碳负载尺寸可控的铂纳米粒子微波合成和表征

分别以XC-72碳和碳纳米管为载体,H₂PtCl₆为前驱体,用微波辐射加热的方法合成了碳负载的铂纳米粒子,并对其进行了EDX、TEM和XRD表征.研究了H₂PtCl₆乙二醇溶液的pH值对微波合成铂纳米粒子的大小、均匀性及其在碳载体上分散程度的影响.研究结果发现对于Pt/XC-72碳,随着pH值从3.4增加到9.5,铂纳米粒子的平均粒径从5.5nm减小到2.7nm;对于Pt/CNTs,随着pH值从3.5增加到9.4,铂纳米粒子的平均粒径从5.3nm减小到2.8nm.另外,随着pH值的增加,铂纳米粒子的尺寸均匀性及其在碳载体表面的分散程度得到改善.     

FeOOH纳米粒子协同聚偏氟乙烯电纺纤维膜插层增强碳纤维复合材料层间断裂韧性

为有效增强碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层压板(CF/EP)的层间断裂韧性,提出了一种纳米粒子协同纳米纤维膜插层改性方法.首先利用喷涂法将针状羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)纳米粒子均匀负载于碳纤维布表面,然后将制得的静电纺丝聚偏氟乙烯纳米纤维膜(PVDF)插入碳纤维布的层间,采用手工铺设-真空热压法制备了改性复合材料层压板PVDF...     

纳米碳纤维的低温制备——催化剂粒子尺寸的影响

以采用电阻加热法制备的纳米铜粒子为催化剂,在低温下催化乙炔制备了纳米碳纤维。所制备的纳米碳纤维具有螺旋型和直线型两种形貌。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纳米碳纤维进行了表征。纳米铜催化剂粒子在催化纤维的生长过程中,经历了一个重要的形状变化过程。催化剂粒子尺寸对所制备的纳米碳纤维的形貌有很大的影响。通常有两根螺旋纳米碳纤维以对称模式在单个粒径小于50nm的催化剂粒子上生长,它们的旋向相反,但是具有相同的螺旋直径、螺旋长度、螺旋缠绕程度和纤维直径。较大尺寸的催化剂粒子易生长直线型纳米碳纤维。     

聚苯胺/银纳米复合材料的形貌对抗菌性能的影响

采用快速混合的方法一步原位合成了不同形貌的聚苯胺/银纳米复合材料。扫描电子显微镜证明,通过改变苯胺与硝酸银的物质的量比可使聚苯胺/银纳米复合材料的形貌由微球到纳米纤维的转变。X射线衍射分析表明,单质银的粒径随着苯胺与硝酸银的物质的量浓度比的减小而增大,聚苯胺仍保持特有的非晶态。紫外-可见光谱分析表明,银纳米粒子与聚苯胺分子间存在相互作用,且银粒子改变了聚苯胺的分子结构。抗菌性实验证明,聚苯胺/银纳米复合材料的形貌对抗菌性能有显著影响,聚苯胺/银纳米纤维有最优异的抗菌性能。     

Co修饰的碳载Pt纳米粒子催化剂的制备与表征

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极需要使用高活性的电催化剂来加速氧还原反应(ORR)速率,而提高活性成分贵金属铂(Pt)的功能反应利用率可解决其关键问题.本工作利用过渡金属钴Co(Ⅱ)?有机框架(Co?MOF)为前驱体合成ORR催化剂载体Co/C,并采取浸渍?液相还原法负载Pt纳米粒子制备了合金Pt?Co/C催化剂.通过对样品的孔隙结构、物相结构、微观形貌等表征,证实了载体Co/C具有较大的比表面积和相互连通的分级介孔结构,其独特的形貌、丰富的孔隙结构使负载的Pt纳米颗粒均匀分布、粒径范围窄,平均粒径约为6.8 nm.进一步对催化剂进行电化学性能评价,其电化学活性表面积(ECSA)接近于商用Pt/C催化剂的值,结果表明合金催化剂中活性成分Pt具有较高的利用率,同时还表现出载体独特的孔隙结构优势.     

纳米碳纤维的制备及其表面结构分析

用电场纺丝方法制得了PAN原丝,经碳化制备纳米碳纤维;并用因子设计方法研究PAN原丝平均直径的影响因素;用扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描隧道显微镜(STM)研究了纳米碳纤维的表面形貌及结构.结果表明溶液的浓度是PAN原丝平均直径的主要影响因子,电压对原丝的平均直径没有明显的影响;用电场纺丝方法可以制得直径在80～500nm之间的纳米碳纤维;电场纺丝制得的纳米碳纤维表面有长度约为10nm左右,宽度约为5nm沿纤维方向取向的凹坑,该结构有利于进一步增加纤维的比表面积和吸附性能,该类纤维在复合材料领域有潜在的应用前景.     

碳化细菌纤维素的理化性质及其在甲醇电催化中的应用

对在实验室发酵制备的细菌纳米纤维素(BC)分别进行烘箱干燥和冷冻干燥,然后对其高温碳化,系统地研究了碳化细菌纤维素(CBC)的微观形貌、元素组成以及晶体结构等理化性质随碳化温度的变化.结果 表明,烘箱干燥的BC失去了纳米纤维结构,而冷冻干燥可防止纳米纤维堆叠而使其保持三维结构.还以CBC碳纳米纤维为导电载体负载金属Pt...     

碳纳米管/石墨烯负载PtRu催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

以碳纳米管(CNT)和石墨烯(GNS)混合材料作为载体,采用微波还原法将PtRu纳米粒子负载到混合载体表面,制备了PtRu/CNT-GNS纳米催化剂。透射电镜(TEM)结果显示,PtRu纳米粒子均匀地分散在混合载体表面,粒径分布范围较窄,平均粒径约为2.17nm。电化学测试结果表明,与单一碳载体负载的催化剂PtRu/CNT相比,PtRu/CNT-GNS呈现出更高的甲醇氧化活性和更好的抗中毒能力。     

铜催化剂纳米粒子的尺寸对碳纤维形貌的影响

通过化学气相沉积法高重复性制备了纳米螺旋碳纤维和直线性碳纤维,并研究了金属铜纳米粒子催化剂的尺寸大小对碳纤维形貌的影响,认为粒径较大的铜纳米粒子容易催化聚合生成直线形碳纤维;反之,粒径较小的铜纳米粒子倾向于合成纳米螺旋碳纤维.利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等测试方法对产物进行了表征.     

银/聚苯胺纳米复合材料的制备及形成机理

采用反胶束原位复合法制备了银/聚苯胺(Ag/PANI)纳米复合材料,并且探讨了Ag/PANI纳米复合材料的形成机理。通过红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对复合物进行了表征。研究结果表明,Ag/PANI复合材料中Ag为纳米粒子,粒径为50 nm,苯胺自吸附在银纳米粒子表面聚合,形成PANI包覆Ag纳米粒子壳-核结构。Ag纳米粒子在PANI中均匀分散,Ag/PANI复合粒子大部分呈现类球形状的表面形貌,复合粒子粒径较PANI有了明显减小。并提出了Ag/PANI复合材料的形成机制。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...