A discrete-time single-server queue with a modified N -policy

We consider a discrete-time single-server queue where the idle server waits for reaching a level N in the queue size to start a batch service of N messages, although the following arrivals during the busy period receive single services. We find the stationary distributions of the queue and system lengths as well as some performance measures. The vacation and busy periods of the system and the number of messages served during a busy period are also analyzed. The stationary distributions of the time spent waiting in the queue and in the system are studied too. Finally, a total expected cost function is developed to determine the optimal operating N-policy at minimum cost.     

A discrete-time retrial queue with negative customers and unreliable server

This paper treats a discrete-time single-server retrial queue with geometrical arrivals of both positive and negative customers in which the server is subject to breakdowns and repairs. Positive customers who find sever busy or down are obliged to leave the service area and join the retrial orbit. They request service again after some random time. If the server is found idle or busy, the arrival of a negative customer will break the server down and simultaneously kill the positive customer under service if any. But the negative customer has no effect on the system if the server is down. The failed server is sent to repair immediately and after repair it is assumed as good as new. We analyze the Markov chain underlying the queueing system and obtain its ergodicity condition. The generating functions of the number of customers in the orbit and in the system are also obtained along with the marginal distributions of the orbit size when the server is idle, busy or down. Finally, some numerical examples show the influence of the parameters on some crucial performance characteristics of the system.     

Discrete-time queues with generally distributed service times and renewal-type server interruptions

In this contribution, we investigate a discrete-time single-server queue subjected to server interruptions. Server interruptions are modeled as an on/off process with geometrically distributed on-periods and generally distributed off-periods. As message lengths can exceed one time-slot, different operation modes are considered, depending on whether service of an interrupted message continues, partially restarts or completely restarts after an interruption. For all alternatives, we establish expressions for the steady-state probability generating functions (pgf) of the buffer contents at message departure times and random slot boundaries, of the unfinished work at random slot boundaries, the message delay, and the lengths of the idle and busy periods. From these results, closed-form expressions for various performance measures, such as mean and variance of the buffer occupancy and message delay, can be established. As an application, we show that this model is able to assess performance of a multi-class priority scheduling system. We then illustrate our approach with some numerical examples.     

On the convolution of Pareto and gamma distributions

It is well established that the burst and idle times for on/off traffic are modeled by the Pareto and gamma distributions, respectively. Thus, the inter arrival times between on-traffic (off-traffic) is the convolution of Pareto and gamma random variables. In this note, we derive exact expressions for the probability density function of the inter arrival times. A computer program and tabulations of the associated percentage points are also provided.     

Discrete-time single-server finite-buffer queues under discrete Markovian arrival process with vacations

This paper treats a discrete-time single-server finite-buffer exhaustive (single- and multiple-) vacation queueing system with discrete-time Markovian arrival process (D-MAP). The service and vacation times are generally distributed random variables and their durations are integral multiples of a slot duration. We obtain the queue-length distributions at departure, service completion, vacation termination, arbitrary and prearrival epochs. Several performance measures such as probability of blocking, average queue-length and the fraction of time the server is busy have been discussed. Finally, the analysis of actual waiting time under the first-come-first-served discipline is also carried out.     

Queue size distribution in a discrete-time D-BMAP/G/1 retrial queue

We consider a discrete-time batch Markovian arrival process (D-BMAP)/G/1 retrial queue. We find the light-tailed asymptotics for the stationary distributions of the number of customers at embedded epochs and at arbitrary time. Using these tail asymptotics we propose a method for calculating the stationary distributions of the number of customers at embedded epochs and at arbitrary time. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate our results.     

A batch arrival queue under randomised multi-vacation policy with unreliable server and repair

This article examines an M^[x]/G/1 queueing system with an unreliable server and a repair, in which the server operates a randomised vacation policy with multiple available vacations. Upon the system being found to be empty, the server immediately takes a vacation. If there is at least one customer found waiting in the queue upon returning from a vacation, the server will be activated for service. Otherwise, if no customers are waiting for service at the end of a vacation, the server either remains idle with probability p or leaves for another vacation with probability 1???p. When one or more customers arrive when the server is idle, the server immediately starts providing service for the arrivals. It is possible that an unpredictable breakdown may occur in the server, in which case a repair time is requested. For such a system, we derive the distributions of several important system characteristics, such as the system size distribution at a random epoch and at a departure epoch, the system size distribution at the busy period initiation epoch, and the distribution of the idle and busy periods. We perform a numerical analysis for changes in the system characteristics, along with changes in specific values of the system parameters. A cost effectiveness maximisation model is constructed to show the benefits of such a queueing system.     

Approximate analysis of a discrete-time tandem network of cut-through queues with blocking and bursty traffic

A discrete-time tandem network of cut-through queues is presented. The model allows finite capacity queues, blocking, and bursty traffic. A new bursty arrival process, IBK(k), for cut-through traffic is introduced. The tandem network is analyzed using single-node decomposition. Each queue is analyzed numerically in isolation assuming that its arrival and service processes are known. The parameters of the arrival and service processes of the queues are obtained using an iterative scheme. The results obtained are approximate and validation tests have shown that the model has good accuracy. Using this model, the packet loss, throughput, and queue length distributions were obtained for different traffic parameters and queue sizes.     

The interdeparture time distribution for each class in the ∑Mi/Gi/1 queue with set-up times and repeated server vacations

This paper studies the interdeparture time distribution of one class of customers who arrive at a single server queue where customers of several classes are served and where the server takes a vacation whenever the system becomes empty or is empty when the server returns from a vacation. Furthermore, the first customer in the busy period is allowed to have an exceptional service time (set-up time), depending on the class to which this customer belongs. Batches of customers of each class arrive according to independent Poisson processes and compete with each other on a FIFO basis. All customers who belong to the same class are served according to a common generally distributed service time. Service times, batch sizes and the arrival process are all assumed to be mutually independent. Successive vacation times of the server form independent and identically distributed sequences with a general distribution.For this queueing model we obtain the Laplace transform of the interdeparture time distribution for each class of customers whose batch size is geometrically distributed. No explicit assumptions of the batch size distributions of the other classes of customers are necessary to obtain the results.The paper ends by showing how the mathematical results can be used to evaluate a protocol that controls access to a shared medium of an ATM passive optical network. The numerical results presented in the last section of this paper show that the bundle spacing principle that is used by the permit distribution algorithm of this protocol introduces high delays and in many cases also more variable interdeparture times for the ATM cells of individual connections. An alternative algorithm is proposed that does not cope with these performance short comings and at the same time conserves the good properties of the protocol.     

Lot size variability effects on manufacturing lead time

This paper presents a queueing model for a single-stage manufacturing system. The arrival process at the facility is the superposition of the unco-ordinated arrival processes of various items and is represented by a compound Poisson process. It is shown that the expected waiting time of an average unit depends on the expected batch size and the batch size variability, whereas the expected batch completion time depends only on the expected batch size. The optimal processessing rate is also derived as a function of the appropriate cost factors. A lot sizing model is developed which provides the optimal batch size as a function of inventory-related costs. Finally, it is demonstrated through simulation that the Poisson arrival approximation is less severe when the item mix is composed of a large number of items.     

Statistical multiplexing of VBR sources: A matrix-analytic approach

In this paper we propose a versatile point process as model for a large class of variable bit rate sources and their superpositions. The process belongs to the class of discrete-time batch Markovian arrival processes (D-BMAP). Its use leads to computationally tractable and accurate solutions for various performance measures of the related statistical multiplexer: buffer occupancy distribution, cell loss probability, conditional cell loss probability. Moreover it is shown that the output process of the multiplexer belongs to the same class of processes.     

Performance analysis of a discrete-time queuing system with a correlated train arrival process

In this paper, we present an exact transient and steady-state discrete-time queuing analysis of a statistical multiplexer with a finite number of input links and whose arrival process is correlated and consists of a train of a fixed number of fixed-length packets. The functional equation describing this queuing model is manipulated and transformed into a mathematical tractable form. This allows us to derive the transient probability generating function (pgf) of the buffer occupancy. From this transient pgf, time-dependent performance measures such as transient probability of empty buffer, transient mean of buffer occupancy and instantaneous packet overflow probabilities are derived. By applying the final-value theorem, the corresponding exact expressions for the steady-state pgf of the queue length and packet arrivals are derived. We also show how the transient analysis provides insights into the derivation of the system's busy period distribution. Closed-form expressions for the mean packet and message delays are also provided. The paper presents significant results on the transient and steady-state analysis of statistical multiplexers with N input links and correlated train arrivals.     

Analytical modelling of networks in multicomputer systems under bursty and batch arrival traffic

The hypercube and torus are two important message-passing network architectures of high-performance multicomputers. Analytical models of multicomputer networks under the non-bursty Poisson traffic have been widely reported. Motivated by the convincing evidence of bursty and batch arrival nature of traffic generated by many real-world parallel applications in high-performance computing environments, we develop a new and concise analytical model in this paper for hypercube and torus networks in the presence of batch message arrivals modelled by the compound Poisson process with geometrically distributed batch sizes. The average degree of virtual channel multiplexing is derived by employing a Markov chain which can capture the batch arrival nature. An attractive advantage of the model is its constant computation complexity independent of the network size. The accuracy of the analytical performance results is validated against those obtained from simulation experiments of an actual system.     

可修排队系统Mx/G (M/H)1的瞬态解

本文研究一个典型的批到达可修排队系统＾ｘ／（／）１．记号（／）表服务台寿命服从指数分布，而其修理时间为一连续型分布。利用向量马氏过程方法，我们得到了它的瞬态解。特别是发现了服务台的可靠性指标仅依赖于可修排队系统的空闲概率，或等价地仅依赖于它的忙期和忙循环。     

An MX/G/1 queue with randomized working vacations and at most J vacations

This paper treats a bulk arrival queue with randomized working vacation policy. Whenever the system becomes empty, the server takes a vacation. During the vacation period, customers are to be served at a lower rate. Once the vacation ends, the server will return to the normal working state and begin to serve the customers in the system if any. Otherwise, the server either remains idle with probability p or leaves for another vacation with probability 1?p. This pattern continues until the number of vacations taken reaches J. If the system is empty at the end of the Jth vacation, the server will wait idly for a new arrival. By using supplementary variable technique, we derive the system size distribution at arbitrary epoch, at departure epoch and at busy period initial epoch, as well as some important system characteristics. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the influence of system parameters on several performance measures.     

基于1坚持指数退避算法的时隙CSMA/CD协议的排队模型的建立与分析

建立了1坚持指数退避算法的CSMA/CD协议的离散时间排队模型,基于该模型分析了网络吞吐量(S)、等待时间(W)等性能指标,并通过建立相应的马尔可夫链(MarkovChain),计算了信道忙的概率及产生冲突的概率。     

Cost-minimization analysis of a working vacation queue with N-policy and server breakdowns

This paper investigates the N-policy M/M/1 queueing system with working vacation and server breakdowns. As soon as the system becomes empty, the server begins a working vacation. The server works at a lower service rate rather than completely stopping service during a vacation period. The server may break down with different breakdown rates during the idle, working vacation, and normal busy periods. It is assumed that service times, vacation times, and repair times are all exponentially distributed. We analyze this queueing model as a quasi-birth–death process. Furthermore, the equilibrium condition of the system is derived for the steady state. Using the matrix-geometric method, we find the matrix-form expressions for the stationary probability distribution of the number of customers in the system and system performance measures. The expected cost function per unit time is constructed to determine the optimal values of the system decision variables, including the threshold N and mean service rates. We employ the particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Finally, numerical results are provided, and an application example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the queueing model.     

Performance Analysis of Discrete-Time Finite-Buffer Batch-Arrival GIX/Geom/1/N Queues

This paper presents the performance analysis of a discrete-time finite-buffer queue with batch input, general interarrival and geometric service times. It is assumed that a batch arriving with size larger than the available buffer is partially accepted and the rest is rejected. The queue is analyzed for early arrival system as well as for late-arrival system with delayed access using both the supplementary variable and imbedded Markov chain techniques. Besides obtaining state probabilities at various epochs and loss probability of a batch as well as of a customer, other performance measures have also been discussed. The waiting time analysis of an arbitrary customer of a batch is also carried out.     

可修排队系统M~X／G（M／H）／1的瞬态解

本文研究一个典型的批到达可修排队系统ＭＸ／Ｇ（／Ｈ）／１．记号（Ｍ／Ｈ）表服务台寿命服从指数分布，而其修理时间为一连续型分布．利用向量马氏过程方法，我们得到了它的明态解．特别是发现了服务台的可靠性指标仅依赖于可修排队系统的空闲概率，或等价地仅依赖于它的忙期和忙循环     

网络流量的半马尔可夫模型

引入半马尔可夫模型描述网络流量特性,通过忙阈值和闲阈值的设定将网络流量划分为四种状态:忙、空闲、上升和下降,研究各状态下的网络流量特性及各状态间的相互转换关系.通过网络协议性能分析,在一定的假设条件下推出IP网络流量在处于忙状态时服从几何布朗运动,在空闲状态下服从正态分布,在上升状态或下降状态下服从指数分布.对广域网和局域网的实际流量数据的分析和检验表明,95%的数据均服从相应状态下的上述随机分布,同时根据此模型计算的系统平均利用率与实际统计结果之间的相对误差小于5%,说明引入的模型能真实反映网络流量特性.