聚醚改性硅油对草甘膦除草的促进作用

采用自制的烯丙基聚醚三硅氧烷作为草甘膦除草剂的增效助剂,用于化学除草,通过观察和测试草甘膦化学防除处理后杂草植株的地上和低下部分生长状况和坏死形态,考察了增效剂复混及其用量对草甘膦除草促进效果的影响。试验结果发现,复混增效剂处理比单纯喷洒草甘膦除草剂对杂草的防除和灭杀效果大大提升。单纯喷洒草甘膦对灭杀杂草的地上部分起到一定效果,而对其地下部分则几乎无作用。添加增效剂复混后,杂草的地上部分全部枯死,地下部分的根系大部分产生腐败或坏死,随着增效剂浓度从0.05%增加至0.2%,地下根系的坏死和病变程度增加,增效剂浓度为0.2%时,防除处理7 d后的草超过80%的根系产生腐烂和褐变,植株的含水率降低了2.6倍,叶绿素含量降低了5.6倍。实验还发现,复混增效剂后,草甘膦用量降低30%,对杂草的防除效果几乎不变,可见,增效剂与草甘膦复混不仅可大幅提高草甘膦的防除药效,而且还可降低近30%的草甘膦用量。     

如何科学使用草甘膦

草甘膦是一种内吸传导性能极强的广谱灭生性除草剂。广泛应用于果园、林地、休闲地和农田杂草防除。草甘膦对40多科的植物有防除作用．包括单子叶和双子叶．一年生和多年生．草本和灌木等植物。豆科和百合科一些植物对草甘膦具有较强的抗性。剂型为10％水剂。使用技术如下：     

我国草甘膦与草铵膦登记情况及其市场前景

<正>草甘膦和草铵膦均为有机磷类非选择性除草剂,由于近年来草甘膦抗性增加,为提高杂草防除效果,国内部分企业尝试将草甘膦和草铵膦进行混配,用于提高杂草防除效果。现汇总草甘膦、草铵膦产品特性及作用机理、产品登记及使用情况、市场前景分析等情况,以期对该类产品开发提供参考。1、草甘膦、草铵膦产品特性及作用机理1.1草甘膦草甘膦是1971年由美国D.D.贝尔德等发现,孟     

乙草胺与草甘膦混用防除果园杂草的试验

田间试验表明,用９０％惭草胺（禾耐斯）乳油０．７５￣１．１２５Ｌ／ｈｍ＾２＋４１％草甘膦水剂１．５￣２．２５Ｌ／ｈｍ＾２可有效地防除果园多种杂草,兼备了乙草胺与草甘膦的除草特点,对大草具有茎叶处理效果,同时具有封闭除草作用,二者混用具有一定程度的增效作用。     

除草剂草甘膦的科学使用技术

草甘膦是一种大众熟知、使用量最大、内吸传导性能极强的广谱灭生性除草剂。广泛应用于果园、林地、休闲地和农田杂草防除。其对40多科的植物都有防除作用：包括单子叶和双子叶;一年生和多年生;草本和灌木等植物。豆科和百合科一些植物对草甘膦具有较强的抗性。在加工工业中一般加工成铵盐或异丙胺盐,目前登记的剂型有水剂和可溶性粉剂等。草甘膦、草甘膦铵盐与草甘膦异丙胺盐是在国家农业部农药管理登记时不同称谓,其区别在于：草甘膦的分子式是C3H8NO5P,分子量是169;     

草甘膦可溶性粉剂防除柑桔园狗牙根和水花生的药效试验

柑桔园狗牙根和水花生防除试验结果表明,在有效成分相同的条件下,自配的草甘膦可溶性粉剂的效果优于草甘膦水剂,与农民乐可溶性粒剂的效果相当。对这两种恶性杂草,用药量以75－100g a.i./667m^2为宜。     

32%滴酸·草甘膦对非耕地杂草防除药效研究

为明确32%滴酸·草甘膦可溶液剂对防除非耕地杂草的用药量、防除对象、防除效果、使用适期和周围环境安全性的影响,按昭《农药田间药效试验准则(一)》和广西壮族自治区农业科学院植物保护研究所农药田间药效试验标准操作规程进行了除草剂防非耕地杂草田间药效试验。试验结果表明,32%滴酸·草甘膦在1 215～2 430 g/hm²的剂量下,兑水675 L/hm²,在杂草旺盛生长期进行茎叶喷雾处理,能够有效防除非耕地大部分杂草,对非耕地杂草防除效果良好。     

部分农药产品市场近况

75．7％草甘膦市场前景平淡。今年以来，浙江新安化工集团股份有限公司、江苏省镇江江南化工厂先后获准登记生产75．7％草甘膦可溶性粉剂，分别用于防除苹果园、柑桔园(杂草)和非耕地杂草，显示中国两个最大的草甘膦企业生产高含量制剂迈入新阶段。近几年草甘膦不同含量、不同剂型的生产发展较快，已相应增加41％、45％、62％等不同含量的水剂和28％、30％、50％、58％、65％等不同含量的可溶性粉剂，     

百草枯与草甘膦对蕨类植物的控制作用

蕨类是一种具有特殊生理机能的植物,作为杂草很难治理。选用蕨类植物满江红作为指示植物,以测定灭生性除草剂百草枯和草甘膦对蕨类植物的控制效果。结果表明该植物对草甘膦和百草枯反应灵敏,其中草甘膦对其作用的最佳观察时间为3～7d,百草枯对其作用的最佳观察时间为1～2d。以红盖鳞毛蕨和绒紫萁为指示植物进行田间试验,结果表明百草枯和草甘膦对这些蕨类植物都可以起到很好的防除作用,但反应时间和表现症状有差异。     

16％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对柑桔园杂草的防效研究

草甘膦异丙胺盐是一种灭生性除草剂，具有活性高，见效快，用量少，杀草谱广等特点。对16％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂进行了柑桔园杂草的防除试验，结果表明，16％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对桔园杂草有优良的防治效果，6000mL/hm^2的处理在施药后15-28d的株防效达96．85％～99．39％，鲜重防效达97．50％。     

Agronomical Parameters,Sugar Profile and Antioxidant Compounds of “Catherine” Peach Cultivar Influenced by Different Plum Rootstocks

The influence of seven plum rootstocks (Adesoto, Monpol, Montizo, Puebla de Soto 67 AD, PM 105 AD, St. Julien GF 655/2 and Constantí 1) on individual and total sugars, as well as on antioxidant content in fruit flesh of “Catherine” peaches, was evaluated for three years. Agronomical and basic fruit quality parameters were also determined. At twelve years after budding, significant differences were found between rootstocks for the different agronomic and fruit quality traits evaluated. The Pollizo plum rootstocks Adesoto and PM 105 AD seem to induce higher sweetness to peach fruits, based on soluble solids content, individual (sucrose, fructose and sorbitol) and total sugars. A clear tendency was also observed with the rootstock Adesoto, inducing the highest content of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C and relative antioxidant capacity (RAC). Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the significant effect of rootstock on the sugar profile and phytochemical characteristics of peach fruits. In addition, this work shows the importance of the sugar profile, because specific sugars play an important role in peach flavour quality, as well as the studied phytochemical compounds when looking for high quality peaches with enhanced health properties.     

Contrasting Rootstock-Mediated Growth and Yield Responses in Salinized Pepper Plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Are Associated with Changes in the Hormonal Balance

Salinity provokes an imbalance of vegetative to generative growth, thus impairing crop productivity. Unlike breeding strategies, grafting is a direct and quick alternative to improve salinity tolerance in horticultural crops, through rebalancing plant development. Providing that hormones play a key role in plant growth and development and stress responses, we hypothesized that rootstock-mediated reallocation of vegetative growth and yield under salinity was associated with changes in the hormonal balance. To test this hypothesis, the hybrid pepper variety (Capsicum annuum L. “Gacela F1”) was either non-grafted or grafted onto three commercial rootstocks (Creonte, Atlante, and Terrano) and plants were grown in a greenhouse under control (0 mM NaCl) and moderate salinity (35 mM NaCl) conditions. Differential vegetative growth versus fruit yield responses were induced by rootstock and salinity. Atlante strongly increased shoot and root fresh weight with respect to the non-grafted Gacela plants associated with improved photosynthetic rate and K⁺ homeostasis under salinity. The invigorating effect of Atlante can be explained by an efficient balance between cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA). Creonte improved fruit yield and maintained the reproductive to vegetative ratio under salinity as a consequence of its capacity to induce biomass reallocation and to avoid Na⁺ accumulation in the shoot. The physiological responses associated with yield stability in Creonte were mediated by the inverse regulation of CKs and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Finally, Terrano limited the accumulation of gibberellins in the shoot thus reducing plant height. Despite scion compactness induced by Terrano, both vegetative and reproductive biomass were maintained under salinity through ABA-mediated control of water relations and K⁺ homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that the contrasting developmental and physiological responses induced by the rootstock genotype in salinized pepper plants were critically mediated by hormones. This will be particularly important for rootstock breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance by focusing on hormonal traits.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定曲麻菜中4种微量元素

用浓硝酸对样品进行消解,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对两种曲麻菜中的Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg这4种微量元素分别进行了测定。结果表明,在优化的仪器工作条件下,对曲麻菜中4种微量元素可进行分别测定,互不干扰。方法的相对标准偏差1.3%～3.0%,加标回收率92.0%～103.3%。     

亚硝基草甘膦高效液相色谱法定量分析研究

通过试验优化了亚硝基草甘膦的外标法定量分析。建立了亚硝基草甘膦的快速定量测定方法,样品经硫酸水溶液来处理,高效液相色谱外标法定量。结果表明方法的标准偏差为0.04;变异系数为2.98%;平均回收率为97.31%~99.42%,线性范围为25~200μg/mL,最低检测限为5μg/mL,该方法简便快速而易于操作。适用于草甘膦原药生产对亚硝基草甘膦的质量控制。     

Differential Protein Expression in Berry Skin from Red Grapes with Varying Hybrid Character

Protein expression from the berry skin of four red grape biotypes with varying hybrid character was compared at a proteome-wide level to identify the metabolic pathways underlying divergent patterns of secondary metabolites. A bottom-up shotgun proteomics approach with label-free quantification and MaxQuant-assisted computational analysis was applied. Red grapes were from (i) purebred Vitis vinifera (Aglianico cv.); (ii) V. vinifera (local Sciascinoso cv.) grafted onto an American rootstock; (iii) interspecific hybrid (V. vinifera × V. labrusca, Isabel), and (iv) uncharacterized grape genotype with hybrid lineage, producing relatively abundant anthocyanidin 3,5-O-diglucosides. Proteomics supported the differences between hybrids and purebred V. vinifera grapes, consistently with distinct phenotypic metabolite assets. Methanol O-anthraniloyltransferase, which catalyses the synthesis of methyl anthranilate, primarily responsible for the “foxy” odour, was exclusive of the Isabel hybrid grape. Most of the proteins with different expression profiles converged into coordinated biosynthetic networks of primary metabolism, while many possible enzymes of secondary metabolism pathways, including 5-glucosyltransferases expected for hybrid grapes, remained unassigned due to incomplete protein annotation for the Vitis genus. Minor differences of protein expression distinguished V. vinifera scion grafted onto American rootstocks from purebred V. vinifera skin grapes, supporting a slight influence of the rootstock on the grape metabolism.     

草甘膦的合成与质量控制研究

以甘氨酸和亚磷酸二甲脂为主要原料合成草甘膦;对原料及成品的质量控制做了分析,重点讨论原料中甘氨酸的含量检测,多聚甲醛的质量标准以及亚磷酸二甲脂的指标;采用紫外分光光度法检测对合成的草甘膦产品进行检测.采用甘氨酸法合成草甘膦,质量符合国家标准.     

红外光谱法测定草甘膦铵盐的含量

[方法]采用红外光谱法直接测定农药草甘膦含量,样品检测使用ATR法.吸收范围4000～500 cm-1,分辨率为1 cm-1,扫描32次.[结果]草甘膦标准品和草甘膦样品的红外光谱对照实验表明:草甘膦在1321 cm-1处的吸收峰不受农药中其他成分的干扰,可以选择此峰为定量分析的波数.革甘膦红外光谱在1295～1348 cm-1处的峰面积与其净含量满足线性关系,相关系数r为0.9997.[结论]利用红外光谱快速检测农药中有效成分草甘膦含量的方法是可行的,可以替代常规的理化分析,能够满足快速分析的需要.     

Distribution and Accumulation of the Mycotoxin Lolitrem B in Neotyphodium lolii- Infected Perennial Ryegrass

The symbiotic relationship between perennial ryegrass and its endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium lolii, is of considerable agronomic significance in New Zealand. Livestock ingesting N. lolii-infected perennial ryegrass may succumb to a neuromuscular condition, ryegrass staggers, the probable cause of which has been identified as the endophyte-produced indole–diterpenoid mycotoxin lolitrem B. The effects of plant component, plant reproductive development, and plant management (clipping) on the concentration and accumulation of lolitrem B were investigated. Eight different naturally occurring perennial ryegrass–N. lolii associations were cloned. They were either trimmed regularly to maintain their vegetative state (V clones) or not trimmed at all to enable full plant reproductive development (R clones). At times that corresponded approximately with the start, middle, and end of the plant reproductive phase, V and R clones of each grass–endophyte association were destructively harvested. After dissection into a number of plant components, harvested material was analyzed for lolitrem B content by HPLC. Analyses were also performed on all clippings taken from the V clones. Highest lolitrem B concentrations in vegetative parts were found in older leaf sheaths and dead leaves. Towards the end of the plant reprodutive phase, dead leaves also contained a large proportion of the total lolitrem B content of the V clones. The highest concentration of lolitrem B was found in the seed, which accounted for nearly 60% of the total quantity in R clones. Leaf blades, young leaf sheaths, roots, and crowns generally contained low to moderate concentrations. In late spring, mean concentrations in R and V clones were similar. By the time mature seed was present (mid-summer), mean concentrations in R clones were three times higher than in V clones. This difference was attributed largely to the contribution by the seed in the R clones. The implications of these findings in relation to ryegrass staggers in livestock are discussed.