纳米抗菌塑料的开发和应用

介绍了传统的抗菌塑料存在的问题和将纳米材料应用在抗菌塑料中的优点。综述了纳米抗菌塑料及其制品的发展状况，单一树脂基体和多种树脂基体的纳米抗菌塑料的研究和开发成果有多项，主要制品是塑料管和塑料薄膜。对纳米抗菌塑料的研发提出建议。     

纳米抗菌塑料制备工艺的研究

研制了一种由纳米级抗菌材料组成的新型纳米抗菌塑料。介绍了纳米抗菌材料的性能、特征及其制备方法；阐述了塑料与纳米抗菌材料的相容性、分散性；探讨了纳米抗菌塑料的材料制备工艺及其制品的注射成型工艺，并对注射成型工艺参数进行优化，为抗菌塑料的制备和应用提供了依据。     

纳米TiO2在抗菌塑料中的应用

介绍了纳米材料在抗菌塑料中应用的优点。综述了纳米TiO2抗菌塑料及其制品的发展状况。报道了近年来单一树脂基体和多种树脂基体的纳米TiO2抗菌塑料的研究和开发成果;纳米TiO2抗菌塑料制品的有报道的成果集中在塑料薄膜。     

简讯

近日,上海浦东隧道四线和584线路的公交车上,率先使用了纳米抗菌塑料座椅。据介绍,新座椅采用的纳米抗菌塑料是将无机纳米抗菌剂充分地分散于塑料制品中,可将附着在塑料上的细菌杀死或抑制细菌生长。据称无机纳米抗菌塑料24h接触杀菌率达90％,无副作用。     

一种纳米抗菌塑料

本发明公开了一种纳米抗菌塑料。它是先将纳米抗菌粒子与树脂、助剂t昆合制成抗菌母粒，再将抗菌母粒与基础树脂混合，用注塑机注射成型或用挤出机挤出成型，制得抗菌塑料；或者将混合、注塑机注射成型或挤出机挤出成型一步完成，制成抗菌塑料。本发明采用直接将共价键结合的季铵盐或季磷盐聚合物纳米抗菌粒子与基础树脂、助剂充分混合，具有广谱抗菌性。利用纳米粉体为抗菌载体，抗菌功效持久、高效、稳定。其制备抗菌塑料的方法是将塑料材料与抗菌粉体以不同比例均匀混合，经常规塑料制备工艺处理，工艺简单，不改变原有工艺，且制成的抗菌塑料的各项性能均明显提高。     

烷基化聚乙烯亚胺接枝SiO_x抗菌剂用于聚乙烯的性能

以纳米SiOx粉体为载体,通过共价接枝修饰,制备出烷基化聚乙烯亚胺接枝SiOx纳米抗菌剂,将其添加到高聚物中制备出抗菌聚乙烯(PE)塑料。实验结果表明:纳米SiOx粉体已经成功接枝上了有机高分子基团,添加3%这种抗菌剂制备的抗菌PE塑料对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率都大于96%,达到了强抗菌效果,并且制备的抗菌PE塑料具有良好的抗菌长效性。     

Ag/ZnO纳米复合抗菌剂应用于抗菌塑料的性能研究

以纳米氧化锌为载体,采用金属离子掺杂的方法制备了Ag/Zn O纳米复合抗菌剂,将其添加到高聚物中制备出抗菌塑料。实验结果表明:制备的Ag/Zn O复合粉体是一种纳米复合抗菌剂,粒径在18 nm左右,添加3‰这种抗菌剂制备的抗菌PE、抗菌PP塑料对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率都大于了98%,达到了强抗菌效果,并且制备的抗菌塑料具有优异的抗菌长效性。     

纳米抗菌塑料用途广泛

为解决公交车的环境污染问题,杭州市有关部门日前决定在公吏车的吊环拉手上试用纳米抗菌塑料。 据介绍,纳米抗菌塑料通过在塑料中添加抗菌剂的方法制咸,本身具有抗菌性、可以抑制表面     

纳米ZnO/ZnOw/HDPE抗菌性能及力学性能研究

研究了氧化锌晶须（ZnOw）对纳米ZnO／HDPE（高密度聚乙烯）抗菌性能的影响，并对制备的抗菌塑料表面形貌、力学性能等进行表征。结果表明，纳米ZnO／ZnOw／HDPE复合抗菌塑料的抗菌效果优于纳米ZnO／HDPE抗菌塑料的，添加ZnOw的复合抗菌材料在抗菌剂质量分数为2％时，对大肠杆菌的抗菌率已达到99．9％，相当于纳米ZnO的添加量为1.4％时，抗菌率即可达到99．9％。ZnOw可有效改善纳米ZnO的表面分散状态，并且复合抗菌剂的添加对材料的力学性能没有影响。     

纳米二氧化钛抗菌材料的研究与应用进展

本文简要介绍了纳米TiO2应用于抗菌材料领域的优势、光催化抗菌机理及其研究进展,综述了纳米TiO2在抗菌陶瓷、抗菌玻璃、抗菌塑料、抗菌纤维等方面的应用,并且探讨了纳米TiO2抗菌材料的发展前景。     

金属基抗菌涂层发展现状

对金属材料表面有机抗菌涂层、无机抗菌涂层(包括金属离子型抗菌涂层和光催化剂型抗菌涂层)以及复合抗菌涂层等进行了论述.综述了国内外抗菌涂层的研究现状,指出其发展趋势.     

Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptides: Antimicrobial,Anti-Inflammatory and Antibiofilm Activities

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as a new generation of antibiotics. Besides antimicrobial activity, AMPs also have antibiofilm, immune-regulatory, and other activities. Exploring the mechanism of action of AMPs may help in the modification and development of AMPs. Many studies were conducted on the mechanism of AMPs. The present review mainly summarizes the research status on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antibiofilm properties of AMPs. This study not only describes the mechanism of cell wall action and membrane-targeting action but also includes the transmembrane mechanism of intracellular action and intracellular action targets. It also discusses the dual mechanism of action reported by a large number of investigations. Antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory mechanisms were described based on the formation of biofilms and inflammation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the multiple activities and coordination of AMPs in vivo, and to fully understand AMPs to realize their therapeutic prospect.     

Antibacterial finishing of polyester/cotton blend fabrics using neem (Azadirachta indica): A natural bioactive agent

The study focused on the development of biofunctional polyester/cotton blend fabric using a natural product. An antimicrobial agent extracted from the seeds of Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) was used for imparting antibacterial property to the blend fabric. Resin and catalyst concentrations were optimized to get the maximum crosslinking in the fabric blends using glyoxal/glycol as a crosslinking agent. The optimized concentrations were used to treat the fabric with the antimicrobial agent along with the crosslinking agent. Quantitative analysis was carried out to measure the antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The results showed that the treated fabrics inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) by more than 90% as compared to the control sample. Antimicrobial activity against Gram‐ positive bacteria was retained up to five machine washes and decreased thereafter. The antibacterial activity was higher against Gram‐positive bacteria as compared to Gram‐ negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris). The treated fabrics also showed improved crease recovery property although the tensile property showed a marginal decrease. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

抗菌聚合物的研究进展

对抗菌聚合物的抗菌机理、影响因素及抗菌聚合物的合成和应用等研究现状进行了总结,并对抗菌材料的进一步发展进行了展望。     

Development of Bactericidal Peptides against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with Enhanced Stability and Low Toxicity

Pathogenic superbugs are the root cause of untreatable complex infections with limited or no treatment options. These infections are becoming more common as clinical antibiotics have lost their effectiveness over time. Therefore, the development of novel antibacterial agents is urgently needed to counter these microbes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a viable treatment option due to their bactericidal potency against multiple microbial classes. AMPs are naturally selected physiological microbicidal agents that are found in all forms of organisms. In the present study, we developed two tilapia piscidin 2 (TP2)-based AMPs for antimicrobial application. Unlike the parent peptide, the redesigned peptides showed significant antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial species. These peptides also showed minimal cytotoxicity. In addition, they were significantly active in the presence of physiological salts, 50% human serum and elevated temperature. The designed peptides also showed synergistic activity when combined with clinical antibiotics. The current approach demonstrates a fruitful strategy for developing potential AMPs for antimicrobial application. Such AMPs have potential for progression to further trials and drug development investigations.     

家蝇抗菌肽抑菌活性及其稳定性研究

通过体外抑菌实验,采用纸片扩散法对家蝇抗菌肽的抑菌性进行定性研究。试验用菌有金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉菌。在对家蝇抗菌肽抗菌谱研究的基础上,进一步用肉汤稀释法（试管法）定量测定其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,并对其稳定性进行研究。结果表明,家蝇抗菌肽对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌和大肠杆菌3种细菌有较好的抑制作用,而对白色念珠菌和黑曲霉没有明显的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌和大肠杆菌最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为0.156 mg/mL、0.312 5 mg/mL和6.25 mg/mL。另外,对其稳定性进行讨论,结果表明,家蝇抗菌肽的稳定性良好。     

Isolation of Antimicrobial Genes from Oryza rufipogon Griff by Using a Bacillus subtilis Expression System with Potential Antimicrobial Activities

Antimicrobial genes are distributed in all forms of life and provide a primary defensive shield due to their unique broad-spectrum resistance activities. To better isolate these genes, we used the Bacillus subtilis expression system as the host cells to build Oryza rufipogon Griff cDNA libraries and screen potential candidate genes from the library at higher flux using built-in indicator bacteria. We observed that the antimicrobial peptides OrR214 and OrR935 have strong antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as several fungal pathogens. Owing to their high thermal and enzymatic stabilities, these two peptides can also be used as field biocontrol agents. Furthermore, we also found that the peptide OrR214 (MIC 7.7–10.7 μM) can strongly inhibit bacterial growth compared to polymyxin B (MIC 5–25 μM) and OrR935 (MIC 33–44 μM). The cell flow analysis, reactive oxygen burst, and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) observations showed that the cell membranes were targeted by peptides OrR214 and OrR935, which revealed the mode of action of bacteriostasis. Moreover, the hemolytic activity, toxicity, and salt sensitivity experiments demonstrated that these two peptides might have the potential to be used for clinical applications. Overall, OrR214 and OrR935 antimicrobial peptides have a high-throughput bacteriostatic activity that acts as a new form of antimicrobial agent and can be used as a raw material in the field of drug development.     

Bioinspired Polydopamine Coatings Facilitate Attachment of Antimicrobial Peptidomimetics with Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity

The prevention and treatment of biofilm-mediated infections remains an unmet clinical need for medical devices. With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections, it is important that novel approaches are developed to prevent biofilms forming on implantable medical devices. This study presents a versatile and simple polydopamine surface coating technique for medical devices, using a new class of antibiotics—antimicrobial peptidomimetics. Their unique mechanism of action primes them for activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and makes them suitable for covalent attachment to medical devices. This study assesses the anti-biofilm activity of peptidomimetics, characterises the surface chemistry of peptidomimetic coatings, quantifies the antibacterial activity of coated surfaces and assesses the biocompatibility of these coated materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements were used to confirm the chemical modification of coated surfaces. The antibacterial activity of surfaces was quantified for S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, with all peptidomimetic coatings showing the complete eradication of S. aureus on surfaces and variable activity for Gram-negative bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the membrane disruption mechanism of peptidomimetic coatings against E. coli. Furthermore, peptidomimetic surfaces did not lyse red blood cells, which suggests these surfaces may be biocompatible with biological fluids such as blood. Overall, this study provides a simple and effective antibacterial coating strategy that can be applied to biomaterials to reduce biofilm-mediated infections.     

Synthesis of some new 3-(2′-heterocyclicethyl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one derivatives as antimicrobial agents

3-(2′-Chloroethyl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one was reacted with acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate and diethylmalonate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to afford the alkylation products IV, V and VI , Compounds IV, V and VI were reacted with hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea and thiourea to yield 3-(2′-heterocyclicethyl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one derivatives VII-XV . The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses and spectroscopic (IR and XH-NMR) analyses. The prepared compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activities in comparison with tetracycline as a reference compound.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Derivatives Containing N-Quaternized Moieties in Its Backbone: A Review

Chitosan, which is derived from a deacetylation reaction of chitin, has attractive antimicrobial activity. However, chitosan applications as a biocide are only effective in acidic medium due to its low solubility in neutral and basic conditions. Also, the positive charges carried by the protonated amine groups of chitosan (in acidic conditions) that are the driving force for its solubilization are also associated with its antimicrobial activity. Therefore, chemical modifications of chitosan are required to enhance its solubility and broaden the spectrum of its applications, including as biocide. Quaternization on the nitrogen atom of chitosan is the most used route to render water-soluble chitosan-derivatives, especially at physiological pH conditions. Recent reports in the literature demonstrate that such chitosan-derivatives present excellent antimicrobial activity due to permanent positive charge on nitrogen atoms side-bonded to the polymer backbone. This review presents some relevant work regarding the use of quaternized chitosan-derivatives obtained by different synthetic paths in applications as antimicrobial agents.