一种电流变液体减振器的结构研究

电流变液体是指在电场作用下其流变性质能迅速发生变化的一类流体,基于这一原理我们分析了电流变流体的力学性能,针对电流变减振器的结构,论述了该电流变减振器模型的工作原理,建立电流变减振器阻尼特性计算的数学模型并进行仿真分析,对构成阻尼力特性影响的主要参数进行了研究。研究表明:电流变液体减振器的机械结构对充分体现电流变效应的功能,实现振动的有效控制起着重要作用。     

STUDY ON ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID DAMPER FOR APPLICATION IN MACHINING CHATTER CONTROL

The electrorheological fluid(ERF)is a kind of intelligent material with bright prospects for industry applications, which has viscoelastic characteristic: under the applied electric field. The dynamic model of a milling system with an ERF damper is established, and the chatter suppression mechanism of the ER effect is discussed theoretically. Both the theoretical study and the experimental investigation show that the additional damping and additioaal stiffness produced by the ERF increase with the rise in the strength of electric field E, but their influence on the cutting stability is different. Only when both additional damping and additional stiffress cooperate, the milling chatter can be suppressed quickly and effectively. In additional, an ERF dumper used on the arbor of horizontal spindle milling machine is developed, and a series of milling shatter control experiments are performed. The experimental results show that the milling chatter can be suppressed effectively by using the ER damper.     

一种新型的ER液体剪切性能测试装置

ＥＲ液体是一种在电场作用下可改变其剪切粘性的液体、本文介绍了一种可用来考察其剪切特性的装置，利用该装置不仅可分析ＥＲ液体的力矩传递特性与电场强度、剪切速率、电极间距离等因素的关系，并且稍加改进还可利用它来考察ＥＲ液体对外电场的响应时间。这对高性能ＥＲ液体的研制及其实际的工程应用都是非常必要的、最后通过对由硅油－硅胶组成液体的剪切试验，验证了该装置的有效性。     

Vibration and noise control of structural systems using squeeze mode ER mounts

This paper presents vibration and noise control of flexible structures using squeeze mode electro-rheological mounts. After verifying that the damping force of the ER mount can be controlled by the intensity of the electric fild, two different types of ER squeeze mounts have been devised. Firstly, a small size ER mount to support 3 kg is manufactured and applied to the frame structure to control the vibration. An optimal controller which consists of the velocity and the transmitted force feedback signals is designed and implemented to attenuate both the vibration and the transmitted forces. Secondly, a large size of ER mount to support 200 kg is devised and applied to the shell structure to reduce the radiated noise. Dynamic modeling and controller design are undertaken in order to evaluate noise control performance as well as isolation performance of the transmitted force. The radiated noise from the cylindrical shell is calculated by SYSNOISE using forces which are transmitted to the cylindrical shell through two-stage mounting system.     

基于ER阻尼的WEDM电极丝恒张力微机控制

电流变液是一种可控智能阻尼介质,其表观粘度和剪切屈服应力随外加电场发生快速变化。设计了一种以ER阻尼器为执行元件的恒张力微机控制系统,系统响应快,较好地解决了电火花线切割加工过程中的张力测量和控制精度问题,实现了电极丝的恒张力控制。     

A study on the control characteristics of ER valve-FHA system and durability test

In this paper, making the best use of the features of the electro-rheological (ER) valve, a two-port pressure control valve using ER fluids is proposed and manufactured. The ER-Valve characteristics are evaluated by changing the intensity of the electric field and the number of electrode. As only with electrical signal change to the ER-Valve in which ER fluid flowing, ER fluid flow is controlled, so development of simple ER-Valves have been tried. The ER-Valves and pressure drop check method are considered to be applied to the fluid power industry. Using the manufactured pressure control valve, a one-link manipulator with FHA (Flexible Hydraulic Actuator) is driven. As a result, it is experimentally confirmed that the pressure control valve using ER fluids is applicable to use in driving actuator. If it applies characteristics of the ER fluids, it will be able to apply in the control system for the ER Valve which occurs from industrial controller. After having durability test, shear stress increased regularly because of starch particles crushed by pump and particle size that was almost the same. Moreover, Ra of copper electrode increased about 1.56 times rather than before those of performing durability test, and Rz increased about 2.2 times.     

含智能流变材料铝合金夹层板结构的动力学特性研究

通过对一种含电流变液铝合金夹层板智能结构的动力学实验与仿真，分析和研究该结构在外电场作用下的动力特性变化。实验发现，利用外部控制条件(电场强度)的变化，可以改变结构的固有特性，如自然频率、结构阻尼等，可实现对结构的主动控制。数值分析时采用粘弹性材料等效处理方法模拟电流变材料，计算得到的结构振动特性与实验结果吻合较好。实验与仿真计算结果均表明，随着电场强度的增大，结构固有频率也随之出现上升，且增幅与场强有关；同时，电流变材料对结构振动所产生的阻尼效应不仅受外加电场影响，还与外加激励频率有关，响应控制实验结果说明电流变材料对结构在固有频率附近所产生响应的控制效果要更为明显一些。     

电流变阀外置的汽车双筒液力减振器的理论及试验研究

介绍了电流变阀外置的新型汽车减振器的理论、结构及试验研究。阐述了电流变液体减振器阻尼力和电场的关系,其阻尼力由两部分组成:一部分是由粘性阻尼引起的牛顿力,无电场作用时,作为普通的减振器用;另一部分是由所加电场引起的切应力,它与所加电场强度成正比。试验结果表明:所设计的新型汽车电流变液体减振器具有阻尼力变化大、响应快、控制容易、结构简单和能源消耗低等特点,满足了汽车工程的实际需要,具有重要工程实用价值。     

基于电流变液换向阀的设计与仿真

该文阐述了电流变液作为工作介质应用于电流变液换向阀的工作原理,设计了一种ER桥式的电流变液换向阀数学模型,对电流变阀控制系统进行了理论分析,并进行了仿真。     

电流变液静态屈服应力的实验研究

本介绍了一种新的电流变液静态屈服应力测试方法,通过一个阀型装置对基于沸石和硅油的电流变液静态屈服应力进行了测试,结果表明,电流变液的静态屈服应力与外加电场强度的平方成正比,并以此作为电流变液器件设计的一个依据。     

电流变技术在机床颤振控制中应用的研究

研究开发了一种控制机床颤振的电流变减振器。理论分析和试验结果表明,电流变减振器的刚度及阻尼随外加电场强度的增加而增大,主振系统的振幅随电场强度的增加而减小。只要场强选取适当,采用电流变减振装置可以使铣床心轴的振幅降低50%～80%。试验在卧式升降台铣床上进行。     

电流变减振器用于铣床振动控制的试验研究

试验研究了电流变减振器在铣床颤振控制中的应用。试验发现，电流变减振器的刚度及阻尼随外加电场强度的增加而增大，主振系统的振幅随电场强度的增加而减小。试验表明电流变减振器具有控振效果明显、结构简单的特点。只要场强选取适当，采用电流变减振装置可以控制铣床刀杆系统的颤振。     

Vibration control of a structure using Magneto-Rheological grease damper

This paper describes an application study of Magneto-Rheological (MR) grease damper to a structure with three stories. MR fluid is known as one of successful smart materials whose rheological properties can be varied by magnetic field strength, and has been applied to various kinds of device such as dampers, clutches, engine mounts, etc. However, ferromagnetic particles dispersed in MR fluid settle out of the suspension after a certain interval due to the density difference between the particles and their career fluid. To overcome this defect, we have developed a new type of controllable working fluid using grease as the career of magnetic particles. Network of thickener in grease is expected to hold the magnetic particles and prevent them from settled down. No or little sedimentation was observed in MR grease whose characteristics could be controlled by the magnetic field strength. MR grease was introduced into a cylindrical damper and its performance was studied. As a result, it was confirmed that the damping force of MR grease damper could be controlled by the applied electric current to the coil in the cylinder of damper. Furthermore, vibration response of a three-story model structure equipped with MR grease damper was investigated experimentally, and it was shown that MR grease damper worked effectively as a semi-active damper.     

电流变液在工程中的应用

电流变液是一种在电场下暧时从液态变为类固态的智能材料。由于它能在瞬时改变材料的力学性能，增加了其表观粘度和强度，又具有可逆性，因而在工业上极具应用前景。本文主要论述了国内外电流变液研究在工程中的应用前景和发展趋向。     

Complex moduli of electrorheological material under oscillatory shear

The electrorheological (ER) material embedded in the sandwich structure is subjected to oscillating shear as the structure is in vibration. According to this shear deformation mechanism, a testing apparatus with ER material filled in a fixture consisting of parallel plates is built in this study. With the controlled relative displacement between the parallel plates, the complex moduli, loss factor, and the dissipated energy of the ER material under oscillating shear are measured. The effects of the electric field strength, strain amplitude, and frequency on these dynamic properties are investigated. It is found that the constitutive model proposed in the previous work accurately describes the characteristics of the ER material under this loading condition.     

Vibration control of a frame structure using electro-rheological fluid mounts

A squeeze-mode electro-rheological (ER) mount has been designed, manufactured, and applied to the vibration control of a frame structure subjected to external excitations. After verifying that the damping force of the ER mount can be controlled by controlling the applied voltage, a frame structure system supported by spring mounts and the proposed ER mounts has been assembled. The governing equation of the structural system is derived in the modal coordinate and is rewritten as a state-space control model. An optimal controller, which consists of the velocity feedback signal of the frame structure and the force feedback signal transmitted from the exciting point to the mount position, is formulated in order to attenuate the imposed excitations. The controller has been optimized experimentally and control responses such as the acceleration of the frame structure and the transmitted force at each mount position are presented in both time and frequency domains.     

CFD analysis of journal bearing hydrodynamic lubrication by Bingham lubricant

Design of smart journal-bearing systems is an important issue that opens up the possibility for semi-active dynamic control of bearing behavior. Recent studies show that there is an increasing interest in designing hydrodynamically lubricated bearings using electro-rheological fluids (ERFs) or magneto-rheological fluids (MRFs). Both smart fluids behave like Bingham fluids, and thus the Bingham plastic model is used to describe the grease and the electro-rheological (ER) and magneto-rheological (MR) fluids behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid flow. The performance characteristics of a hydrodynamic journal bearing lubricated with a Bingham fluid are derived by means of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) analysis. The FLUENT software package is used to calculate the hydrodynamic balance of the journal using the so-called “dynamic mesh” technique. The results obtained from the developed 3-D CFD model are found to be in very good agreement with experimental and analytical data from previous investigations on Bingham fluids.Journal-bearing performance characteristics, such as relative eccentricity, attitude angle, pressure distribution, friction coefficient, lubricant flow rate, and the angle of maximum pressure, are derived and presented for several length over diameter (L/D) bearing ratios and dimensionless shear numbers T₀ of the Bingham fluid. The above diagrams are presented in the form of Raimondi and Boyd charts, and can easily be used in the design and analysis of journal bearings lubricated with Bingham fluids. The core profile formed in the bearing is also calculated and presented for various bearing eccentricities, L/D ratios, and shear numbers T₀, and found to be in very good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical investigations. The analysis presented here leads to charts that could be used by the designer engineer to design smart journal bearings.     

Directionally controllable squeeze film damper using liquid crystal

Liquid crystals (LC) are characterized by its phase, which appears as an intermediate state between crystalline solid and isotropic liquid. This intermediate, phase is caused by orientation of molecules, and it can be controlled by an externally applied electric or magnetic field. Subjected to an electric field, the viscosity of the LC varies according to the applied electric field strength, which is called the electroviscous effect. This paper describes an application study of the electroviscous effect of a LC to a controllable squeeze film damper (SFD) for a rotating machine. A prototype controllable SFD using a LC was constructed and its performance was studied. It should be noted that the present SFD can produce anisotropic damping force for a flexible rotor at the supporting position, which enables us to stabilize a flexible rotor in a wide range of its rotating speed.     

新型电流变制动器的结构初步设计及性能分析

根据电流变(electro-rheological，ER)流体的力学性能并结合原有制动器的特点，设计一种能够更大幅度提高ER制动器制动力矩的新型ER制动器，给出其结构示意图和制动力矩的计算公式。通过对DF11机车制动时间和制动距离的仿真计算，显示在同样的外加电场和ER流体材料的情况下，新型ER制动器可大大缩短制动距离和制动时间，其制动性能是非常显著的。     

电流变液在结构振动抑制中的应用研究

根据结构抑振的应用要求,研制出了几种零场粘度低、有场粘度变化梯度大的电流变液,并设计制作了电流变液静态屈服应力测试仪,测试出了所研制的电流变液的静态屈服性能随电场强度和液体组份比变化的曲线。利用自制的电流变液,对含电流变液的夹层板振动进行了单模态抑制,由此得出电流变液对振动机理在于：一方面通过电流变阻尼效应降低结构振动响应的幅值,特别是共振峰的幅值;另一方面通过电流变刚度效应使结构的有效刚度增加,结构的共振点发生移动,从而使结构在共振频率激励下的振幅大大降低。对本文的夹层板模型,在３ｋＶ／ｍ ｍ 的电场强度下,第三阶模态的响应幅值降低了９０％ 。