov Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, Academy of Sciences of the Belorussian SSR, and State University of New York at Stony Brook, with the support of the National Science Founddation, U. S. A., No. Eng. 77-09124.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 863–870, May, 1980.