Walsh-Hadamard-transform-based SC-FDMA system using WARP hardware

Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is currently being used in long-term evolution uplink communications owing to its low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This study proposes a new transceiver design for an SC-FDMA system based on Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT). The proposed WHT-based SC-FDMA system has low-PAPR and better bit-error rate (BER) performance compared with the conventional SC-FDMA system. The WHT-based SC-FDMA transmitter has the same complexity as that of discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based transmitter, while the receiver's complexity is higher than that of the DFT-based receiver. The exponential companding technique is used to reduce its PAPR without degrading its BER. Moreover, the performances of different ordered WHT systems have been studied in additive white Gaussian noise and multipath fading environments. The proposed system has been verified experimentally by considering a real-time channel with the help of wireless open-access research platform hardware. The supremacy of the proposed transceiver is demonstrated based on simulated and experimental results.     

Transforming the Statistical Distribution of Wireless OFDM Signal for PAPR Reduction

To reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal, a novel nonlinear companding transform (CT) scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme can reallocate both the amplitude/power as well as statistical distribution of the companded signal more reasonably and flexibly than existing CT methods with low computational complexity. By choosing an appropriate companding parameter, it can provide more effective PAPR reduction but at the price of a minimal amount of bit-error-rate (BER) performance degradation caused by the companding distortion. The closed-form expressions including the achievable PAPR gain, signal attenuation factor, and corresponding selection criteria for the companding parameter were derived. Computer simulations demonstrate that the scheme significantly improves the overall performances of OFDM system in terms of PAPR, BER and bandwidth efficiency under the multipath fading channel or with the high power amplifier.

     

降低GFDM峰均功率比的低复杂度算法

为降低广义频分复用(GFDM)系统的峰均功率比(PAPR)、实现复杂度,提出了基于T变换和选择性映射(SLM)的TSLM算法,该算法的设计思想是利用SLM算法增加GFDM时域备选信号的数量以降低其PAPR,利用T变换实现串联的沃尔什-哈达玛变换和离散傅里叶反变换以降低GFDM系统的复杂度。为进一步降低GFDM系统的PAPR,提出了将TSLM算法和转换向量(CV)相结合的TCSLM算法,利用CV向量进一步增加GFDM时域备选信号的数量。结果表明,在子载波数为64、子符号数为3、相位序列数为2时,与SLM算法相比,TSLM算法和TCSLM算法的实现复杂度分别降低约21.9%和60.9%;在互补累计分布函数(CCDF)为10^?3时,TSLM算法和TCSLM算法的PAPR分别降低约0.6 dB和1 dB;在误比特率为10^?3时TSLM算法和TCSLM算法的误码性能均改善约2 dB。     

基于小波变换的可见光OFDM通信系统性能优化

在可见光通信中, 由于信道的多径效应和信道衰减在传统正交频分复用(OFDM)系统会产生符号间干扰, 从而降低系统的可靠性。为了保障通信质量, 采用带有循环前缀的OFDM系统来抵抗多径效应引起的符号干扰; 为了降低系统的误比特率和峰均比, 采用Haar小波来实现系统有效性、可靠性、峰均比等参量的性能优化, 并采用蒙特卡洛法进行了仿真验证。结果表明, 当系统的误比特率为10-4时, 离散小波变换OFDM系统较快速傅里叶变换OFDM(FFT-OFDM)系统的误码性能大约提高了5dB, 通信效率提高了大约11%;当系统的峰均比为5dB时, FFT-OFDM系统的互补累计分布函数(CCDF)值接近10-2, DWT-OFDM系统的CCDF值为0。该研究为可见光小波变换OFDM通信提供了参考。     

Interleaving effects on BER fairness and PAPR in OFDMA System

Considering an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system, in this study we analyze the role of interleavers from their capability in ensuring uniformity of Bit Error Rate (BER) performance amongst the active users. In addition, we also investigate their Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) properties. From the uniformity or fairness in BER perspective, we first consider a generic system and show that for a slowly changing multipath channel, individual user’s BER performance can vary from each other to a great extent, implying that the propagation channel effect is unfairly distributed on the users. Applying different types of frequency interleaving mechanisms, we demonstrate that the choice of interleaving can ensure better BER fairness on an individual user basis. In particular, by introducing the application of cyclically shifted random interleaver, we demonstrate its effectiveness in achieving BER fairness dispersion in individual users BER reduced by 89% compared to no interleaving at 15 dB Signal to Noise Ratio. We then explore the comparative performance of different interleavers considering variable number of total subcarriers, variable number of users and variable number of subcarriers per users. Finally, going back to the generic OFDMA, we investigate the PAPR distribution of different interleavers at various active user densities. Based on the results we conclude that when the total number of subcarriers per user is relatively low, i.e., a system which is heavily loaded with active users, cyclically shifted random interleavers can effectively ensure uniform performance amongst active users with reduced system complexity and manageable PAPR. In all other cases, interleaving with fixed amount of subcarrier spacing is the best solution.     

A low‐complexity companding technique using Padé approximation for PAPR reduction of an OFDM system

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems have become the most promising wireless communication systems in the recent years. For OFDM systems, there is one major drawback, which is the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). Companding techniques have been frequently proposed to reduce PAPR. Exponential companding technique offers efficient PAPR reduction with a low bit error rate (BER). However, the exponential companding technique is difficult to implement. This paper utilizes the Padé approximation to simplify the exponential companding technique. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed companding technique offers the same performance results as those of the exponential companding technique, while Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) or multipath fading channel is considered. Further, the hardware implementation results show that the complexity of the proposed companding technique is less than that of the exponential companding technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hartley变换OFDM调制的可见光通信研究

针对正交频分复用(OFDM)可见光通信系统中存在高峰均功率比的问题，将预编码与迭代限幅滤波技术相结合应用于Hartley变换OFDM调制的可见光通信系统中，并对传统的采用FFT/IFFT限幅滤波的OFDM系统进行改进。根据建立的FHT的可见光OFDM系统模型，分别比较了不同方案下系统的频谱利用率、PAPR和误码率等性能，并分析了离散余弦变换和Hadamard矩阵预编码对PAPR的抑制作用以及FFT/IFFT、DCT/IDCT和FHT/IFHT三种不同变换方案的滤波性能。结果表明:FHT的可见光OFDM系统比FFT的OFDM系统的计算复杂度低、频谱利用率高；DCT预编码技术在克服系统PAPR及提升系统误码性能上更具优势；FHT/IFHT迭代限幅滤波的误码性能优于FFT/IFFT和DCT/IDCT。      

Performance enhancement of UWA‐OFDM communication systems based on FWHT

The available bandwidth of underwater environment tends to several kilohertz, which considers the main challenges of communications under sea water. On the other hand, the bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance degrades because of several reasons such as multipath propagation, time variabilities of the channel, attenuation, and water temperature. In this paper, we aim to improve the underwater acoustic (UWA) BER system performance by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based on fast Walsh‐Hadamard transform (FWHT) instead off fast Fourier transform (FFT). We proposed a low‐complexity equalization and carrier frequency offset (CFO) compensation for UWA‐OFDM–based FWHT using banded‐matrix approximation concept. Simulation results show that the UWA‐OFDM–based FWHT with low‐density parity check (LDPC) codes give a good improvement performance compared with traditional OFDM in UWA system especially in case of estimation errors.     

基于宽带突发单载波频域均衡传输的时域精细信道估计方法

单载波频域均衡(SC-FDE)是宽带无线通信系统中一种具有竞争力的解决方案,获得了广泛的关注和研究。SC-FDE方案不仅抗多径能力出色、复杂度低,且具有比正交频分复用(OFDM)信号更低的峰均比值。在突发SC- FDE系统中,接收机需要利用训练序列快速获取信道的特征信息,以避免解调性能损失。传统的基于训练序列的信道估计方法并不适合宽带猝发SC-FDE系统,难以兼顾估计准确性和复杂度。该文提出一种基于时域训练序列的精细信道估计方法。该方法利用时域PN序列得到信道参数的最大似然估计值,并利用信道稀疏的特征,根据信道噪声强度对信道估计值进行噪声抑制处理。仿真表明:与传统信道估计方法相比,该信道估计方法能取得更高的估计精度,且具有较低的实现复杂度。     

Utilizing a novel root companding transform technique to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems

One major defect in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) at the transmitter. The linear nonsymmetrical transform (LNST) technique, one of the companding transform (CT) techniques for PAPR reduction, offers excellent performance, but requires additional side information. In this paper, a new ‘root CT’ technique without additional side information is proposed, and it can reach a good trade‐off between the PAPR reduction and the bit error rate (BER). The theoretical analysis of the proposed root technique is also derived. The simulation results show that the proposed root CT technique can achieve more efficient PAPR reduction and better power spectrum density than those of the LNST technique. The BER of the proposed CT technique without additional side information is close to that of the LNST technique with additional side information when the AWGN or multipath fading channels are considered. Furthermore, the simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed technique offers better performance than that of the µ‐law technique over the AWGN and multipath fading channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constrained Message Length Coding for Low Peak to Average Power Ratio in FBMC: OQAM Systems

The FBMC generation techniques are found to surmount the disadvantages of the IFFT/FFT based OFDM system. The minimization of PAPR is a much sought after solution by all multi-carrier methods. This paper investigates the possibility of a unified approach for error control coding and PAPR minimization in an FBMC-OQAM system. A new coding procedure called Constrained Message Length (CML) coding is presented in this paper. A new perspective on PAPR and an analytical framework for estimating the PAPR is also presented. Hybrid techniques using coding and companding are tested for different channel models, and their BER performance is on par with the BCH system. The proposed system is of low complexity and has a PAPR of only 3.81 dB, which is better than or comparable with the existing systems that are using complex methods. This paper has uniquely investigated the dependence of PAPR on the input data variation for a different set of random data loads. The CML coding proposed here can minimize the input data dependent PAPR deviation to a low variance of 0.045 dB, which provides an increased linear region of operation to the power amplifier in the RF section.

     

A ZCMT Precoding Based Multicarrier OFDM System to Minimize the High PAPR

This paper presents a Zadoff-Chu matrix transform (ZCMT) precoding based multicarrier orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) system to minimize the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In the proposed system, ZCMT kernel is applied to the constellation symbols which not only reduces PAPR but also improves bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The ZCMT precoded OFDM signals allow the radio-frequency high-power-amplifier (HPA) to operate near its saturation level, thus maximize the power efficiency. Extensive computer simulations have been performed to analyze the PAPR, BER and power-spectral-density (PSD). Simulation results show that the proposed system has excellent PAPR gain and BER performance with no spectral distortion.     

降低TDCS峰均功率比算法及性能分析

针对变换域通信系统出现的高峰均功率比的问题,提出了一种降低TDCS系统峰均功率比的算法。该算法通过对随机相位进行选择,生成一定数量的基函数,并在此基础上,寻找到峰均功率比较低的基函数来传输数据,从而得到改进的TDCS框图。仿真结果表明,改进算法能在不影响TDCS的误码率性能的情况下有效降低PAPR,在CCDF为10-3时,改进算法的PA0较原始TDCS降低了6.1 dB。     

低复杂度OFDM信号峰均功率比压缩技术

本文提出了一种用于减小OFDM信号峰均功率比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio,PAPR)的压缩扩张变换技术.该技术能够以相对较低的计算复杂度大大降低OFDM信号的PAPR.作为应用实例,本文分析了线性压缩扩张、非线性对称压缩扩张和非线性准对称压缩扩张的PAPR改善幅度、计算复杂度、及其用于OFDM系统时对系统误比特率(BER)的改善等方面的性能.实验仿真表明,与采用传统的限幅滤波方法相比,本文提出的技术可以获得较明显的性能增益.     

Novel Conversion Matrices for Simplifying the IFFT Computation of an SLM-Based PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM Systems

There have been a set of conversion matrices proposed recently by Wang and Ouyang to simplify the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) computation involved in the selected mapping (SLM) scheme for reduction of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. As compared to the conventional SLM scheme, the modified approach achieves close PAPR reduction with much lower complexity but degraded bit error rate (BER) performance. In this paper, we propose a new set of conversion matrices for the SLM scheme such that the complexity can be reduced without sacrificing the BER performance. It is shown that the improved SLM method has better BER performance and lower complexity than the previous work by Wang and Ouyang, at the cost of a slight PAPR reduction loss.     

The Impact of Nonlinear HPA on the Determination of the Impulse Sample Power in IP-OFDM Systems

The recently introduced impulse postfix OFDM (IP-OFDM) system, which performs channel estimation in time-domain by exploiting the IP instead of pilot tones, can achieve the enhanced bit error rate (BER) performance compared to that of conventional OFDM systems. Since there is a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue of using the IP, however, the decision criteria for determining the power boosting factor (PBF) of IP were proposed to resolve the PAPR issue while achieving the optimum BER performance in the IP-OFDM system with an ideal high power amplifier (HPA). In this paper, a practical IP-OFDM system with a nonlinear HPA is considered and the impact of nonlinear HPA on the determination of the PBF of IP as well as the BER performance are analyzed. The BER lower bound is also derived in the case of QPSK and 16QAM. It is shown that the approximated lower bound approaches to the simulation results as the PBF is increased. According to the analytical results, due to the nonlinearity of the HPA, 1–3dB increased PBF than the ideal PBF is required to achieve the optimum BER performance, which is even deteriorated compared to that of IP-OFDM with an ideal soft envelope limiter.     

A New Transceiver Scheme for OFDMA System Based on Discrete Cosine Transform and Phase Modulation

A high peak-to-average power ratio of the transmit signal is a major drawback of multicarrier transmissions, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). An alternative approach to mitigate the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem is based on signal transformation using phase modulation (PM). A phase modulation based systems have the advantage of constant envelope (CE) signals and the ability to improve the diversity of multipath channels. In this paper, a different implementation of discrete Fourier transform DFT-OFDMA system which is based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) is proposed. The DCT-OFDMA system is then used to develop a new transceiver system called DCT-OFDMA-PM which refers to discrete cosine OFDMA with phase modulation. The PM input signal to be modulated must be real which can be produced using DCT-OFDMA with pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM). The new system involves a signal transformation prior to amplification. This gives the advantage of CE (i.e. 0 dB PAPR). The proposed system is implemented with frequency domain equalization (FDE) to obtain high diversity gains over the frequency multipath channel. Simulation the PM-based systems with multipath fading can outperform that with single path fading.     

联合迭代滤波与压扩参数优化的OFDM信号峰平比抑制

针对现有基于压扩变换处理的信号峰平比抑制方法性能单一且参数固定等缺陷,提出一种联合迭代滤波与自适应压扩参数优化的OFDM信号峰平比抑制方案。该方案能够同时对信号的峰平比PAPR和接收端误码率BER性能进行联合优化,并在迭代过程中有效消除因信号幅度畸变所引起的带外频谱再生;所提信号压扩及解压扩函数形式简单,计算复杂度较小;推导并给出了该方案可获得的PAPR抑制增益和BER理论性能界。仿真结果表明,该方案可同时获得较好的信号PAPR抑制、误码率以及带外功率谱性能,并在迭代过程中对压扩参数进行自适应调整,能够有效提高算法的适用灵活性。     

Performance Analysis of Matched and Partially Matched One-Shot Detectors for Doubly-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper optimum one-shot detection over known and partially known doubly-selective Rayleigh fading channels is investigated. Reduced complexity channel models based on Gauss Quadrature Rules (GQRs) and Taylor power series are derived and are employed to develop novel analytical tools for the performance analysis of one-shot detectors. Numerical results allow to assess the implicit diversity gain provided by both channel multipath and signal fading and the energy loss due to the mismatch of the receiver filter.     

Security aware hybrid precoding based peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction Approaches for telecommunication systems

In wireless telecommunication, one of the modulation approaches used is the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Moreover, the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) is the one notorious demerit in OFDM systems. Hence, the high power amplifier (HPA) is used in its linear region. Otherwise, the bit error rate (BER) will be increased. Several approaches are proposed in the wireless communications for reducing the PAPR issue. In this paper, we propose a hybrid Discrete Hartley Matrix Transform (DHMT) precoding using both selected mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequence (PTS) PAPR reduction strategies. For the multicarrier modulation process, instead of Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation, the DHMT operation is used because of its low computational complexity. Based on multi‐chaotic, the time‐frequency domain encryption (TFDE) approach is adopted for physical layer security to confirm the security in data transmission. For enhancing the physical layer security, the proposed encryption system generates chaotic sequences based on Logistic maps and Lozi in the frequency and time domains together. In this study, the implementation of the DHMT‐based OFDM system is processed to reduce the maximum PAPR. Implementation is performed on the MATLAB platform, and the performances are calculated using complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), BER regards to signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and the outputs are compared based on the computation time. However, compared with the existing models, the proposed model produced better PAPR minimization regarding SNR.